State v. McKinneyState v. McKinney
Search and Seizure—search warrant—probable cause—totality of circumstances
The trial court did not err by denying defendant‘s motion to suppress evidence of contraband found in his home pursuant to a search warrant. Based on the totality of the circumstances, the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed to justify the warrant. The affidavit attached to the search warrant application described the citizen complaint about suspected drug activity that led to the officers’ surveillance, the arrest of a man who spent six minutes in defendant‘s home and was found to have a substantial amount of cash and remnants of marijuana in his vehicle, and the text messages regarding a drug sale on the man‘s cell phone.
On discretionary review pursuant to
Staples S. Hughes, Appellate Defender, by Jon H. Hunt, Assistant Appellate Defender, for defendant-appellee.
EDMUNDS, Justice.
An investigation that began with an anonymous complaint to police led to a search of defendant‘s home, where contraband was found. After the trial court denied defendant‘s motion to suppress the evidence found during the search, he pleaded guilty to several drug-related offenses. We conclude that the totality of circumstances demonstrates that the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed to justify issuing a warrant authorizing the search of defendant‘s home. Accordingly, we reverse the holding of the Court of Appeals to the contrary.
On 22 April 2012, a citizen met with Officer Christopher Bradshaw of the Greensboro Police Department and reported observing heavy traffic in and out of Apartment C at 302 Edwards Road. Pointing out that the visitors made abbreviated stays at the apartment, the citizen also reported having seen the resident of that apartment dealing in narcotics in the parking lot of the apartment complex. The citizen added that he or she believed that behavior was related to narcotics.
In response to this report, Officer Bradshaw and others in his unit immediately began surveillance of the named apartment and saw a red Pontiac arrive there at 12:41 p.m. The driver of the vehicle entered the apartment, emerged six minutes later, and drove away. One of the officers promptly stopped the Pontiac for a traffic violation, and the driver, Roy Foushee, was found to have $4,258.00 in cash on his person. A gallon-size plastic bag that contained marijuana remnants was recovered from the interior of the vehicle.
The officers arrested Foushee, and, incident to the arrest, searched his cell telephone. A series of text messages exchanged minutes before Foushee was seen entering the Edwards Road apartment caught the officers’ attention. The first, timed at 12:12 p.m., was sent to Foushee from “Chad” and said, “Bra, when you come out to get the money, can you bring a fat 25. I got the bread.” The next, also from “Chad,” asked, “Can you bring me one more, Bra?” Foushee replied, “About 45,” and “Chad” responded, “ight.”
Inferring that Foushee had just completed a delivery of drugs for cash, Officer Bradshaw applied for a search warrant for the Edwards Road apartment. The attached affidavit described the nature of the citizen complaint that triggered the investigation, the results of the officers’ surveillance, the arrest of Foushee, the material found on Foushee‘s person and in his car, and the text messages recovered from Foushee‘s telephone. The warrant was issued and executed that same day. After discovering controlled substances, drug paraphernalia, and a firearm and ammunition in the apartment, the officers arrested defendant, who lived there and was present during the search. The name “Chad” was never linked to anyone identified in the investigation.
On 2 July 2012, defendant was indicted by a Guilford County grand jury for trafficking in cocaine by possession, possession of cocaine, possession of marijuana with intent to sell or deliver, possession of marijuana, and maintaining a dwelling used for selling controlled substances, all in violation of the North Carolina Controlled Substances Act. He also was indicted for possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of
On 1 October 2012, defendant entered a negotiated agreement in which he pleaded
Defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence seized from his residence. That court found that the information provided in Officer Bradshaw‘s affidavit was “insufficient to establish probable cause to search defendant‘s apartment,” State v. McKinney, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 752 S.E.2d 726, 730 (2014), because it “implicates [defendant‘s] premises solely as a conclusion of the affiant,” id. at ___, 752 S.E.2d at 730 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Campbell, 282 N.C. 125, 131, 191 S.E.2d 752, 757 (1972)). The court concluded that “[t]he inference the State seeks to draw from the contents of this affidavit—that narcotic drugs are illegally possessed on the described premises—does not reasonably arise from the facts alleged.” Id. at ___, 752 S.E.2d at 730 (alteration in original) (quoting Campbell, 282 N.C. at 131, 191 S.E.2d at 757). Concluding that no “reasonable nexus” existed between Foushee‘s vehicle in which marijuana was found and defendant‘s residence, id. at ___, 752 S.E.2d at 730, the Court of Appeals held that the search warrant was unsupported by probable cause and reversed the trial court‘s denial of defendant‘s motion to suppress, id. at ___, 752 S.E.2d at 731.
In reviewing a trial court‘s ruling on a motion to suppress, we consider “whether the trial judge‘s underlying findings of fact are supported by competent evidence, in which event they are conclusively binding on appeal, and whether those factual findings in turn support the judge‘s ultimate conclusions of law.” State v. Cooke, 306 N.C. 132, 134, 291 S.E.2d 618, 619 (1982). We review an opinion of the Court of Appeals for error of law.
Defendant argues that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated when his apartment was searched pursuant to a warrant that he claims was issued without probable cause. The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from “unreasonable searches and seizures” and permits warrants to be issued only upon a showing of probable cause.
Under North Carolina law, an application for a search warrant must be supported by an affidavit detailing “the facts and circumstances establishing probable cause to believe that the items are in the places... to be searched.”
Probable cause requires not certainty, but only “a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity.” Riggs, 328 N.C. at 219, 400 S.E.2d at 433 (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 244 n.13, 103 S. Ct. at 2335 n.13, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 552 n.13 (emphasis added)). The magistrate‘s determination of probable cause is given “great deference” and “after-the-fact scrutiny should not take the form of a de novo review.” State v. Arrington, 311 N.C. 633, 638, 319 S.E.2d 254, 258 (1984) (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 236, 103 S. Ct. at 2331, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 547). Instead, a reviewing court is responsible for ensuring that the issuing magistrate had a ” ‘substantial basis for... conclud[ing]’ that probable cause existed.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-39, 103 S. Ct. at 2332, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 548 (alterations in original) (quoting Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 271, 80 S. Ct. 725, 736, 4 L. Ed. 2d 697, 708 (1960), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Salvucci, 448 U.S. 83, 100 S. Ct. 2547, 65 L. Ed. 2d 619 (1980)).
Defendant makes several arguments contending that the warrant was invalid. He maintains that the citizen complaint underlying the officer‘s application for the search warrant was unreliable because the complaint gave no indication when the citizen observed either the short stays or drugs purportedly changing hands, that the complaint was only a “naked assertion” that the observed activities were narcotics-related, and that the State failed to establish a nexus between Foushee‘s vehicle and defendant‘s apartment. None of these arguments are persuasive, either individually or collectively.
As for the amount of detail in the citizen‘s complaint, “an officer ‘may rely upon information received through an informant, rather than upon his direct observations, so long as the informant‘s statement is reasonably corroborated by other matters within the officer‘s knowledge.’ ” State v. Bone, 354 N.C. 1, 10, 550 S.E.2d 482, 488 (2001) (quoting Jones, 362 U.S. at 269, 80 S. Ct. at 735, 4 L. Ed. 2d at 707). Moreover, such a citizen complaint is not necessarily reviewed in isolation. In addition to the information detailed above that the citizen gave Officer Bradshaw, the affidavit stated that officers thereafter conducted surveillance of the identified apartment, observed Foushee make a six-minute visit, and found both marijuana remnants in an otherwise empty bag and a substantial cash sum during a subsequent investigatory stop. The officer‘s direct observations were thus consistent with the citizen‘s information.
As for the nexus between Foushee‘s vehicle and defendant‘s apartment, while defendant points out that the evidence gave no indication how long the marijuana could have been in Foushee‘s car and that Foushee‘s visit with defendant could just as easily have been innocent, the affidavit included relevant texts exchanged between Foushee and “Chad” minutes before Foushee arrived at defendant‘s apartment. The timing and substance of these texts suggested preparation for and negotiation of a drug transaction involving Foushee and someone he was about to meet. Although no “Chad” was identified when defendant‘s apartment was later searched, this contingency could not be foreseen when Officer Bradshaw applied for the warrant. Instead, the information available to the officer and provided to the magistrate at the time the search warrant was requested and issued sufficiently indicated that the transaction adumbrated in the texts was consummated moments later in defendant‘s apartment. Thus, this case is distinguishable from Campbell, cited both by defendant and the Court of Appeals. In Campbell, the affidavit asserted only that the defendants were named in arrest warrants charging narcotics
We conclude that, under the totality of circumstances, all the evidence described in the affidavit both established a substantial nexus between the marijuana remnants recovered from Foushee‘s vehicle and defendant‘s residence, and also was sufficient to support the magistrate‘s finding of probable cause to search defendant‘s apartment. Considering this evidence in its entirety, “the magistrate could reasonably conclude that the proposed search would reveal the presence of illegal drugs in the dwelling.” Id. at 131, 191 S.E.2d at 757. Accordingly, we reverse the holding of the Court of Appeals to the contrary.
REVERSED.