Richard Eugene McIntyre, Jr., appeals from a criminal conviction of simple assault. We reverse and remand for a new trial.
Bismarck Police Officer, Kenan Kaizer, observed McIntyre drinking from a beer bottle when McIntyre got out of the driver’s side of his vehicle after parking it at a local Mini Mart. Officer Kaizer immediately checked and determined that McIntyre’s driver’s license had bеen suspended. When McIntyre drove his vehicle from the Mini Mart, Officer Kaizer followed and then stopped the vehicle. Kaizer attempted to arrest McIntyre for driving with a suspended license, and a scuffle ensued. There was conflicting testimony about the exact circumstances of the altercation, but it is undisputed that McIntyre struck Officer Kaizer in the face.
McIntyre was subsequently сharged with simple assault, a class C felony, for willfully injuring a peace officer. At his criminal trial, McIntyre raised the defenses of legal excuse and self defense. The jury returned a guilty verdict and McIntyre appealed from the judgment entered upon that verdict.
McIntyre asserts on appeal that the instructions on self defense and excuse erroneously misled the jury into believing that he had the burden of proving those defenses. We have underscored the language challenged by McIntyre in the instructions to the jury:
“BURDEN OF PROOF
“(SELF-DEFENSE)
“Evidence has been presented that the defendant acted in self-defense. You must determine whether the defendant has presented sufficient evidence to give rise to a reasonable doubt as to whether he was entitled to defend himself If you decide there is sufficient evidence to give rise to a reasonable doubt, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, as an element of the offense charged, that the defendant did not act in self-defense. If the State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act in self-defense, the defendant is entitled to a verdict of not guilty.”
“BURDEN OF PROOF
“(EXCUSE)
“Evidеnce has been presented that the defendant’s conduct was excused. You must determine if the defendant presented sufficient evidence to give rise to a reasonable doubt that he was *614 entitled to defend himself if the facts had been as the defendant believed them to be. If you so find, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, as an element of the offense charged, that the defendant’s conduct was not excused. If the State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant’s conduct was not excused, the defendant is entitled to a verdict of not guilty.”
Jury instructions must correctly and adequately inform the jury of the applicable law and must not mislead or confuse the jury.
State v. Mounts,
Under Section 12.1-01-03, N.D.C.C., the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt each element of the charged offense, which includes proof of “the nonexistence of a defense as to which there is evidence in the case sufficient to give rise to a reasonable doubt on the issue.” A defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on a legal defense if there is evidence to support it.
State v. Thiel,
United States v. Jackson,
“If you believe, however, that that evidence does raise in your mind a reasonable doubt as to sanity, then the burden switches over to the United States and then it becomes the burden of the United States to prove to you that the Defendant in fact was sane within the definition of the law_”587 F.2d at 853 .
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals explained why this language constituted plain and reversible error:
“This instruction effectively required the jury to determine when insanity is in issue. This decision was for the District Court, not for the jury.
* * * * * *
“The instructions required the defendant to prove initially the insanity defense to the jury sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt, a burden he is not required to bear.”587 F.2d at 854 .
The jury instructions in this case contain the same infirmity as the erroneous instructions in Jackson, supra.
The instructions given by the court advised the jury that it had the responsibility to determine if McIntyre had presented sufficient evidence to give rise to a reasonable doubt on the issues of excuse and self defense. The instructions also, in effect, advised the jury that only if McIntyre met this burden, did the State then have a duty to negate the defenses by рroof beyond a reasonable doubt. The instructions are erroneous, because the trial court, not the jury, had the responsibility to initially determine whether there was sufficient evidence to raise the issues of self defense and excuse.
Jackson, supra,
We conclude that the instructions on self defense and excuse did not, when read as a whole, correctly advise the jury about the law. These erroneous instructions are ground for reversal, because they relate to defenses central to the case and affect McIntyre’s right to have the State carry the burden of proof to negate these defenses by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
McIntyre also asserts on appeal that the trial court erred in refusing to allow cross-examination of Officer Kaizer about using excessive force in arresting another person, who has now filed a pending lawsuit against Kaizer for using excessive force. We address this issue, because it may arise upon retrial. McIntyre’s attorney attempted to demonstrate that Kaizer had a character trait of using excessive force and that, in response to Kaizer’s use of excessive force, McIntyre actеd in self defense when he struck Kaizer. The State objected to cross-examination about the pri- or incident, asserting that there had been no decision about that case and that the allegation of excessive force was simply “floating around without anything else to back it up.” The trial court agreed, referring to the incident as “claimed misconduct taken out of the bluе” and “unfounded allegations which are not proved in court.”
“Evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the victim of the crime offered by an accused” is admissible as an exception to the general rule that evidence of a person’s character is not admissible. Rule 404(a)(2), N.D.R.Ev. The courts have generally interpreted this rule as allowing a defendant charged with assault or homicide, who has raised the issue of self defense, to introduce evidence of the victim’s violent or aggressive character.
See, e.g., United States v. Greschner,
“In a civil action for assault and battery evidence оf reputation and character of the parties for peace and quiet is competent, not to establish guilt or innocence, but to resolve the question as to which was the aggressor where that is disputed and defendant pleads self defense.
“The rule is the same in criminal actions. The reputation or character of the victim in the assault case or the deceased in the homicide case is not directly in issue and consequently evidence thereof is not relevant except that on the question of self defense, or who was the aggressor, such evidence has circumstantial value and will be received.”
In
State v. Lende,
In
State v. Jensen,
Whether a prior showing of the defendant’s knowledge of the victim’s character is required depends upon the purpose for which the character evidence is being admitted. The rule is summarized, with supporting authorities, in Annotation,
Admissibility Of Evidеnce As To Other’s Character Or Reputation For Turbulence On Question Of Self-Defense By One Charged With Assault Or Homicide,
“It appears to be well established that before evidence of the reputation of the deceased or the party assaulted for turbulence or violence is admissible for the accused on (sic) a trial for homicide or assault, for the purpose оf proving that he had reason to, and did, apprehend death or serious bodily injury, and therefore was justified on the ground of self-defense in acting as he did, it must appear that at the time of the homicide or assault, he had knowledge of such reputation, because otherwise his conduct could not have been influenced thereby.
⅝ * ⅜ * ‡ *
“However, ... it has generally been held that evidеnce of the turbulent character of the deceased or party assaulted is admissible on a trial for homicide or for assault, as tending to corroborate testimony for the accused as to the circumstances of the conflict, whether the accused had knowledge of such character or not.”
So, there is no requirement that an accused have knowledge of the victim’s turbulent character when the purpose of the evidence is to corroborate testimony about the circumstances of the encounter, rather than to show that the accused apprehended harm and for that reason acted in self defense. But, the court must be informed of the purpose.
The treatise 1 Jones on Evidence § 4:40, at 463 (6th ed. 1972), also recognizes that the defendant’s knowlеdge of the victim’s character is not necessarily a prerequisite for admitting character evidence:
“It is not essential that the character proclivities be known to the defendant prior to the alleged assault, though the fact of knowledge, or the lack of it may be a relevant circumstance. It is what the other person did rather than what the defendant though[t] he wаs going to do which is of primary importance.”
This rule was succinctly stated and applied by the Illinois Supreme Court in
People v. Lynch,
“We hold that when the theory of self-defense is raised, the victim’s aggressive and violent character is relevant to show who was the aggressor, and the defendant may show it by appropriate evidence, regardless of when he learned of it.”
See also Carrick v. McFadden,
The circumstances оf the altercation between Kaizer and McIntyre were in dispute. So, evidence of Kaizer’s character for using excessive force was admissible, irrespective of McIntyre’s prior knowledge about it, as circumstantial evidence that Kaizer was the aggressor and that McIntyre acted only in self defense.
In addition to advancing a proper purpose for intrоducing evidence under the rules, the proponent must also demonstrate both the relevance and probative value of the evidence.
State v. Micko,
“Where the victim’s propensity for violence is in question, however, the danger of prejudice to the defendant lies in refusing to admit such evidence, while its high degree of relevance and reliability remains constant.”
The trial court made no finding that the probative value of this character evidence was outweighed by the danger of its prejudicial effect. However, in excluding this evidence, the court focused on the fact that the allegations about the prior arrest incident had not yet been proved in the pending civil action. Evidence about the prior arrest is relevant in this case on the question of Kaizer’s character trait for using excessive force. This evidence does not become irrelevant simрly because the allegations of Kaizer’s use of excessive force are in dispute and unresolved in a pending civil action. The fact that the proffered evidence of Kaizer’s prior use of excessive force is disputed goes to the weight of that evidence, not its admissibility.
See Meyer v. Hansen,
McIntyre’s attorney attempted to introduce this character evidence during his cross-examination of Kaizer. Rule 405(a), N.D.R.Ev., provides the methods of proving admissible character evidence:
“(a) Reputation or Opinion. In all cases in which evidence of character or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific instаnces of conduct.”
The second sentence of this rule allows inquiry into specific instances of conduct during cross-examination, but it must be read in conjunction with the first sentence which allows proof of character only through reputation or opinion testimony.
Klaes v. Scholl,
Upon retrial of this case, evidence of Officer Kaizer’s character for using excessive force is admissible аs circumstantial *618 evidence that Kaizer was the aggressor and that McIntyre acted in self defense. However, the method of introducing this evidence must comport with Rule 405(a), N.D.R.Ev., as discussed.
The judgment of the district court is reversed, and the case is remanded for a new trial.
Notes
. McIntyre’s requested instructions on these defenses were based'upon the North Dakota Pattern Jury Instruction, NDJI-Criminal 2030 on Defense-Burden of Proof, which does not include the objectionable language:
“Evidence has been presented that the defendant [set out the defense]. The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, as an additional element of the offense charged, that the defendant was not [set out the defense]. The defendant does not have the burden of proof as to this defense. If the state has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not [set out defense], the defendant is entitled to a verdict of not guilty.”
. The Advisory Committee notes to Rule 405 of the Federal Rules of Evidence discuss the limited use of specific instances of conduct in proving character:
"Of the three methods of proving character provided by the rule, evidence of specific instances of conduct is the most convincing. At the same time it possesses the greatest capacity to arouse prejudice, to confuse, to surprise, and to consume time. Consequently the rule confines the use of evidence of this kind to cases in which character is, in the strict sense, in issue and hence deserving of a searching inquiry. When character is used circumstantially and hence occupies a lesser status in the case, proof may be only by reputation and opiniоn. These latter methods are also available when character is in issue. This treatment is, with respect to specific instances of conduct and reputation, conventional contemporary common law doctrine.
******
"The express allowance of inquiry into specific instances of conduct on cross-examination in subdivision (a) and the express allowanсe of it as part of a case in chief when character is actually in issue in subdivision (b) contemplate that testimony of specific instances is not generally permissible on the direct examination of an ordinary opinion witness to character.... Opinion testimony on direct in these situations ought in general to correspond to reputation testimony as now given, i.e., be confined to the nature and extent of observation and acquaintance upon which the opinion is based.”