9 Conn. App. 631 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1987
After a jury trial the defendant was found guilty of assault in the third degree, a violation of General Statutes § 53a-61, sexual assault in the third degree, a violation of General Statutes § 53a-72a, and unlawful restraint in the first degree, a violation of General Statutes § 53a-95. From the judgment rendered on those verdicts the defendant appeals.
The defendant’s first claim on appeal is that the trial court erred in its charge to the jury on the use of circumstantial evidence to infer facts. His second claim is that the trial court erred in not allowing him to question the victim, on cross-examination, about a prior complaint of assault made by her against a person other than the defendant. His third claim is that the court erred in excluding extrinsic evidence of prior actions
The jury could reasonably have found, on the basis of the testimony of the victim and several other witnesses, that on the night in question, she had met the defendant, who was previously known to her, while out dancing. The defendant then invited her back to his apartment, ostensibly to check on his pets and have a nightcap. After they had spent a short time there he proceeded to physically and sexually assault her: The victim suffered blows to her face and body, which caused bleeding and bruises. The defendant knocked the victim to the floor, straddled her legs, pinned her arms down, punched her in the face, and attempted to undress her. He refused to let her leave the apartment and threatened her life. The victim was ultimately successful in escaping, and subsequently was taken to the police station and the hospital.
The defendant’s testimony was that he had not sexually assaulted the victim, that there was no physical altercation, and that he had not touched the victim at all, except to wake her after she had fallen asleep in his apartment. He further testified that the victim had fallen over various items of furniture in his apartment.
The defendant’s first claim is that the trial court erred in its charge to the jury on the use of circumstantial evidence in making inferences. The defendant did not object to the charge at trial, and now seeks review by claiming deprivation of a fundamental constitutional right. State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61, 70, 327 A.2d 576 (1973). Since the record is adequate to support a review of this claim, we must now determine whether “it is reasonably possible that the jury was misled by the instruction into misunderstanding an issue that has fundamental constitutional significance.” State v. Torrence, 196 Conn. 430, 435-36, 493 A.2d 865 (1985).
The basic factual issue for the jury to determine was whether the defendant had committed the assaults and the restraint. The defendant admitted that he was with the victim during the evening and early morning hours in question but denied that he was the perpetrator of any crimes. The defense, therefore, was similar to an alibi defense in that the defendant did not deny that the victim sustained injuries but did deny that he was responsible for these injuries. A significant factor for the jury’s consideration was the credibility to be accorded to the victim and to the defendant. The principal factual issues, therefore, were not classically dependent upon circumstantial evidence for their proof, as is true in cases where the principal factual issue is the intent or state of mind of a defendant. See State v. Farrar, 7 Conn. App. 149, 155-56, 508 A.2d 49, cert. denied, 200 Conn. 805, 512 A.2d 229 (1986). The fact that the jury had been given an erroneous “more probable than not” instruction as to the standard of proof to establish inferences in light of these considerations
The recent line of cases concerning instructions which erroneously charge on a “more probable than not” standard are all distinguishable from the charge here. None of those charges was made egregiously erroneous by the recitation of the additional statement that the facts from which the inferences were to be drawn could also be proven by a fair preponderance of the evidence. See footnote 1, supra; State v. Mullings, 202 Conn. 1, 11, 519 A.2d 58 (1987); State v. Smith, supra, 673; State v. Whelan, supra, 755 n.11; State v. Rodgers, supra, 57; State v. Reddick, 177 Conn. 115, 130 n.4, 496 A.2d 466 (1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1067, 106 S. Ct. 822, 88 L. Ed. 2d 795 (1986); State v. Farrar, supra, 152-53 n.2.
In this case the instructions not only stated that inferences could be drawn by a “more probable than not” standard, but also erroneously stated that the basic facts from which such inferences could be drawn need only be proven by a fair preponderance of the evidence. The court made no distinction between facts relating to elements of the crime and other evidentiary facts. See State v. Rodgers, supra, 58 n.1. The predicate facts necessary for the inference of the element of intent, if they are elements of the crime charged, must themselves be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 580, 106 S. Ct. 3101, 92 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1986); Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. 73, 96-97, 103 S. Ct. 969, 74 L. Ed. 2d 823 (1983) (Powell, J., dissenting); State v. Rodgers, supra, 58 n.1. Although the principal factual issue for each erime charged in this case was not the intent of the defendant, because he denied the commission of any crime, this was nonetheless a case in which the circumstantial evidence and instructions thereon played a major role in the state’s proof.
The court’s instructions on the state’s burden of proving the essential elements of each of the crimes intimately commingled the consideration of both circumstantial and direct evidence. The instructions of the court, that circumstantial evidence was as probative
The state would have this court hold such error harmless due to the fact that each evidentiary fact, while leading to proof beyond a reasonable doubt of each element, need not itself be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Rodgers, supra, 58 n.1, citing W. LaFave & A. Scott, Criminal Law (1972) § 4, p. 16. This is true only if the evidentiary fact to be found is not essential to proving an element of the crime. State v. Rodgers, supra. The court, however, failed to elucidate for the jury the distinction between those facts which required proof beyond a reasonable doubt and those evidentiary facts which did not need to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The charge here indivisibly bound proof of each element of the crimes charged to the circumstantial evidence and, thus, to the fair preponderance standard. The state has not proven that the erroneous charge in this case was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt; State v. Cohane, 193 Conn. 474, 485, 479 A.2d 763, cert. denied, 469 U.S. 990, 105 S. Ct. 397, 83 L. Ed. 2d 331 (1984); State v. Sorbo, 174 Conn. 253, 257, 386 A.2d 221 (1978); because many of the facts proved by the circumstantial evidence related to the elements of the crimes which had to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. “ Tn the administration of criminal justice, courts must carefully guard against
The defendant’s second claim is that the court erred in excluding questions on cross-examination which the defendant claims affected the credibility of the victim, thus violating his constitutional rights to confront and cross-examine witnesses against him. The state filed a motion in limine to preclude the defendant from questioning the victim about a prior complaint of assault which she had made against another person. The court, after deferring action on the motion, eventually excluded such evidence during the trial.
As a result of the prior complaint of assault, a person not involved in these proceedings utilized our state’s accelerated rehabilitation law. General Statutes § 54-56e. The court records of those proceedings were subject to erasure. There was no offer of proof that the victim had made a false complaint. See State v. Cassidy, 3 Conn. App. 374, 379, 489 A.2d 386, cert. denied, 196 Conn. 803, 492 A.2d 1239 (1985). At trial, and on appeal, the defendant relies upon State v. Ouellette, 190 Conn. 84, 459 A.2d 1005 (1983), to support his claim that such evidence is permissible to attack the credibility of the victim.
State v. Ouellette, supra, involved the trial court’s granting of the state’s motion in limine which prevented the defendant in that case from questioning a victim about whether she had made prior complaints of sexual misconduct against other persons in order to challenge the credibility of her testimony. In that case, the victim, a minor, had asserted in her statement to the police that another person, against whom no previous or contemporaneous complaint had been filed, had committed similar acts with her. Id., 103. It was the vie
The right of the defendant to confront and cross-examine witnesses against him is not absolute. Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 295, 93 S. Ct. 1038, 35 L. Ed. 2d 297 (1973); State v. Franko, 199 Conn. 481, 488, 508 A.2d 22 (1986). In order for the defendant to have the right to cross-examine the victim about her prior complaint he would need to demonstrate that such conduct was relevant to a material issue in the case at bar, or to her credibility. See State v. Daniels, 8 Conn. App. 190, 192-93, 512 A.2d 936 (1986). It is the right and the duty of the trial court to exclude irrelevant evidence. Id., 193. The defendant made no claim that the victim’s prior conduct had resulted in a false complaint. There was no logical nexus between the fact that the victim had previously complained about an assault which had led to an arrest and the eventual granting of accelerated rehabilitation to another defendant and the credibility of the victim. The lodging of the prior complaint may have been relevant to the bad luck of the witness to have been twice the victim of the same broad generic type of crime. It is unrelated, however, to her believability.
Evidence of the prior complaint made by the victim was properly excluded. “Unless she had raised a false claim before, her conduct with another man had no bearing on her conduct with this defendant or on the credibility of her testimony in this case. The defend
The defendant’s final claim is that the trial court erred in not allowing the introduction of extrinsic evidence which he claims affected the credibility of the victim. That evidence, as demonstrated by the defendant’s offer of proof, was testimony that the victim had, on some night other than the one in question, engaged in a fight with the bouncer of a local bar. The defendant claimed that such evidence of her combative nature and pugilistic abilities was relevant to her credibility. We find that the trial court properly sustained the state’s objection to the introduction of such evidence of this collateral matter as irrelevant. Evidence of the victim’s character as “violent, dangerous or turbulent” is not relevant unless the defendant has introduced evidence that his actions were in self-defense. State v. Veal, 201 Conn. 368, 374, 517 A.2d 615 (1986); State v. Miranda, 176 Conn. 107, 109, 405 A.2d 622 (1978); see State v. Gooch, 186 Conn. 17, 21, 438 A.2d 867 (1982).
There is error in part, the judgment is set aside and the case is remanded for a new trial.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
During its charge to the jury, the court stated: “There is an application of our rule as to circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence involves the offering of evidence of facts from which the jury is asked to infer the existence of and so to find proven another fact or facts. Such facts may be so found proven, but only if the jury finds: one, that the fact or facts from which the jury is asked to draw the inference has been proven by a fair preponderance of the evidence; and two, that the inference asked to be drawn is not only logical and reasonable, but is strong enough so that you can find it is more probable than not that the fact you are asked to infer is true.”
The defendant does not specifically address the question of whether the facts which the circumstantial evidence was used to establish were basic facts essential to prove an element of the crime, and the state likewise fails to address which facts in this case relied for their proof upon circumstantial and not direct evidence. See State v. Rodgers, 198 Conn. 53, 58 n.1, 502 A.2d 360 (1985).