The opinion of the court was delivered by
Nicholas McKissack forcibly entered his estranged girlfriend’s car and removed stereo equipment and compact discs that had been given to her by her ex-fiancé. He was charged with burglary and misdemeanor theft. A jury convicted him of burglary and criminal deprivation of property, based upon instructions from the trial court that criminal deprivation of property was a lesser *723 included offense of theft. The Court of Appeals affirmed in State v. McKissack, Case No. 93,670, an unpublished opinion filed March 10, 2006. We granted McKissack’s petition for review to consider three questions: (1) whether criminal deprivation of property is a lesser included offense of theft; (2) the sufficiency of evidence to establish burglary; and (3) the admissibility of hearsay evidence.
Facts
In April 2004, Nicholas McKissack forcibly entered the automobile of his estranged girlfriend Megan Bushell, in order to remove stereo equipment and compact discs that he knew were given her by her ex-fiancé. Earlier that evening, McKissack had been in BushelTs dorm room and had witnessed an online conversation between Bushell and her ex-fiancé, where the ex-fiancé informed Bushell that he still loved her and wished to resume their relationship. McKissack left BushelTs dorm room feeling hurt and “enraged”; he later text-messaged her that he wanted to break off their relationship.
An eyewitness testified at trial that she observed McKissack and another person approach BushelTs Dodge Neon in a white Ford Probe (whose license plate number she identified) with the headlights out. She explained that McKissack got out of the Probe and, wearing gloves, removed stereo equipment from the Neon and placed it in the Probe. After the Probe drove off, the witness contacted the police and reported the license plate number, which led the police to McKissack’s residence.
A short time later, the police arrived at McKissack’s residence, where McKissack opened the door. McKissack assisted the police in recovering the missing property and admitted to taking it. However, he explained that he had removed the property as a prank and intended to return it to Bushell.
The State originally charged McKissack with burglary and felony theft; the information later replaced the felony theft charge with a reduced charge of misdemeanor theft.
McKissack testified at trial that he returned to the parking lot where BushelTs car was parked on April 7 because he wanted *724 “[r]evenge, prank, make — to make her feel emotionally hurt as I was.” He used a screwdriver to pop out the passenger window of her Dodge Neon, reached in, and unlocked the door. McKissack explained that he knew how to do this because he had previously owned a Neon. He stated that he wore gloves in order to be “discreet.” He then removed a box of CDs from inside the car and the speakers and amplifier from the trunk.
McKissack also identified die man driving the Probe that evening as “Guido.” On cross-examination by the State, McKissack acknowledged that he had told the police that Guido had informed him that another man named “Dino” wanted BushelPs amplifier. This exchange was admitted over McKissack’s counsel’s objection, who argued outside the presence of the jury that die statement by Dino was double hearsay and impermissibly offered to prove the truth of die matter asserted — that “somebody had a conversation with somebody else about wanting this amp removed from die vehicle, and that’s die fact in evidence [the State] want[s] to get in.” The State claimed that “we’re not offering [the statement] to prove whether or not Guido — or Dino told Guido to take the amps out. We’re just saying that this is what the defendant told the officers that night when they were questioning him about the incident.” The statement was admitted.
Also over the defense’s objection, the trial court instructed the jury diat criminal deprivation of property is a lesser included offense of misdemeanor theft. McKissack argued that criminal deprivation of property could not be considered a lesser included offense of theft because criminal deprivation of property only involves an intent to temporarily deprive someone’s property, while theft involves an intent to permanently deprive. The State asserted that the intent to temporarily deprive is a “lesser intent” of the intent to permanentiy deprive. The court agreed with the State and overruled the objection, explaining that “[t]he intent to permanently deprive would include intent to temporarily deprive, so I think the lesser included [offense instruction] is proper.”
During deliberations, the jury submitted the following question to the court: “Can we find defendant guilty of burglary and not guilty of theft but guilty of criminal deprivation of property?” The *725 court answered that “[t]he jury is instructed to review Instructions No. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11. Your verdict must be founded on the evidence presented.” The jury subsequently found McKissack guilty of burglary and criminal deprivation of property.
Court of Appeals
The Court of Appeals affirmed, holding (1) that criminal deprivation of property is a lesser included offense of theft based upon our decision in
State v. Keeler,
(1) Is Criminal Deprivation a Lesser Included Offense of Theft?
Standard of Review
The question of whether criminal deprivation of property is a lesser included offense of theft is a purely legal question over which this court has unlimited review. See
State v. Sandifer,
Discussion and Analysis
The precise question raised by defendant has been answered by this court in
Keeler,
Prior to our decision in
Keeler,
the question of whether an unlawful (now criminal) deprivation of property was a lesser included offense of theft was a source of some tension in the Supreme Court (see
Keeler,
238 Kan at 364-65) as well as the Court of Appeals. In
State v. Burnett,
Although in this case the Court of Appeals followed our decision in Keeler, its opinion highlights the continuing tension between these opposing views in die following quote:
“We confess to some difficulty in grasping portions of the Keeler rationale. One would suspect that a person who steals for a living would commence each enterprise with the intent to permanently deprive tire property owner, without progressing through an interim intent to temporarily deprive. Conversely, some unauthorized ‘borrowers’ always intend to return the property to its owner, as McKissack contended was his plan. Further, as McKissack points out, the criminal deprivation of property statute specifically differentiates and excludes an intent to permanently deprive, which might suggest a legislative intent to create a separate intent element, rather than differing degrees of the general intent to deprive.” Slip op. at 7.
The opinion of the Court of Appeals signals the need for this court to revisit the question in light of statutory and case law changes that have occurred since our 1985 Keeler decision.
Statutory Changes
The lesser included crime statute in effect at the time of the Keeler opinion read, in relevant part, as follows:
“(1) When the same conduct of a defendant may establish the commission of more than one crime under the laws of this state, the defendant maybe prosecuted for each of such crimes. Each of such crimes may be alleged as a separate count in a single complaint, information or indictment.
*727 “(2) Upon prosecution for a crime, the defendant may be convicted of either the crime charged or an included crime, but not both. An included crime may be any of the following:
(a) A lesser degree of the same crime;
(b) an attempt to. commit the crime charged;
(c) an attempt to commit a lesser degree of the crime charged; or
(d) a crime necessarily proved if the crime charged were proved." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 1984 Supp. 21-3107(1), (2).
In 1998, the above statute was amended and now provides:
“(1) When the same conduct of a defendant may establish the commission of more than one crime under the laws of this state, the defendant may be prosecuted for each of such crimes. Each of such crimes may be alleged as a separate count in a single complaint, information or indictment.
“(2) Upon prosecution for a crime, the defendant may be convicted of either the crime charged or a lesser included crime, but not both. A lesser included crime is:
(a) A lesser degree of the same crime;
(b) a crime where all elements of the lesser crime are identical to some of the elements of the crime charged;
(c) an attempt to commit tire crime charged; or
(d) an attempt to commit a crime defined under subsection (2)(a) or (2)(b).” (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3107(1), (2).
For our purpose, let us consider only the sections of the statutes which have been italicized above. At the time of
Keeler,
a lesser included crime was one necessarily proved if the crime charged was proved. Under the 1998 amendment governing this case, a lesser included offense is one where all elements of the lesser crime are identical to some of the elements of the crime charged. The essential difference between these two tests is that the common-law test in existence at the time of the
Keeler
decision “take[s] into account what facts were proved in satisfaction of the elements” and the strict elements test presently in existence “strictly” limits “the question ... to the abstract elements of the offenses charged.” See
State v. Patten,
The approach prior to the 1998 amendment was primarily a factual one involving a determination of what facts were proved in satisfaction of the elements. Since intent was a shared element
*728
between the two offenses in question and the inquiry was determined by proof of facts, it made some sense to view intent as a dynamic, proof-driven concept separated only by degrees. See
Keeler,
However, with the 1998 amendment defining a lesser included offense as a crime where all elements of the lesser crime are identical to some of the elements of the crime charged, it no longer makes sense to consider intent as a fluid concept progressively changing by degrees based on facts proved at trial. See L. 1998, ch. 185, sec. 1. As discussed above, the present law limits our inquiry to the strict elements of the crimes. While the key element separating the two offenses still involves intent, the intent in each crime is differentiated by the use of the word “permanently” in the case of theft and “temporarily” in the case of criminal deprivation. These separate elements are not dynamic, but rather are fixed, independent of the facts proven. The difference between the two separate elements of each crime demonstrates that criminal deprivation of property is a separate offense and not a lesser included offense of theft.
The above conclusion is supported by our consideration of the strict elements test in K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3107(2)(b) and the definition of criminal deprivation of property as an intent to deprive the owner of the temporary enjoyment of his or her property *729 “but not with the intent of depriving the owner permanently of the possession, use or benefit of such owners property.” (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3705(a). The definition of theft includes the very words that are excluded in the definition of criminal deprivation: “[W]ith [the] intent to deprive the owner permanently of the possession, use or benefit of the owners property.” (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3701(a)(1). The strict elements test adopted in 1998 by the legislature no longer supports the conclusion that criminal deprivation of property is a lesser included offense of theft.
Case Law Changes
Intricately involved with and just as important to our conclusion are the recent decisions of this court in
State v. Garcia,
Both K.S.A. 1984 Supp. 21-3107(2) (in effect at the time of Keeler) and K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3107(2) address the question of multiplicity by providing that separate offenses may be charged in separate counts but upon prosecutions for a crime, “the defendant may be convicted of either the crime charged or a lesser included crime, but not both.” Garcia dealt with multiplicity under K.S.A. 21-3107, which contains language identical to the statute in effect at the time of Keeler. However, it addressed the 1998 amended version of the statute, foreshadowing our recent decision in Patten:
“It should be noted that in 1998, the Kansas Legislature amended K.S.A. 21-3107 to essentially remove the former K.S.A. 21-3107(2)(d). See L. 1998, ch. 185, § 1. In its place, the legislature inserted a new version, K.S.A. 2000 Supp. 21-3107(2)(b), which provides that an included crime is one where ‘all of the elements of the lesser crime are identical to some of the elements of the crime charged.’ *730 This will necessarily change the multiplicity analysis for cases which occur under the new statute and signifies a return to the identity of the elements standard that this court used prior to the enactment of K.S.A. 21-3107. Such a change, while allowing convictions for crimes which would have been multiplicitous under the statute at issue here, does not violate constitutional prohibitions against double jeopardy as it does not subject defendants to punishments greater than those intended by the legislature. [Citation omitted.]” (Emphasis added.) Garcia,272 Kan. at 147 .
In
Patten,
where this court considered whether possession of drug paraphernalia was a lesser included offense of the crime of manufacture of methamphetamine, the court explained in detail the differences between the common-law test, which had been used by this court in
Keeler,
and tire strict elements test. The “ ‘common-law’ elements test” questioned whether “each offense charged requires proof of a fact not required in proving tire other.”
Patten,
Acknowledging the distinctions between these two tests, this court explicitly adopted die strict elements test to determine whether convictions were multiplicitous. The
Patten
court explained that its decision was particularly influenced by the strict elements analysis’ “logical, mechanical ease of application and, hence, certainty. Consideration of the facts proved, in contrast, puts multiplicity on a case-by-case basis.”
In affirming the trial court in this case, the Court of Appeals expressed some doubt that we would overturn Keeler, but its discussion of our decision in Patten is worth noting:
"Patten adopted a strict elements test, comparing the statutory language of the two crimes to determine whether one requires proof of an element not required by the statutory language defining the other crime.280 Kan. at 393 . . . . Here, criminal deprivation of property requires proof that the property was taken ‘with intent to deprive the owner of the temporary use thereof,’ but that intent is not an element of theft. Conversely, theft requires an intent to permanently deprive the owner of the possession, use, or benefit of the property, while the definition of criminal deprivation specifically excludes the intent to permanently deprive. Thus, under Patten’s strict elements test, a conviction for both criminal deprivation of property and theft would not have been multiplicitous. However, under Keeler, criminal deprivation of property is a lesser included offense of theft, and a person may not be convicted of both the charged crime and the lesser included offense.” Slip op. at 9.
The above reasoning provides yet another example why we depart from our previous decision in Keeler. We now hold that the crime of criminal deprivation of property is not a lesser included offense of theft, and we overrule that part of the Keeler decision concluding otherwise. We further conclude that the trial court erred when it provided the jury with an instruction on criminal deprivation of property, which was neither a lesser included offense nor charged in the complaint or information.
Moreover, because the complaint and information in this case failed to charge McKissack with criminal deprivation of property, the district court lacked jurisdiction to convict the defendant of that crime. As we stated in
State v. Belcher,
We therefore reverse defendant’s conviction for criminal deprivation of property.
*732 (2) Sufficiency of Evidence to Establish Burglary
As his next contention, McKissack argues that because the jury returned a verdict of guilty on criminal deprivation of property and not on theft, there was insufficient evidence before the jury to find him guilty of burglary (which requires an intent to commit a theft). Thus, he argues that he should be acquitted of the burglary charge.
We note as a preliminary matter that the defendant’s contention is not an argument that directly attacks the sufficiency of evidence to establish his burglary conviction. If that were the case, as the following discussion indicates, his contention would be rejected. Instead, we understand his argument to be that because the jury was improperly instructed that criminal deprivation of property is a lesser included offense of theft, the jury’s subsequent conviction of the defendant of criminal deprivation and acquittal of the defendant of theft undermines the validity of the defendant’s burglary conviction.
Standard of Review
“ “When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, the standard of review is whether, after review of all the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the appellate court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’ [Citation omitted.]” State v. Calvin,279 Kan. 193 , 198,105 P.3d 710 (2005).
Furthermore, this court has held that when a defendant challenges his or her verdict on the basis of the jury instructions provided and the defendant objected to the jury instructions below, our court is required to consider the instructions as a whole and not isolate any one instruction. Even if erroneous in some way, instructions are not reversible error if they properly and fairly state the law as applied to the facts of the case and could not have reasonably misled the jury.
State v. Edgar,
Discussion and Analysis
Burglary is defined by statute as “knowingly and without authority entering into or remaining within any . . . motor vehicle .. . with intent to commit a felony, theft or sexual battery *733 therein.” K.S.A. 21-3715(c). Similarly, the instruction presented to the juiy on burglary in this case was that, in order to find the defendant guilty of burglary, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) “the defendant knowingly entered a motor vehicle”; (2) “the defendant did so without authority”; and (3) “the defendant did so with the intent to commit a theft therein.”
McKissack correctly asserts that misdemeanor criminal deprivation of property is neither a theft nor a felony, and his conviction of criminal deprivation therefore does not support his conviction of burglary. Compare K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3705(a) (criminal deprivation of property) with K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 21-3701 (theft). Not only does the charge not support a burglary, but also we have set aside his criminal deprivation, of property charge.
His argument has a certain common-sense appeal. The jury verdicts do seem inconsistent, in that the jury apparently found that the defendant did not possess the requisite specific intent to be convicted of theft (the intent to permanently deprive Bushell of her property) but nonetheless did possess this intent for purposes of the burglary charge. His argument raises the issue of inconsistent verdicts and whether such inconsistency warrants the relief requested.
This question is one of law. As this court has previously explained, “[t]he conduct of a jury is sometimes devoid of logic, and inconsistent verdicts may result. Even in cases where the two verdicts are irreconcilable the convictions will not be reversed on grounds of inconsistency.”
State v.
Shultz,
This rule for upholding inconsistent verdicts is bolstered by the fact that the jury in this case was provided the following instruction:
“Each crime charged against the defendant is a separate and distinct offense. You must decide each charge separately on the evidence and law applicable to it, uninfluenced by your decision as to any other charge. The defendant may be convicted or acquitted on any or all of the offenses charged. Your findings as to each crime charged must be stated in a verdict form signed by the Presiding Juror.”
Because juries are presumed to have followed the instructions given, one must assume that they understood that their verdicts
*734
were independent of one another. See
State v. Donaldson,
However, under the facts unique to this case, the above assumption is somewhat undermined. During its deliberations, the jury posed the following question to the trial court: “Can we find defendant guilty of burglaiy and not guilty of theft but guilty of criminal deprivation of property?” The court answered that “[t]he juiy is instructed to review Instructions No. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11. Your verdict must be founded on the evidence presented.”
None of the instructions to which the court referred directly answered the question posed by the jury. On the one hand, the trial court’s instruction on burglary was correct and included only theft as a predicate for burglaiy. On the other hand, the instructions as a whole erroneously advised the jury that criminal deprivation of property was a lesser included offense of theft. As one can readily see, the jury did exactly what its question asked — convict the defendant of criminal deprivation of property and burglary.
The general rule in favor of upholding inconsistent verdicts is premised on the understanding that the jury is properly instructed as to the legal principles that should be applied in deciding a case. In this case, the court incorrectly instructed the jury over the defendant’s objection that criminal deprivation of property was a lesser included offense of theft. We conclude the juiy was misled by the court’s erroneous instruction, particularly in light of the jury’s question to the court during its deliberations. See
Edgar,
Under these unique circumstances, there is a real possibility that the jury based its conviction of burglaiy not on other evidence produced at trial but rather upon defendant’s conviction of criminal deprivation of property. We therefore reverse defendant’s burglaiy conviction, not on the basis of inconsistent verdicts or sufficiency of evidence, but rather on the basis that we have no confidence in the guilty verdict rendered in light of the jury’s question to the trial court during its deliberations and the erroneous instructions by the trial court.
*735 (3) Admissibility of Hearsay Evidence
Both the trial court and the Court of Appeals concluded that the defendant’s statement to the police at issue here — that Dino told Guido (who subsequently told defendant) that Dino wanted Bush-ell’s amplifier — was not offered to prove the truth of the matter stated and, therefore, was not hearsay and was admissible.
Standard of Review
This court generally reviews a trial court’s admission of evidence under an “ ‘abuse of discretion’ ” standard.
State v.
Discussion and Analysis
At trial, the court admitted the statement in question — that Dino told Guido (who subsequently told McKissack) that Dino wanted Bushell’s amplifier — over McKissack’s objection. The following exchange took place between the prosecution and McKissack during the defendant’s cross-examination:
“Q. Did you make a statement [when talking to a police officer about the incident] in reference to a guy named Dino?
“A. I had made a comment of Dino to him [police officer],
“Q. And who was Dino?
“A. He’s an ex-friend of mine.
“Q. Did you make the statement that Dino had wanted — that Dino had told— that Guido had told you that another man by the street name of Dino had mentioned to Guido that he wanted the amp removed?
“A. Yes, I had told the officer that.”
In this case we deal with a statement made by the defendant during an investigation of theft and burglary within a very short *736 time after the taking of the property. Whether the statement given to the officers by the defendant was true was not the issue before the trial judge court. The key issues before the trial court and the basis of its ruling was that it was a statement by the defendant to the police on the evening in question. In its ruling, the trial judge explained:
“I think the fact in evidence they [die State] want to get in is that it’s a separate statement he [the defendant] made to the police other than I did this as a prank, and I think that’s the purpose for which it’s intended. And I diink it’s permissible to show that he had some other motive in talking to the police other than being open and frank.” (Emphasis added.)
The trial court found that the statement was not offered to prove the truth of the matter but instead was evidence of the defendant’s motive in talking with the police.
K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 60-460 defines hearsay as “[ejvidence of a statement which is made other than by a witness while testifying at the hearing, offered to prove the truth of the matter stated.” Such evidence is inadmissible, unless it falls under a recognized exception. K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 60-460. This .court has explained that “[t]he theory behind the hearsay rule is that when a statement is offered as evidence of the truth asserted in it, the credibility of the asserter is the basis for the inference, and therefore the asserter must be subject to cross-examination. 6 Wigmore on Evidence § 1766 (Chadbourn rev. 1976).”
State v. Harris,
The defendant contends that the statement he made to police was offered as hearsay to prove the truth of the matter stated. This court considered the scope of the hearsay rule and the “ ‘truth of the matter stated’ ” language in
Harris,
Harris’ counsel objected at trial to the admission of this testimony on grounds that it was hearsay and that there was no evidence that the statements were made by Harris or that he shared these views. The trial court overruled the objection because it found the witness’ “anticipated statements were not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted but merely offered to show that they had been said.”
This court, however, disagreed with the trial court’s assessment of the testimony and ruled that the statements in question were indeed hearsay.
“We have allowed the use of statements which would otherwise be hearsay to show that the defendant’s story had changed over time, to show the defendant’s state of mind, or to show that a Miranda warning was given. [Citations omitted.] However in this case, the statements were offered by the State as evidence of premeditation on the part of the defendant, and the content of the statements themselves reflect such premeditation.
“In State v. Oliphant,210 Kan. 451 , 454,502 P.2d 626 (1972), we identified three types of statements exempted from the hearsay rule when offered, not for the truth of the matter asserted, but without reference to such a truth. These three groups are: (1) those statements material to the case as part of the issue; (2) those statements which are verbal parts of an act; and (3) those statement used circumstantially as giving rise to an indirect inference but not as an assertion to prove the matter asserted. The State argues that the statements made in this case fall under the third categorization used in Oliphant. According to the State, the evidence was used indirectly to infer premeditation on the part of the defendant.
“However, the only way in which the evidence can be used to infer premeditation on the part of the defendant is if the statements asserted were true, i.e., if *738 the guards were actually cracking down on the Vice Lords and the Vice Lords felt that drey should get even. . . .
“ . . . The fact that the defendant merely heard these statements does not infer premeditation. Instead, tire probative value of the statements is that they allow a jury to infer that the Vice Lords were angry and wanted to get even, thus providing a motive and evidence of premeditation. If not to show the truth of the matter asserted, there was no other reason for the State to offer the statements. Under these circumstances the statements were hearsay.” (Emphasis added.) Harris,259 Kan. at 699-700 .
We note that there is a marked difference between
Harris
and this case. This case involves a statement made to police
by the defendant,
whereas
Harris
involved a statement made by another inmate attributing complicity
to
the defendant. What it important in this case is that McKissack voluntarily supplied certain information to the officers — information that he had the opportunity to explain to the jury during his testimony. Whether the information was true was unimportant, and the defendant’s statement to the police was not offered to prove the truth of the information. Instead, the statement was offered to demonstrate that tire defendant’s state of mind in providing this information to the police. The statement of the defendant is therefore more appropriately governed by the third category in
Oliphant,
as a statement used circumstantially giving rise to an indirect inference but not as an assertion to prove the matter asserted. See
Conclusion
The decision of the district court is reversed. We reverse in part and affirm in part the Court of Appeals’ decision. The defendant has been acquitted of theft. His criminal deprivation of property conviction is reversed, but he may be charged for this offense unless such a charge is barred by the statute of limitations or some other procedural barrier. His burglary conviction is reversed, and the case is remanded.
*739 Reversed and remanded.