State v. MazurekState v. Mazurek
The pivotal issue raised in this appeal is whether the empirical data accumulated from a particular sobriety checkpoint justifies the site selection for reasons related to public safety and to reasonably efficacious or productive law enforcement goals. We hold that the data does justify the site selection and that customary methods of detecting drunken drivers would not have been more efficacious.
On June 8, 1988, defendant was arrested at a sobriety checkpoint in Matawan, New Jersey, for driving while intoxicated (DWI), contrary to
Although the issue has not been raised, we must first decide whether this appeal is properly before us. The notice of appeal states this is an appeal from a final judgment and order of the
That rule only preserved for appeal the denial of the suppression motion following the guilty plea.
The facts germane to our decision are not disputed. In January 1985, thе Monmouth County DWI Strike Force (Strike Force) notified the Matawan Police Department that a Strike Force sobriety checkpoint would be established in the Borough of Matawan on January 19, 1985. Anthony L. Paduano, Chief of the Neptune Police Deрartment, was the coordinator of the
The Law Division judge denied the motion to suppress. He found that the roadblock site was justifiably based on “reasons of public safety and reasonably efficacious or productive of law enforcement goals.” The judge viewed law enforcement goals not only to include apprеhending drunk drivers, “but also to [ensure] that the public is aware that these roadblocks are going to be out there and hopefully ... act as a deterrent.”
On this appeal, defendant argues that the sobriety checkpoint selected is unconstitutionаl because it was not justified by empirical data showing that the public‘s safety warrants the checkpoint. The State counters by urging that the data supported the need to heighten public awareness and increase public safety.
Stopping аn automobile and detaining its occupants constitute a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Paragraph 7 of the New Jersey Constitution. Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 1395, 59 L.Ed.2d 660, 667 (1979); State v. Barcia, 235 N.J. Super. 311, 316 (App.Div. 1989); State v. Kirk, 202 N.J. Super. 28, 38 (App.Div. 1985). Although the
In Kirk, we established the following general guidelines for determining the validity of a roadblock:
If the road block was established by a command or supervisory authority and was carefully targeted to a designated area at a specified time and place based on data justifying the site selection for reasons of public safety and reasonably efficacious or productive law enforcement goals, the road block will likely pass constitutional muster. Other factors which enhanced judicial approval were (1) adequate warnings to avoid frightening the traveling public, (2) advance general publicity designed to deter drunken drivers from getting in cars in the first place, and (3) officially specified neutral and courteous procedures for the interсepting officers to follow when stopping drivers. [State v. Kirk, 202 N.J. Super. at 40-41].
Based on these guidelines, defendant argues that the checkpoint location cannot be justified based on accumulated empirical data.
It cannot be denied that by 1988 New Jersey had a strong governmental interest in deterring and punishing intoxicated drivers. The problem of drunken driving has become one of enormous magnitude: day after day, drunken drivers maim and kill. “The carnage caused by drunk drivers is well documented and needs no detailed recitation here.” South Dakota v. Neville, 459 U.S. 553, 558, 103 S.Ct. 916, 920, 74 L.Ed.2d 748, 755 (1983). Nationally, one of every 50 drivers on the road has a blood-alcohol content of .10% or higher (which in New Jersey
The Borough of Matawan consists of approximately two and a half square miles. Within a one-mile radius of the checkpoint, 17 licensed liquor establishments exist and within a four-mile radius, 106 such establishments exist.
Between 1985 and June 18, 1988, the data reveals that on the nine occasions the roadblock was in operation, 2,570 motor vehicles were stopped at this checkpoint. Ten of those persons were arrested for DWI. During the same period, 2,036 accidents occurred within a one mile-radius of the checkpoint and eight of those accidents involved the use of alcohol. Consequently, approximately one-half of a percent of the operators of vehicles stopped at the checkpoint (.49%) and оf those involved in accidents within a mile radius of the checkpoint (.42%) were charged with DWI. The 2,036 accidents caused two fatalities and injuries to 392 persons.
In addition, the data collected at the checkpoint on the eight occasions рrior to June 17, 1988, illustrates that 2,219 vehicles were stopped and that six DWI arrests were made. This means that approximately .27% of the vehicles stopped were operated by a drunken driver. On June 17-18, 1988, however, 11.4% of the drivers stopped were intoxicated. Beyond the 10 DWI arrests made at the checkpoint from its inception through June 18, 1988, the Matawan police made 49 other DWI arrests. Hence, approximately 20 percent of all the DWI arrests made between 1985 and June 18, 1988 were made at thе checkpoint. Significantly, the checkpoint operated only approximately four hours each time for a total of 36 hours. On an hourly basis,
To be sure, we recognize that some variables have nоt been considered in our statistical analysis. But even making allowances for certain unknown factors, the conclusion seems inescapable: that the checkpoint was a properly targeted location that was efficaсious. We are persuaded, as was the Supreme Court in United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543, 553-562, 96 S.Ct. 3074, 3081-3085, 49 L.Ed.2d 1116, 1125-1131 (1976), that “success” of a checkpoint cannot be measured solely in terms of the number of violators apprehended. In the present case, the approximately .49% of the drivers stоpped who were intoxicated at the checkpoint between 1985 and June 18, 1988, and even the .27% stopped prior to June 17, 1988, was substantially higher than the.12% of the drivers stopped at a checkpoint who were transporting illegal aliens in Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. at 554, 96 S.Ct. at 3081, 49 L.Ed.2d at 1126. We conclude, as did the Court in Martinez-Fuerte, that the “nеed for this enforcement technique is demonstrated by the records....” Id. at 562, 96 S.Ct. at 3085, 49 L.Ed.2d at 1131.
It is by no means surprising that the concentrated efforts involved in the investigation of possibly drunken drivers at reasonably selected checkpoints produce better results than custоmary police practices in which drunken drivers are detected fortuitously. The data presented in the present case would seem to support the conclusion reached in Commonwealth v. McGeoghegan, 389 Mass. 137, 143-144, 449 N.E.2d 349, 353 (1983), that roadblocks “may achieve a degree of lаw enforcement and highway safety that is not reasonably attainable by less intrusive means.” See also Commonwealth v. Shields, 402 Mass. 162, 521 N.E.2d 987 (1988) (holding that the State need not establish that less intrusive measures are ineffective
We are awаre that Chief Paduano testified that the checkpoint was “pitifully unproductive” and that his view is shared by some other police officials nationally. See Sitz v. Department of State Police, 170 Mich. App. 433, 440-443, 429 N.W.2d 180, 183-184 (1988), cert. granted sub nom. Michigan Dept. of State Police v. Sitz, ___ U.S. ___, 110 S.Ct. 46, 107 L.Ed.2d 15 (1989) (holding that checkpoints are not an effective means for apprehending intoxicatеd drivers). Notwithstanding Chief Paduano‘s opinion, the data convinces us that the balancing test required by Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 99 S.Ct. 2637, 61 L.Ed.2d 357 (1979), was satisfied in that the checkpoint advanced the public interest to a much greater degree than could be achieved through traditional less intrusive police procedures. Hence, we conclude that a rational basis existed for the site selection and that it was reasonably efficacious. See State v. Kirk, 202 N.J. Super. at 48, 56. See also State v. Egan, 213 N.J. Super. 133, 136 (App.Div. 1986).
We therefore hold that the warrantless stopping of defendant‘s vehicle that led to the discovery of his intoxicated condition was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, paragraph 7 of the New Jersey Constitution. Because the State sustained the burden of proving the validity of the seizure, the order dated January 26, 1989 denying the motion to suppress is affirmed. Defendant having entered his guilty plea pursuant to
Affirmed.