State v. McBroom., 127 N.C. 528

State v. McBroom.

127 N.C. 528 | N.C. | 1900

Lead Opinion

■Fairclotii, C. J.

The defendant is indicted for perjury, and was convicted. In this Court the defendant moves to ' arrest- the judgment on the ground that the record does not show that the bill of indictment was found a “true bill” by *529the grand jury. The indorsement on the bill was in these words: “Those marked ‘X’ sworn by the undersigned foreman, and examined before the grand jury, and this bill found. ¥m. E. Eeade, Foreman Grand Jury.” Is the bill sufficient- in law? "VVe are informed by the Attorney-General that 31 States require, by statute, that bills of indictment shall be indorsed “A true bill,” and that 14 States, including North Carolina, have no statute upon the subject. In these 14 States the common-law requirement still prevails. In State v. Vincent, 4 N. C., 493, Taylob, C. J., said: “An indictment is an accusation found by an inquest of twelve or more lawful jurors upon their oaths. The law has pre- • scribed certain forms in which such accusations shall be drawn, and will not allow any citizen to be punished unless such precision is observed.” In State v. Callhoon, 18 N. C., 374, this Court said: “It seems that the signing the name of the foreman to the indorsement of a True bill on a bill of indictment, though a salutary practice, is not essential to its validity.” This has been many times followed, and held that if the indictment is indorsed “A true bill,” though not signed by the foreman and presented by the jury to the Court, and it is received as such, that is sufficient. In State v. Cox, 28 N. C., 446, the Court said: “It is settled in this State that an indictment need not be signed by anyone. * * * It is the action -of tile jury in publicly returning the bill into the Court as true, and the recording, or filing, it among the rceords, that make -it effectual.” In State v. Guilford, 49 N. C., 83, PuaesoN, J., explaining the distinction between an indictment and a presentment, said: “The manner of presenting a bill of indictment is for the' grand jury, after having examined the witnesses on the part of the State touching the allegations set out in the indictment, to come into open court, and return the bill indorsed ‘A true bill/ which *530is done by tbe foreman, acting- for tbe grand jury, and tbe return is made in tbeir presence;” and, if tbe bill is not passed, the return is, “Not a true bill.” These cases agree that it is not, necessary that tbe record should be incumbered with useless details, such as who was appointed foreman, tbe .signature of tbe foreman, tbe signature of tbe State’s Attorney, what witnesses were sworn and sent, and who was tbe Constable of tbe jury, etc. It is sufficient and proper that tbe record should only set out tbe fact that it was presented by tbe grand jury. There are numerous other cases in line with the above, as State v. Bordeaux, 93 N. C., 560, and State v. Weaver, 104 N. C., 758.

In all tbe cases we have examined in which such questions arose, it appears that tbe bill was indorsed “A true bill,” and tbe question now before us was not under consideration Tbe questions were as to tbe signature of tbe foreman, tbe manner in which tbe bill was presented to tbe Court, and what ought to be spread upon Court record. In none was it denied that tbe bill must be indorsed “A true bill.” In State v. Harwood, 60 N. C., 226, tbe motion in arrest was that tbe record failed to show the indictment was found a “true bill” by tbe grand jury. Tbe opinion of two lines on that feature is not plain. It, however, refers to State v. Guilford, supra, as tbe authority, and we have already shown that upon that case tbe indictment should be indorsed “A true bill.” We have therefore found no decision by this Court on tbe question now presented. Tbe nearest approach is State v. Collins, 14 N. C., 117, 121. Tbe bill was found in Jones County, and removed to Lenoir County. Tbe transcript to Lenoir was considered defective, and a certiorari brought forward all that was needed, and showed that tbe indorsement was a “true bill,” and signed by tbe foreman. Tn bis opinion, HeNdeesoh, C. J., said: “Indeed, I have *531been much at a loss to see the necessity of any indorsement. The grand jury come into court and make their return, which the court records not from that memorandum made out of court, but they pronounce, or are presumed to pronounce, it in court. It is not the indorsement which is the record, but that which is recorded as the jurors’ response. The indorsement is a mere minute for making the record. But I believe the law is understood to be otherwise.” Here we have a suggestion of the Chief Justice (which is the State’s contention now), and we have his belief that the law in this State is otherwise.

■ Turning to other authorities, we find in Archb. Or. PL 64, that “A true bill,” or “No true bill,” must be indorsed on the indictment, as the evidence satisfies, or does not satisfy, the grand jury. The foreman and jury carry the indictments so indorsed into court, and deliver them to the Clerk, who states to the Court the substance of each, and the indorsement upon it. “In strict legal parlance, an indictment is not so called until it has been found ‘A true bill’ by the grand jury; before that it is named ‘a bill’ only.” 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 324, says: “The jury indorses ‘A true bill,’ or ‘Not a true bill.’ * * * This indorsement ‘A true bill,’ made upon the bill, becomes part of the indictment, and renders a complete accusation against the prisoner. An indictment without such indorsement, signed by the foreman, is a nullity.” In 4 Bl. Comm., 305, it is stated: “If they (the jury) are satisfied of the truth of the accusation, they then indorse xipon it ‘A true bill.’ The indictment is then said to be foxxnd, and the party stands indicted, * * * and the indictment, when so found, is publicly delivered into court.” Same in 2 Hale, ,P. C., 161. This proposition is expressly held in Nomaque v. People, 1 Breese, 145, and in State v. Creighton, 1 Nott & McC., 256, and State v .Elkins, *532Meigs, 109. In Webster’s Gase, 5 Greenl., 432, tbe bill was certified in tbe usual form, except at tbe bottom of tbe indict ment, and immediately before tbe si gnature of tbe foreman, tbe words “A true bill” were omitted. After conviction tbe defendant moved in arrest of judgment on the ground that there was no legal evidence that tbe indictment was a true bill. This is exactly on all-fours with tbe present ca'se. ¿Judgment was arrested.

Finding, therefore, that the uniform practice in this State and tbe other States, in the absence of statutes, has been settled from immemorial time, we can find no reason for changing proceedings in criminal cases, which would disturb practice in particulars which have, from long usage, acquired the character of legal principles. We can not presume that the jury intended a true bill, because it is equally as easy to presume that they intended not a true bill, in the absence of any indication either way in the indorsement. No inference of a true bill can be drawn from the fact that the foreman returns true bills in open court, because it is also his duty to return bills found not true. The omission may have been inadvertent. We can not tell. It is certain that public officers should be careful in discharging their duties, as they are paid and sworn to do. Suppose a Register of Deeds should furnish a copy of a deed, and sign his name, even officially,without any certification. Such a paper would not be received as evidence, even in a civil proceeding. Code, sec. 1183, is no cure for the omission, as that applies only the informality, or.refinement, “in the bill, or proceeding,” even if the omission was only an informality.

Since writing the above, our attention has been called to Frisbie v. U. S., 157 U. S., 160. That case holds that the omission of the indorsement “A true bill” is not “necessarily, and under all circumstances, fatal, although it is advisable *533that the indictment should be indorsed.” The opinion proceeds: “It may be conceded that in the mother country, formerly, at least, such indorsement and authentication were essential.” The Court then intimates that in this country the common practice is different, and concludes that “it is advisable, at least, that the indictment be indorsed according to the ancient practice, for such indorsement is a short, convenient, and certain method of informing the Court of their action.” From our review, it appears that the rule varies in the courts of different States. As the rule has been settled in North Carolina ever since her existence as a State, we are not disposed to disturb it, and open the way for each grand jury to adopt its own rule of practice.

Judgment arrested.

Dissenting Opinion

ClaRK, J.

(dissenting). The record in this case states: “The defendant was indicted in the following bill of indictment.” Here follows the indictment for perjury in regular form, setting forth, “The jurors on their oath present,” etc. There is nothing to contradict this record. The defendant pleaded not guilty, was tried, and sentenced to 12 months on the public roads. He made no motion to quash nor in arrest of judgment below, but the appeal came up solely on an exception to refusal of a prayer to- charge the jury that ■the false oath was in a matter not material to the issue— an exception which we have had no hesitation in overruling. In this Court there is no suggestion that the record, as above certified, is untrue, and that in fact the bill was not found; for, if this could be done here at all, it should be upon affidavit, and the case remanded to the Judge to find the fact. But the motion in arrest is made here for the first time on the ground that the bill of indictment is indorsed as follows: “Those marked ‘X’ sworn by the undersigned foreman and *534examined before tbe grand jury, and tbis bill found. Wm. E. Reade, Foreman Grand Jury.” Immediately above that is the list of witnesses, and the record shows that the same witnesses were examined before the petit jury, and upon their evidence the defendant was found guilty. Without any suggestion, upon affidavit, or otherwise, that in fact the bill was ignored by the grand jury, we are asked to say that such was their action, because the words, “and this bill found,” are indorsed, instead of the words, “A true bill.” The statute (St. 1811, chap. 809), which is brought forward in The Code (sec. 1183), provides that a “criminal proceeding, by warrant, indictment, information, or impeachment * * * shall not be quashed, nor the judgment thereon stayed, by reason of any informality, pr refinement.” In State v. Moses, 13 N. C., 452 (at page 464), Judge RueeiN says of this statute: “This law was certainly designed to uphold the execution of public justice by freeing the courts from those fetters of form, technicality, and refinement, which do not concern the substance of the charge and the proof to support it. Many sages of the law had before called nice objections of this sort a disease of the law, and a reproach to the bench, and lamented that they were bound down to strict and precise precedents.” In State v. Parker, 81 N. C., 531, Ashe, J., says: “Ever since 1811, it has been the evident tendency of our courts, as well as our law-makers, to strip criminal actions of the many refinements and useless technicalities with which they have been fettered by the common law, the adherence to which often resulted in obstruction of justice and the escape of malefactors from merited punishment.” These and similar decisions — for they are all the same way — are cited with approval by the present Court in State v. Barnes, 122 N. C., 1035. and other cases. If an *535indorsement that, upon the testimony of witnesses named and sworn, “this bill found,” and the statement of the record, un-contradieted, that “defendant was indicted in the following bill,” is to be set aside in this Court, because of the absence of the -technical words, “A true bill,” it would, in the language of Judge RueeiN, in State v. Moses, supra, “be difficult to say to what unseemly nicety (as Lord Hale calls it), formality, or refinement, the act can extend.”

The above is predicated upon the assumption that any in-dorsement by the grand jury is required. But such assumption is not correct at common law, and is directly contrary to our uniform decisions. In State v. Guilford, 49 N. C., 83, an indictment for murder, a motion was made in this Court in arrest of judgment, on the ground that it does not appear from the record that the bill of indictment upon which the prisoner was tried was found by a grand jury to be a “true bill.” PeaRSON, J., says: “It is not necessary that the record should set out the manner in which a bill of indictment was presented, or the evidence and memoranda and entries from which the record was made up. It is sufficient and most proper that the record should only set out the fact that.it was presented by the grand jury.” _ In State v. Harwood, 60 N. C., 226 (murder), there was another motion in arrest of judgment, “because the record does not show that the indictment was found a True bill’ by the grand jury.” MaNX-t, J., says: “The grounds taken, in arrest of judgment are not tenable. They are settled against the prisoner by recent adjudications of this Court. State v. Guilford, 49 N. C., 83; State v. Roberts, 19 N. C., 540.” In the latter ease (which was also for murder) ,RueKIN,C. J. (DaNiel and G-astoN concurring), says, as to- a motion in arrest of judgment: “The objection, if founded in fact, can not be raised in this stage of the proceedings, or rather in this form. Judg*536ment can be arrested only for matter appearing in tbe record, or for some matter which ought to appear, and- does not appear, in the record. If a bill of indictment be found, without evidence, or upon illegal evidence, as upon the testimony of witnesses not sworn in court, the accused is not without remedy. Upon the establishment of the fact the bill may be quashed. State v. Cain, 8 N. C., 352. * * * But none of these indorsements are parts of the bill, or are proper to be engrossed in making up the record of the Superior Court, which merely states that it was presented by the jurors for the State upon their oaths.” In the present case the record states, “The defendant was indicted in the following bill of indictment,” setting it out: “The jurors for the State on their oath present,” etc. In State v. Cox, 28 N. C., 440, Nash, J., says (RuffiN, C. J., and 'DaNiel, J., concurring) : “It is settled in this State that an indictment need not be signed by anyone. It is good without it, because it is the act of the grand jury, delivered in open court by them. In State v. Collins, 14 N. C., 117, the opinion is first suggested by the then Chief Justice IlENDERsoN,buit as the point did not necessarily arise, it was not decided. But in State v. Calhoon, 18 N. C., 374, it was. The custom of indorsing the bill is declared to be no further material than as it identifies the instrument, expressing the decision of the jury; when made, it becomes no part of the indictment. Yel. 99. It is the action of the jury in publicly returning the bill into the Court as true, and the recording, or filing, it among the records, that make it effectual.” In State v. Mace, 86 N. C., 668, RuffiN, J., says the indictment “is the act of the grand jury, declared in open court, and need not be signed by anyone, and, if it be, it is mere surplusage, and does not vitiate.” In State v. Calhoon, 18 N. C., 374 (indictment for murder), cited in the last case above as settling the law, RuffiN, O. J., *537says (DaNIei, and QastoN, JJ., concurring) : “It is the practice of the foreman to sign his name to the finding of the grand jury, and it seems to be a salutary practice, as it tends to the more complete identification of the instrument containing the accusation. We do not know in what it had its origin, but, though useful and proper, it does not seem to be essential, nor to have been at any time the course in England. 4 Bl. Comm., 306.” In State v. Collins, 14 N. C., 117, IIeN-deesoN, O. J., says: “I have been much at a loss to see the necessity of any indorsement. The grand jury come into court, and make their return, which the Court records, not from that memorandum made out of court, but they pronounce, or are presumed to pronounce, it in court. It is not the indorsement which is the record, but that which is recorded as the jurors’ response. The indorsement is a mere minute for making the record.” Though he adds, “But I believe the law is understood to be otherwise,” it is clear that this referred to an erroneous impression generally prevailing, and not as to the law which he had just decided, and which has been reiterated since in the long line of cases above cited. In Frisbie v. U. S., 157 U. S., 160, it is held that the omission of the indorsement “A true bill” is not “necessarily, and under all circumstances, fatal, although it is advisable that the instrument should be indorsed; * * * for such in-dorsement is a short, convenient, an'd certain method of informing the Court of their action.” To same purport, see Miller v. Com. (Va.), 21 S. E., 499, and many othetr cases. The common law is thus stated in 1 Chit. Or. Law, 322: “If the evidence does not support the charge, the grand jury say, Ignoramus/ or now, in English, ‘Not found,’ and, if they find a true bill, they say 'Billa vera/ or in the plural, if there- is more than one bill. This shows that the response •of the jury entered by the Clerk was the record.” There are *538States wbieb bave changed the common law by a statute which requires the indorsement by the grand jury of the words, “A true bill,” and in their courts alone are found the decisions which make the omission of those words fatal. Even there the statutory requirement has often been held merely directory. State v. Agnew, 52 Ark., 275; State v. Mertens, 14 Mo., 94; State v. Murphy, 47 Mo., 274. .But the above numerous and uniform decisions declare that at common law and in this State, the record by the Clerk that the bill has been returned by the grand jury as found is the only record, and that it is not material that there should be any indorsement whatever, or signing by the foreman, as that is a mere memorandum, and does not come up as any part of the record. If this Court were 'the Legislature, it could change the law, as the Legislatures of several States have done, by making the indorsement of the foreman a record md obligatory. In State v. Harris, 106 N. C., 689, it, is said: “To sustain obsolete technicalities in indictments will be to waste the time of the.courts, needlessly increase their expense to the public, multiply trials, and, in some instances, would permit defendants to evade punishment who could not escape upon a trial on the merits. If it has not this last-mentioned result, it is no advantage to defendants to resort to technicalities, and if it has such effect the courts should repress, as they do, a reliance upon them.” But to support the defendant’s objection to the indorsement of the indictment in this case is not to “sustain an obsolete technicality,”' but to create a new technicality, whose existence has heretofore been denied by our courts.

Furthermore, the objection comes too late. State v. Bordeaux, 93 N. C., 560; State v. Weaver, 104 N. C., 758. If, in fact, the bill was not returned a “true bill” by the grand jury, that was a matter which should have been raised below *539by a plea in abatement, and tbe fact found by the Judge. State v. Horton, 63 N. C., 595.

Unless the above uniform authorities are reversed, it appeal's to be well settled (1) that no indorsement by the grand jury is necessary, but if put there it does not vitiate the bill; (2) that to hold the indorsement, “This bill found” does not mean “A true bill,”, especially when the defendant pleads to it, and raises no objection till reaching this court, is a “refinement” forbidden by the statute; (3) that, the record citing that “the defendant was indicted on the following bill,” it must be taken as true. If any question is raised as to the fact (and it seems there is none), it should be raised by a plea in abatement below, upon affidavit, and not here for the first time, by a mere objection to the form of the indorsement by the grand jury.

MONTGOMERY, J., conours in the dissenting opinion.

Lead Opinion

CLARK and MONTGOMERY, JJ., dissenting. The defendant was indicted for perjury, and was convicted. In this Court the defendant moves to arrest the judgment on the ground that the record does not show that the bill of indictment was found a "true bill" by the grand jury. The indorsement on the bill was in these words: "Those marked `X' sworn by the undersigned foreman, and examined (529) before the grand jury, and this bill found. Wm. F. Reade, Foreman Grand Jury." Is the bill sufficient in law? We are informed by the Attorney-General that 31 States require, by statute, that bills of indictment shall be indorsed "A true bill," and that 14 States including North Carolina, have no statute upon the subject. In these 14 States the common-law requirement still prevails. In S. v. Vincent, 4 N.C. 493, TAYLOR, C. J., said: "An indictment is an accusation found by an inquest of twelve or more lawful jurors upon their oaths. The law has prescribed certain forms in which such accusations shall be drawn, and will not allow any citizen to be punished unless such precision is observed." In State v.Calhoon, 18 N.C. 374, this Court said: "It seems that the signing the name of the foreman to the indorsement of a `true bill' on a bill of indictment, though a salutary practice, is not essential to its validity." This has been many times followed, and held that if the indictment is indorsed "A true bill," though not signed by the foreman and presented by the jury to the Court, and it is received as such, that is sufficient. InS. v. Cox, 28 N.C. 446, the Court said: "It is settled in this State that an *Page 362 indictment need not be signed by anyone. * * * It is the action of the jury in publicly returning the bill into the Court as true, and the recording, or filing, it among the records, that make it effectual." In S. v. Guilford, 49 N.C. 83, PEARSON, J., explaining the distinction between an indictment and a presentment, said: "The manner of presenting a bill of indictment is for the grand jury, after having examined the witnesses on the part of the State touching the allegations set out in the indictment, to come into open court, and return the bill indorsed `A true bill,' which is done by the foreman, acting for the grand jury, and the return is made in their presence;" and, if (530) the bill is not passed, the return is, "Not a true bill." These cases agree that it is not necessary that the record should be incumbered with useless details, such as who was appointed foreman, the signature of the foreman, the signature of the State's Attorney, what witnesses were sworn and sent, and who was the Constable of the jury, etc. It is sufficient and proper that the record should only set out the fact that it was presented by the grand jury. There are numerous other cases in line with the above, as S. v. Bordeaux,93 N.C. 560, and State v. Weaver, 104 N.C. 758.

In all the cases we have examined in which such questions arose, it appears that the bill was indorsed "A true bill," and the question now before us was not under consideration. The questions were as to the signature of the foreman, the manner in which the bill was presented to the Court, and what ought to be spread upon Court record. In none was it denied that the bill must be indorsed "A true bill." In S. v. Harwood, 60 N.C. 226, the motion in arrest was that the record failed to show the indictment was found a "true bill" by the grand jury. The opinion of two lines on that feature is not plain. It, however, refers to S. v. Guilford, supra, as the authority, and we have already shown that upon that case the indictment should be indorsed "A true bill. We have therefore found no decision by this Court on the question now presented. The nearest approach is S. v. Collins, 14 N.C. 117, 121. The bill was found in Jones County, and removed to Lenoir County. The transcript to Lenoir was considered defective, and a certiorari brought forward all that was needed, and showed that the indorsement was a "true bill," and signed by the foreman. In his opinion, HENDERSON, C. J., said: "Indeed, I have been much at a loss to see the necessity of any indorsement. The (531) grand jury come into court and make their return, which the court records not from that memorandum made out of court, but they pronounce, or are presumed to pronounce, it *Page 363 in court. It is not the indorsement which is the record, but that which is recorded as the jurors' response. The indorsement is a mere minute for making the record. But I believe the law is understood to be otherwise." Here we have a suggestion of the Chief Justice (which is the State's contention now), and we have his belief that the law in this State is otherwise.

Turning to other authorities, we find in Archb. Cr. Pl. 64, that "A true bill," or "No true bill," must be indorsed on the indictment, as the evidence satisfies, or does not satisfy, the grand jury. The foreman and jury carry the indictments so indorsed into court, and deliver them to the Clerk, who states to the Court the substance of each, and the indorsement upon it. "In strict legal parlance, an indictment is not so called until it has been found `A true bill' by the grand jury; before that it is named `a bill' only." 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 324, says: "The jury indorses `A true bill,' or `Not a true bill.' * * * This indorsement ` A true bill,' made upon the bill, becomes part of the indictment, and renders a complete accusation against the prisoner. An indictment without such indorsement, signed by the foreman, is a nullity." In 4 Bl. Comm., 305, it is stated: "If they (the jury) are satisfied of the truth of the accusation, they then indorse upon it `A true bill.' The indictment is then said to be found, and the party stands indicted. * * * and the indictment, when so found, is publicly delivered into court." Same in 2 Hale, P. C., 161. This proposition is expressly held in Nomaque v. People, 1 Breese 145, and in S. v.Creighton, 1 Nott. McC., 256, and S. v. Elkins, Meigs, 109. In Webster's Case, 5 Greenl., 432, the bill was certified in the usual form, except at the bottom of the indictment, (532) and immediately before the signature of the foreman, the words "A true bill" were omitted. After conviction the defendant moved in arrest of judgment on the ground that there was no legal evidence that the indictment was a true bill. This is exactly on all-fours with the present case. Judgment was arrested.

Finding, therefore, that the uniform practice in this State and the other States, in the absence of statutes, has been settled from immemorial time, we can find no reason for changing proceedings in criminal cases, which would disturb practice in particulars which have, from long usage, acquired the character of legal principles. We can not presume that the jury intended a true bill, because it is equally as easy to presume that they intended not a true bill, in the absence of any indication either way in the indorsement. No inference of a true bill can be *Page 364 drawn from the fact that the foreman returns true bills in open court, because it is also his duty to return bills found not true. The omission may have been inadvertent. We can not tell. It is certain that public officers should be careful in discharging their duties, as they are paid and sworn to do. Suppose a Register of Deeds should furnish a copy of a deed, and sign his name, even officially, without any certification. Such a paper would not be received as evidence, even in a civil proceeding. Code, sec. 1183, is no cure for the omission, as that applies only to informality, or refinement, "in the bill, or proceeding," even if the omission was only an informality.

Since writing the above, our attention has been called toFrisbie v. U.S., 157 U.S. 160. That case holds that the omission of the indorsement "A true bill" is not "necessarily, and under all circumstances fatal, although it is advisable, that the indictment should be indorsed." The opinion proceeds: (533) "It may be conceded that in the mother country, formerly, at least, such indorsement and authentication were essential." The Court then intimates that in this county the common practice is different, and concludes that "it is advisable, at least, that the indictment be indorsed according to the ancient practice, for such indorsement is a short, convenient, and certain method of informing the Court of their action." From our review, it appears that the rule varies in the courts of different States. As the rule has been settled in North Carolina ever since her existence as a State, we are not disposed to disturb it, and open the way for each grand jury to adopt its own rule of practice.

Judgment arrested.