State v. McGuireState v. McGuire
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¶ 1. This is a review of an unpublished decision of the court of appeals, State v. McGuire, No. 2007AP2711-CR, unpublished slip op. (Wis. Ct. App. May 20,2009), affirming a judgment of the Walworth County Circuit Court, James L. Carlson, Judge. Father Donald J. McGuire (McGuire) was charged in 2005 with five counts of indecent behavior with a child, in violation of
¶ 3. We conclude that
¶ 4. We next conclude that the charges were not barred by due process. McGuire has failed to allege an improper motive or purpose on the part of the State, which is a necessary prerequisite for dismissal based on pre-indictment delay.
¶ 5. We also are satisfied that McGuire received a fair trial in which the real controversy was fully tried and justice has not for any reason miscarried. Therefore, reversal in the interest of justice is inappropriate.
¶ 6. Finally, we reject McGuire‘s contention that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. The two decisions of trial counsel that McGuire claims constituted deficient performance were part of a reasonable trial strategy.
¶ 7. For the reasons set forth, we affirm the court of appeals.
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶ 8. The facts are disputed, but the evidence at trial showed the following: McGuire was a Jesuit priest who taught at the Loyola Academy in Wilmette, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. The priests who taught at the school lived in a residence attached to the school. Loyola Academy was not a boarding school, and students do not live on the campus. Students were permitted in the Jesuits’ residence only for limited purposes, such as helping to carry a package.
¶ 9. Victor B. was 13 years old when he began attending Loyola in the fall of 1966. McGuire offered to counsel and tutor Victor, who was having trouble in school. McGuire then had Victor live with him in his residence at Loyola. While living in the room, Victor would sleep in the same bed as McGuire, often in the nude. The two began giving each other body massages, which included touching each others’ genitals.
¶ 10. During this time, McGuire became acquainted with Victor‘s uncle, Harry B. In the spring of 1967, McGuire began visiting Harry‘s cottage in Fontana, Wisconsin. While McGuire and Victor were in Wisconsin — whether they were riding in the car or at the cottage — McGuire would give Victor what he referred to as. “horse bites,” which he would perform by grabbing Victor below his groin and brushing his hand over Victor‘s genitals. The “horse bites” continued through the summer of 1968.
¶ 11. Sometime around November of 1967, McGuire visited the Fontana cottage while Victor was there. The only other person at the cottage at that time was Victor‘s grandmother. While Victor was in bed, McGuire entered the room, and Victor pretended to be asleep. McGuire
¶ 12. In the fall of 1968, Victor returned to Loyola Academy but stopped living in McGuire‘s room. The sexual contact stopped at that time.
¶ 13. Sean C. was 14 years old when he began attending Loyola Academy in August of 1968. Because Sean was having problems getting to school, he was sent to see McGuire for guidance counseling. McGuire suggested that Sean stay at Loyola to avoid the problem of getting to school in the morning. McGuire told Sean to tell his father that he was sleeping in McGuire‘s guidance office, when in fact Sean was staying in bed with McGuire. Sean testified that McGuire took steps to hide the fact that Sean was living with McGuire.
¶ 14. While Sean was staying in McGuire‘s room, the two began to give each other massages. During these massages, McGuire would touch Sean‘s penis and have Sean touch his.
¶ 15. McGuire took Sean on several trips. Sometime between Thanksgiving and Christmas of 1968, the two travelled together to the Fontana cottage on a Friday. Sean was 14 years old at the time. On Friday night at the Fontana cabin, McGuire began massaging Sean‘s penis with baby oil. He then changed positions and told Sean to do the same to him. The next night, the two performed the same acts again.
¶ 16. Sean continued to live with McGuire during his freshman year at Loyola. He would stay in McGuire‘s room roughly four nights a week, and sexual contact occurred nearly every day. During the summer, McGuire and Sean traveled to Europe, and sexual contact occurred on this trip. In the fall, Sean returned to living with McGuire, and the sexual contact continued.
¶ 17. In February of 1970, Sean reported the sexual contact to Father Charles Schlax. Later, several Jesuits — Father Renke, the president of Loyola; Father Beall, the principal; and Father Humbert, the headmaster — interviewed Sean. Sean‘s father attended this meeting. After Sean left the meeting, his father told him that he would not return to Loyola, and Sean was transferred to a different school. Neither the school nor Sean‘s father contacted the police.
¶ 18. In June of 2003, Sean contacted an attorney about the sexual contact with McGuire. On August 1, 2003, Sean filed a civil lawsuit against the Jesuits and McGuire.
¶ 19. In August of 2003, Victor received a letter from the headmaster of Loyola Academy about reports of sexual misconduct. After he did some research, Victor contacted Sean‘s attorney, who put him in touch with Sean. According to Victor and Sean, they did not know each other before they spoke on the phone in 2003. During their phone conversation, Sean obtained some information about the Fontana cottage, but both Victor and Sean later denied having discussed what McGuire had actually done to either of them or the layout of McGuire‘s room at Loyola.
¶ 20. On February 7, 2005, a criminal complaint was filed in Walworth County charging McGuire with two counts of indecent behavior with a child, in violation of
¶ 22. McGuire filed a motion for postconviction relief asking for dismissal of charges or, alternatively, a new trial. He argued, inter alia, that the statute of hmitations tolling provision in
¶ 23. McGuire appealed, raising four arguments: (1) the charging delay violated his constitutional rights; (2) he received ineffective assistance of counsel; (3) the circuit court erroneously admitted other acts evidence; and (4) the circuit court erroneously allowed rebuttal evidence. The court of appeals affirmed the circuit court on all four issues.
¶ 24. McGuire petitioned this court for review, which we granted on September 10, 2009.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶ 25. The constitutionality of a statute is a question of law, which we review de novo. State v. Cole, 2003 WI 112, ¶ 10, 264 Wis. 2d 520, 665 N.W.2d 328. Statutes are presumed to be constitutional, and a party challenging a statute‘s constitutionality must demonstrate that it is unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Baron, 2009 WI 58, ¶ 10, 318 Wis. 2d 60, 769 N.W.2d 34. This presumption and burden apply to as-applied constitutional challenges to statutes as well as to facial challenges. State v. Wood, 2010 WI 17, ¶ 15, 323 Wis. 2d 321, 780 N.W.2d 63.
¶ 26. Whether a defendant‘s right to due process was violated also presents a question of law that we review de novo. State v. Shiffra, 175 Wis. 2d 600, 605, 499 N.W.2d 719 (1993).
¶ 27. We review an ineffective assistance of counsel claim as a mixed question of fact and law. State v. Doss, 2008 WI 93, ¶ 23, 312 Wis. 2d 570, 754 N.W.2d 150. We uphold the circuit court‘s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous, but review de novo whether an attorney‘s performance was constitutionally deficient. Id.
III. DISCUSSION
¶ 28. McGuire raises four issues, which we address in turn. First, we address whether the statute of limitations tolling provision of
¶ 29. McGuire first argues that the statute of limitations tolling provision contained in
¶ 30. With certain exceptions, “prosecution for a felony must be commenced within 6 years . . . after the commission thereof.”
¶ 31. This court addressed the constitutionality of
¶ 32. The court first addressed Sher‘s privileges and immunities claim. It noted that the clause does not require “absolute equality” between residents and nonresidents and permits disparate treatment because nonresidents “may present special problems for the administration of state laws.” Id. at 11 (citing Taylor v. Conta, 106 Wis. 2d 321, 329, 316 N.W.2d 814 (1982)). The court then applied a three-part test to determine whether a statute is constitutional under the Privileges and Immunities Clause:
First, this court must consider whether the statute disadvantages nonresidents as compared to residents. If there is a disadvantageous treatment of nonresidents, then this court examines the statute under the second step; whether the discrimination violates a fundamental right. Finally, if a fundamental right is infringed, this court must decide if the means employed [by the statute] bear a substantial relation to legitimate state objectives.
Id. at 11 (alteration in original) (internal citations and quotation omitted).
¶ 33. The court acknowledged that
¶ 34. Although the
We find the provision is substantially related to several legitimate state objectives: the identification of criminals, the detection of crimes, and the apprehension of criminals. Investigation of crimes is easier for law enforcement officials when people central to the incident, and who may have vital information, are located within the state.. .. Even if suspects are located, local law enforcement agencies may not possess enough resources to send someone to question or investigate the suspect who resides outside of Wisconsin. In such cases, Wisconsin authorities might have to rely on the resources of other state‘s police and could burden those other departments. In addition, cases which would be important here, may be given less attention if other authorities were responsible for investigation. Furthermore, if a suspect is charged, apprehension of them is easier if they are public residents than if they reside out of state.
Sher, 149 Wis. 2d at 14.6
¶ 35. The Sher court next addressed the constitutionality of
¶ 36. McGuire argues that Sher is not controlling because Sher was decided as a facial challenge, not an as-applied challenge. He asserts that this case is distinguishable from Sher for two reasons: (1) in this case,
¶ 37. First, the tolling of the statute of limitations did not deprive McGuire of
¶ 38. Second, McGuire distinguishes Sher on the grounds that none of the statutory objectives described in Sher applies to him. He argues that the interests of identifying criminals, detecting crimes, and apprehending criminals are not furthered by applying
¶ 39. In truth, however, the facts in this case are closely related to identifying criminals, detecting crimes, and investigating those crimes. When McGuire either transported a minor from Illinois to Wisconsin or met an Illinois minor in Wisconsin, he was able to engage in unlawful sexual activity with minors away from co-workers at Loyola Academy who were more likely to notice impropriety. Correspondingly, because neither McGuire nor the victims were residents of Wisconsin, McGuire‘s sporadic visits to the state made the detection of his crimes by Wisconsin authorities and the reporting of his crimes by the minor victims to Wisconsin authorities, much less likely.
¶ 40. The relevant facts here are analogous to the facts in Sher. In Sher.; the circuit court found as fact that the defendant “never left Wisconsin in an attempt to conceal or prevent knowledge of his whereabouts” and that “information was available to both private parties and law enforcement officials as to his residency status and whereabouts.” Id. at 7. On those facts, this court still concluded that
¶ 41. The fact that a defendant was not in hiding and did not flee justice does not render
¶ 42. McGuire also argues that
¶ 43. McGuire again distinguishes Sher on the grounds that he is bringing an as-applied challenge, not a facial challenge. His argument, however, ignores the fact that the “basic formulation” of the rational basis test is the same in both facial and as-applied challenges. Smith v. City of Chicago, 457 F.3d 643, 652 (7th Cir. 2006). Under this standard, the constitution requires only that the statute creating a classification be “rationally related to a valid legislative objective.” Jorgenson, 264 Wis. 2d 157, ¶ 33 (quoting State v. McManus, 152 Wis. 2d 113, 130-31, 447 N.W.2d 654 (1989)). The distinction between public residents and public nonresidents set out in
B. Due Process Claim Based on Passage of Time
¶ 44. McGuire next argues that the charges against him were barred by due process. He argues that the 36-year passage of time between the commission of the offenses and the charges prejudiced his defense because critical witnesses died and evidence was destroyed.
¶ 45. “The statute of limitations is the principal device . . . to protect against prejudice arising from a lapse of time between the date of an alleged offense and an arrest.” State v. Wilson, 149 Wis. 2d 878, 903, 440 N.W.2d 534 (1989) (citing United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783, 788-89 (1977)). Nonetheless, the statute of limitations is not the sole measure of a defendant‘s rights with respect to pre-indictment delay, and “the Due Process Clause has a limited role to play in protecting against oppressive delay.” Lovasco, 431 U.S. at 789. Wisconsin has adopted a two-part test to determine whether pre-indictment delay constitutes a due process violation:
Where a defendant seeks to avoid prosecution based upon prosecutorial delay, it is clear that it must be shown that the defendant has suffered actual prejudice arising from the delay and that the delay arose from an improper motive or purpose such as to gain a tactical advantage over the accused.
Wilson, 149 Wis. 2d at 904-05 (quoting State v. Rivest, 106 Wis. 2d 406, 418, 316 N.W.2d 395 (1982)). This court recently reaffirmed Wilson, holding that a defendant claiming a due process violation based on preindictment delay must show: “(1) actual prejudice as a result of delay; and (2) the delay arose out of an improper purpose, [such as to] give the State a tactical advantage over the defendant.” State v. MacArthur, 2008 WI 72, ¶ 45, 310 Wis. 2d 550, 750 N.W.2d 910 (citing State v. Dabney, 2003 WI App 108, ¶ 30, 264 Wis. 2d 843, 663 N.W.2d 366).
¶ 46. McGuire acknowledges his inability to “establish that the delay resulted from some improper prosecutorial motive” or purpose. Instead he argues that Wilson “misconstrued the authorities upon which it relied.” McGuire cites three United States Supreme Court cases that he claims Wilson misconstrued. A close examination of those cases reveals that Wilson properly interpreted and applied those cases.
¶ 48. McGuire next argues that Wilson misconstrued Lovasco. In Lovasco, the defendant based his due process claim on a 17-month delay during an investigation. Lovasco, 431 U.S. at 787. The Court explained that “investigative delay is fundamentally unlike delay undertaken by the Government solely ‘to gain tactical advantage over the accused.‘” Id. at 795 (quoting Marion, 404 U.S. at 324). It then held that “to prosecute a defendant following investigative delay does not deprive him of due process, even if his defense might have been somewhat prejudiced by the lapse of time.” Id. at 796. The Court left “to the lower courts . . . the task of applying the settled principles of due process that we have discussed to the particular circumstances of individual cases.” Id. at 797.
¶ 49. Thus, although Lovasco explicitly left the application of its rule under specific facts to future courts, it refused to find a due process violation based upon the facts of the case — in which the state did not seek a tactical advantage. The Court‘s language supports a distinction between prosecutions that are delayed because of an improper state motive and those that are delayed for other reasons.
¶ 50. Finally, McGuire argues that Wilson misconstrued United States v. Gouveia, 467 U.S. 180 (1984). In Gouveia, the Court addressed the right to counsel for prisoners in administrative segregation awaiting indictment on federal charges. Id. at 182. Addressing the concern that prosecutors might delay charges because the defendants were already in prison, the Court noted that a defendant still has a due process claim “if the defendant can prove that the Government‘s delay in bringing the indictment was a deliberate device to gain an advantage over him and that it caused him actual prejudice in presenting his defense.” Id. at 192 (citing Lovasco, 431 U.S. at 789-90).
¶ 51. Like Lovasco, Gouveia clearly described the basic requirements of the Due Process Clause. The Wilson court did not “misconstrue” Lovasco and Gouveia, but applied the due process requirements set out in those cases. Indeed, Wilson is consistent with Lovasco‘s refusal to “adopt a rule which would [require prosecutors to charge as soon as they had evidence of guilt] absent a clear constitutional command to do so.” Lovasco, 431 U.S. 795.
¶ 52. Federal circuit court precedent confirms that Wilson correctly interpreted and applied Lovasco and its progeny. Nearly every federal circuit has adopted some variant of the test adopted in Wilson.10 The Seventh Circuit has adopted
¶ 53. Because McGuire has failed to identify any improper motive or purpose on the part of the State, we need not address whether McGuire was prejudiced by the delay. In any event, McGuire has failed to meet the requisite showing of prejudice. “The death of a witness alone is not sufficient to establish prejudice.” United States v. Eckhardt, 843 F.2d 989, 995 (7th Cir. 1988). The defendant must explain the substance and relevance of the witness‘s testimony; the showing must be concrete, not speculative. Id. (citing United States v. Antonino, 830 F.2d 798, 804-05 (7th Cir. 1987)).
¶ 54. McGuire identifies a number of deceased witnesses that he claims would have corroborated his defense and rebutted Sean‘s and Victor‘s testimony. These witnesses include other priests living in the Loyola Academy residences; McGuire‘s secretary, John Gooch; Victor‘s uncle and owner of the Fontana cottage, Harry B.; and various relatives of Victor and Sean. McGuire asserts that the priests would testify that Sean and Victor could not have lived with McGuire undetected, Gooch would testify that McGuire was not involved with Victor and Sean, and Harry would testify that he did not give McGuire a key to the cottage. However, McGuire offers no support for these assertions. Simply identifying deceased witnesses and describing testimony that they might have provided does not satisfy the requisite showing of actual prejudice.
¶ 55. McGuire also argues that Loyola Academy records, including use of fleet vehicles and the reasons for Jesuits’ absences from school, would constitute exculpatory evidence. Again, McGuire merely speculates that these documents would rebut Sean and Victor‘s testimony, but he fails to demonstrate that those documents would actually provide the evidence he claims.
¶ 56. In sum, the charges against McGuire were not barred by due process because he has failed to allege an improper prosecutorial motive. Furthermore, while he has identified potential witnesses and
C. Reversal in the Interest of Justice
¶ 57. McGuire next argues that reversal is warranted in the interest of justice under
¶ 58. Wisconsin Stat.
[I]f it appears from the record that the real controversy has not been fully tried, or that it is probable that justice has for any reason miscarried, the court may reverse the judgment or order appealed from . . . and may direct the entry of the proper judgment or remit the case to the trial court for the entry of the proper judgment or for a new trial....
Id.
¶ 59. We will exercise our discretionary power of reversal “only in exceptional cases.” State v. Hicks, 202 Wis. 2d 150, 161, 549 N.W.2d 435 (1996). In doing so, we look at the “totality of circumstances and determine whether a new trial is required to accomplish the ends of justice.” Id. (quoting State v. Wyss, 124 Wis. 2d 681, 735-36, 370 N.W.2d 745 (1985)).
¶ 60. McGuire argues that, because of the delay, a new trial is an insufficient remedy, and asks for outright dismissal of the charges. We conclude that discretionary reversal is inappropriate on these facts.
¶ 61. In support of his argument that the real controversy was not fully tried, McGuire points to the same deceased witnesses and missing evidence that he cites to support his claim that the charges were barred by due process. As we articulated earlier, his assertions regarding unavailable evidence were too speculative to constitute actual prejudice; for the same reason, we conclude that the real controversy was fully tried and justice has not miscarried.
¶ 62. McGuire cites State v. Cuyler, asserting that it is analogous to the facts of this case because credibility was a central issue in both cases. State v. Cuyler, 110 Wis. 2d 133, 141-42, 327 N.W.2d 662 (1983). In Cuyler, this court reversed for a new trial because the circuit court excluded evidence that was admissible and material to the “critical issue of credibility,” which was “a determinative issue” in the case. Id. at 141. Cuyler does not, however, support the use of our discretionary reversal power in this case. The evidence at issue in Cuyler was the testimony of police officers who would have testified as to the defendant‘s truthfulness. Id. We have no analogous situation in this case. Unlike the court in Cuyler, we simply have no idea what most of the unavailable witnesses would have said or how their testimony might have affected the relevant issues.
¶ 63. Additionally, while the unavailable evidence might have been relevant to the major issues at trial— Victor and Sean‘s claims about going to Fontana, the events of Sean‘s meeting with Father Schlax, and the credibility of Sean and Victor‘s claims that they lived in McGuire‘s room — those issues were fully tried by available evidence. Father Schlax was available to testify, and the defense put Father Renke‘s notes of the meeting with Sean into evidence, which were used to impeach Sean‘s testimony regarding the events of the meeting. Similarly, the defense presented
¶ 64. Based on the evidence presented at McGuire‘s trial, and without any indication of what the unavailable evidence would have demonstrated, we conclude that reversal is unwarranted because the real controversy was fully tried and justice was not miscarried.
D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
¶ 65. Finally, McGuire argues that he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel. To prove an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must first demonstrate that counsel‘s performance was deficient, meaning that it “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984). Courts are “highly deferential” in scrutinizing counsel‘s performance, and “indulge a strong presumption that counsel‘s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id. at 689. The defendant must also show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Id. at 692. This requires a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.
¶ 66. McGuire first argues that Attorney Boyle unreasonably decided not to investigate and call Harry B.‘s wife Elita, who would have testified that Harry was possessive about his keys and would not give them to just anybody. Boyle explained that because he intended to argue that Sean was never in Fontana, whether McGuire had a key was not an issue in the case and he did not want to make it an issue. Furthermore, he believed that Elita‘s testimony would have been directly refuted by Harry‘s sister Gertrude, who would have testified that McGuire had a key and could come and go at will. Finally, he believed that Elita‘s testimony would have been both speculation and inadmissible hearsay.
¶ 67. Boyle‘s decision not to investigate and call Elita was part of a reasonable trial strategy. It is unclear what her trial testimony would have added. She testifled that she had “no idea” what Harry did with his keys prior to 1971, the year they were married. The offenses in this case predated the marriage. Thus, the speculative nature of her testimony confirms Boyle‘s reasoning that “[t]here was nothing to be gained” by presenting it.
¶ 68. McGuire also argues that Boyle‘s performance was deficient because he failed to investigate and call Robert Goldberg. Goldberg would have testified that he saw Victor and Sean together at dinner several times in 1972, at a residence shared by Gooch and Eugene E At the time, Goldberg was 14 years old.
¶ 69. Boyle‘s decision not to call Goldberg constituted a reasonable trial strategy. First, Goldberg‘s testimony would have
¶ 70. McGuire argues that, even if Boyle did not call Goldberg, he could not have reasonably made that decision without investigating Goldberg. Counsel need not investigate every potential witness, but he “has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.” State v. Thiel, 2003 WI 111, ¶ 40, 264 Wis. 2d 571, 665 N.W.2d 305 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691). The inherent danger in Goldberg‘s testimony outweighed any potential benefit it might have had to the defense. Boyle made a reasonable decision that rendered further investigation of Goldberg unnecessary.
¶ 71. Because we conclude that Boyle‘s representation was not deficient, we need not address whether McGuire was prejudiced by counsel‘s representation.
IV CONCLUSION
¶ 72. In sum,
¶ 73. We also conclude that the delay in filing charges did not deprive McGuire of his due process rights. Because McGuire concedes that he cannot demonstrate an improper motive or purpose on the part of the state, he has failed to allege a necessary prerequisite for dismissal based on pre-indictment delay.
¶ 74. We are also satisfied that the real controversy was tried and justice has not miscarried for any reason. Therefore, reversal in the interest of justice is unwarranted.
¶ 75. Finally, we conclude that McGuire was not denied effective assistance of counsel. Trial counsel pursued a reasonable trial strategy in deciding not to investigate or call either Elita or Goldberg.
¶ 76. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the court of appeals.
By the Court. — The decision of the court of appeals is affirmed.
Notes
All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2007-08 version unless otherwise indicated.
Wisconsin Stat.
In response to the State‘s claim that McGuire‘s trial counsel knew about Goldberg, McGuire also argued that if trial counsel had known about the evidence, his failure to investigate and call Goldberg constituted ineffective assistance of counsel.
“The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.” U.S. Const, art. W § 2. The Fourteenth Amendment reads in relevant part:
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Two decades have passed since the Sher decision, but we see no reason to alter its fundamental conclusions. State v. Sher, 149 Wis. 2d 1, 437 N.W.2d 878 (1989). This court has explained that statutes of limitation promote fair and prompt litigation and protect defendants from stale or fraudulent claims “brought after memories have faded or evidence has been lost.” Korkow v. General Cas. Co. of Wis., 117 Wis. 2d 187, 198, 344 N.W.2d 108 (1984) (citation omitted). However, some offenses have never had statutes of limitation; the legislature has lengthened statutes of limitation in certain cases, particularly cases involving minors; and scientific evidence such as DNA has frequently neutralized the argument that claims should not proceed because evidence is unreliable. Because the tolling provision in
Although the court in Sher discussed the broad constitutionality of
These include several forms of homicide and sexual assault of a child.
See, e.g. Bush v. State, 193 P.3d 203, 221 (Wyo. 2008).
United States v. Crouch, 84 F.3d 1497, 1523 (5th Cir. 1996); United States v. Hayes, 40 F.3d 362, 367 (11th Cir. 1994); United States v. Engstrom, 965 F.2d 836, 839 (10th Cir. 1992); United States v. Brown, 959 F.2d 63, 66 (6th Cir. 1992); United States v. Hoo, 825 F.2d 667, 671 (2d Cir. 1987) (“no showing of an improper prosecutorial motive“); United States v. Sebetich, 776 F.2d 412, 430 (3d Cir. 1985); United States v. Crooks, 766 F.2d 7, 11 (1st Cir. 1985); United States v. Bartlett, 794 F.2d 1285, 1293 (8th Cir. 1986) (in dicta). Only the Fourth Circuit and the Ninth Circuit have adopted different tests. See United States v. De Jesus Corona-Verbera, 509 F.3d 1105, 1112 (9th Cir. 2007) (weighing length of delay against reasons for delay); Howell v. Barker, 904 F.2d 889, 895 (4th Cir. 1990) (balancing prejudice against “government‘s justification for delay“).
See, e.g., United States v. Wallace, 326 F.3d 881, 886 (7th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Dickerson, 975 F.2d 1245, 1252 (7th Cir. 1992)).
See, e.g., United States v. Wellman, 830 F.2d 1453, 1460 (7th Cir. 1987).
See United States v. Doerr, 886 F.2d 944, 964 (7th Cir. 1989) (weighing “actual prejudice . . . against the government‘s reasons for the delay“); see also United States v. Perry, 815 F.2d 1100, 1103 (7th Cir. 1987).
For example, Father James Gschwend testified that the Jesuits were expected to be at evening meals and someone would have asked a Jesuit why he was missing meals, contradicting Victor‘s testimony that he ate with McGuire after the other Jesuits were finished eating. McGuire‘s physician, Dr. Robert Ryan, testified regarding the layout of McGuire‘s room. Father James Arimond, who lived in the residences at Loyola from 1964 to 1967, testified that he never saw any young children in the residence in 1966 or 1967.