5 S.C. 429 | S.C. | 1874
, The opinion of the Court was delivered by
It is true that, the system which exists in South Carolina, and probably in every State of the Union, for selecting a jury, as well for the trial of criminal as civil causes, differs from that which prevails at common law. Here the names of those who are authorized to act as jurors are prepared and placed in a box, from which they are drawn by the officer charged with that duty. At common law the jury is selected by the Sheriff from those qualified to sit, without regard to any designation by lot or chance.
Our Courts, however, have applied the same rules which have been established by English precedents for the government of those employed in the same high function, notwithstanding the essential difference which exists in the manner of its exercise. All the obligations which the common law imposes upon Sheriffs in the selection of juries are recognized in this State to their fullest extent, and will be enforced whenever the acts of those charged with the same duty are in question. The rights of parties in civil cases are in no way diminished by the change in the mode, and those accused by indictments are entitled to the benefit of any exception which would avail them under the common law system.
According to the existing law the process of preparing a jury list, and drawing juries from it in each County, is confided to a Board, consisting of a Jury Commissioner, to be appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, the Auditor and the Chairman of County Commissioners.—Gen. Stat., Ch. III, §§ 1, 3, 4. It is substituted in the place of the Sheriff and Clerk, who, before the change, were the officers upon whom the drawing of juries devolved, by the statutes and rules of Court which were then of force, in regard to their functions in that behalf. The mere difference in the mode of attaining the same end has in no way affected or disturbed the analogy, as to the results and incidents of the system now in use here and that which prevailed at common law, and we were not persuaded to the contrary by the argument on behalf of the State.
It is not necessary to consider the alleged error of the Court in not sustaining the exception of the prisoner to such of the jury as he challenged, because of their relation to the Commissioner, or to the deceased, by blood or affinity, or as being servants, tenants or employees of the Commissioner, and other relatives of the deceased, for, if it could avail him, he has lost its benefit by not exhausting
But the objection that the Court refused to sustain the challenge to the array must prevail. The obligation resting on one engaged in drawing a jury involves a duty of such a high, important and delicate character, that its exercise must be free even from a suspicion of partiality. It is true that no charge of wrong is imputed to the Commissioner. Courts must be governed by general principles. It is better for the community that a definite and established rule should prevail, not affected by any condition or provision, to be applied by any inquiry as to intention or motive, the ascertainment of which is almost impossible, save through the oath of the party whose act may be the subject of challenge and examination.
It would be but a loss of time, which, under the pressure of business before us, we could not afford, to refer to the many authorities which may be found, sustaining a challenge to the array, if the officer making the return is a blood relation of either of the parties, or in a position, in regard to the deceased, which must necessarily subject him to a feeling, at least, of prejudice against one charged with his murder. It is sufficient to refer to the words of Blackstone, at the 365th page of his third volume. No Judge who ever adorned the English bench more justly prized the value of the trial by jury than did-this eminent jurist and commentator. In extoling “the constitution and frame of the tribunal, which the law of England has provided for the test and investigation of truth,” he includes, among its “remarkable” incidents, “its caution against all partiality and bias, by quashing the whole panel or array, if the officer returning is suspected to be otherwise than indifferent.” A principle, whose foundation rests upon natural justice, and whose effects, in its practical results, can never conduce to wrong — a rule so long recognized as one of the safeguards of jury trial — must not be abandoned without reason, and, least of all, must it be shorn of any of its efficacy, when applied to a case involving human life.
It is urged that the objection “is not well taken, because the deceased cannot be said to be directly or indirectly a party to the
In fact, too, there was not the least necessity for the Jury Commissioner to exercise, on the occassion referred to, the functions, of his office. He may well have refrained, and, without his action in the matter, the jury could have been lawfully drawn. By Act No. 544, approved March 14, 1874, Section 3, (15 Stat., 638,) amending the former Act, a majority of the three persons named as Jury Commissioners “shall,”' in the language of the statute as amended, “constitute a Board.”
The motion for a new trial is granted,, and the case remanded to the Circuit Court for Marlborough.