State v. Mayor, 07 Ma 177 (12-31-2008)State v. Mayor, 07 Ma 177 (12-31-2008)
OPINION
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant William Mayor appeals from the concurrent eighteen-month sentences entered in the Mahoning County Common Pleas Court after his guilty pleas to two counts of burglary. On appeal, he raises multiple issues with sentencing: the court‘s handling of an alleged factual inaccuracy in the presentence investigation report; the court‘s consideration of alleged conduct that did not result in conviction; the mere assertion in the sentencing entry that the court considered the principles and purposes of sentences and balanced the seriousness and reсidivism factors; and, the effect of Foster on sentencing a fourth degree felon. For the following reasons, all of appellant‘s arguments are without merit. As such, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
{¶ 2} On September 15, 2005, two indictments were handed down against appellant. The first indictment charged him with felonious assault, a second degree felony, and alleged that on June 30, 2005, he knowingly caused or attempted to cause physical harm to Laura Zarconi with a deadly weapon in the form of a brick. See
{¶ 3} The second indictment charged him with felonious assault, a second degree felony, and alleged that on July 22, 2005, he knowingly caused or attempted to cause physical harm to Laura Zarconi with a deadly weapon in the form of a knife. See id. This indictment also charged him with aggravated burglary, a first degree felony, and alleged that he trespassed in the residence of Laura Zarconi with purpose to commit a criminal offense and inflicted or attempted to inflict physical harm on her. See
{¶ 4} On August 3, 2007, appellant entered a negotiated plea agreement. The state agreed to amend the indictments so that he could plead guilty to merely two counts of burglary, which are fourth degree felonies. See
{¶ 5} The report related the contents of the Youngstown Police Department‘s records regarding the incidents reported to them. For instance, as to the first indictment, the victim reported that as she stepped outside her residence, appellant hit her in the shoulder and the forehead with a brick, drawing blood. As to the second indictment, she reported to police that appellant appeared inside her house and stabbed her with a knife in her upper chest causing a оne inch wide and one inch deep wound.
{¶ 6} At sentencing, the victim stated that she had a restraining order against appellant, which he violated multiple times by stalking her. She stated that she feared for her life and that her autistic son has been emotionally damaged by the attacks, noting that he was the one who had to find help when appellant stabbed her. (Tr. 2-4).
{¶ 7} In pertinent part, appellant‘s counsel told the court that appellant disagreed with the records of the Youngstown Police Department with regard to the facts and circumstances surrounding the incidents. (Tr. 11-13). Counsel also urged that any allegations оf physical harm were irrelevant since he was only pleading to burglary. (Tr. 12-14).
{¶ 8} Appellant then exercised his right to allocution. He recognized that he is the father of the victim‘s child and explained that for the child‘s and the victim‘s emotional well-being he had decided that it was best for him to stay away. (Tr. 16). He stated that he is not guilty of the charges, that he does not know why they were brought and that he is unsure what harm he caused the victim. (Tr. 17).
{¶ 9} The court acknowledged that appellant was not pleading to an offense of violence. However, the court opined that it was the court‘s prerogative to review the overall factual situation. The court explained that it read the narrative accounts of what transpired and stated:
{¶ 10} “in reviewing the factual circumstances involved here, and in finding that this victim was hit with a brick — even of more concern to me is the fact that you have prior convictions for domestic violence.” (Tr. 18).
{¶ 11} In a September 24, 2007 sentencing entry, the court sentenced appellant to eighteen months in prison, the maximum for a fourth degree felony, on each count to run concurrently. The within timely appeal followed. Appellant presents six assignments of error on sentencing. Under the varying holdings within the Kalish case, a sentencing decision can be subjected to a two-fold review involving both the clearly and convincingly contrary to law standard and the abuse of discretion standard. State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NUMBERS ONE AND THREE
{¶ 12} Appellant‘s first and third assignments of error, which both deal with the arguments he raised at the sentencing hearing, provide:
{¶ 13} “THE TRIAL COURTS RELIANCE UPON THE SUMMARY OF FACTS CONTAINED WITHIN THE PRE-SENTENCE INVESTIGATION, DISPUTED BY DEFENDANT/APPELLANT, IS CONTRARY TO LAW UNDER OHIO REVISED CODE SECTION
{¶ 14} “THE SENTENCING PROCEEDINGS VIOLATED DEFENDANT/ APPELLANTS RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS UNDER THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AS WELL AS THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF OHIO.”
{¶ 15} In the latter assignment, appellant contends that the court violated his due process rights by considering the violence of the offenses for which he was indicted, even though he was not being convicted of these offenses and was pleading to offenses with no elements of violence. Contrary to appellant‘s contention, the sentencing court was permitted to consider the circumstances surrounding the offenses for which he was indicted, regardless of whether they resulted in convictions.
{¶ 16} It is well-established that sentencing courts can consider arrests and even prior allegations that did not result in conviction. State v. Hutton (1990), 53 Ohio St.3d 36, 43 (prior arrests constitute the prior criminal record and the social history); State v. Cooey (1989), 46 Ohio St.3d 20, 35 (prior allegations of wrongdoing are part of the social history); State v. Burton (1977), 52 Ohio St.2d 21, 23 (relating to prior arrests).
{¶ 17} Thus, the sentencing court can consider the circumstances of the offense for which the defendant was indicted, even if he negotiаted a plea at odds with
{¶ 18} The court can do this by viewing the indictment, the bill of particulars, the victim‘s statements in court, the trial testimony if there was a trial and the presentence investigation report. See
{¶ 19} Wе addressed this assignment first because the above analysis contains important criteria to keep in mind while addressing the arguments set forth in appellant‘s first assignment of error. In his first assignment, he argues that the court failed to perform its statutory duty upon learning of his disagreement with the Youngstown Police records presented in the presentence investigation report and upon hearing his claim that the victim‘s claims were invalid.
{¶ 20} Pursuant to
{¶ 21} “(a) make a finding as to the allegation; [or]
{¶ 22} “(b) make a determination that no finding is necessary with respect to the allegation because the factual matter will not be taken into account in the sentencing of the defendant.”
{¶ 23} This statutory provision only relates to the presentence investigation report. As aforementioned, the court can consider other sources of information as well, including the indictments (which specifically mention a brick and a knife as the deadly weapons used), the bill of particulars and the victim‘s statements in court. See
{¶ 24} Along these lines, we point out that appellant is not arguing that the presentence investigation inaccurately reported the records of the Youngstown Police or that the police inaccurately reported what the victim told them. Rather, he is presenting the typical argument that the victim is lying. Such an argument may not even fit under the faсtual inaccuracy category of
{¶ 25} In any event, as to the facts surrounding the first incident, the court specifically found that the victim was hit with a brick. (Tr. 18). Thus, appellant‘s argument that the court violated
{¶ 26} As to the knife incident, the court did not explicitly find that a knife was involved. However, the court‘s sentencing entry stated that it considered the record, the oral statements, the presentence investigation report and the purposes and principles of sentencing and balanced the seriousness and recidivism factors. Thus, the court did not exclude any portion of the presentence investigation report from its consideration under
{¶ 27} Most importantly, the court had announced that it was reviewing the overall factual situation regardless of appellant‘s ability to negotiate a favorable plea that omitted the violence elements. By stating that it was reviewing the narrative reports and the overall factual situatiоn, the court essentially stated that it did not agree with appellant‘s contention of factual inaccuracy.1
{¶ 28} In other words, the court need not specifically state, “I find no factual inaccuracy.” See, e.g., State v. Hofmann, 6th Dist. No. E-03-057, 2004-Ohio-6655, ¶ 22
{¶ 29} Alternatively, the court mentioned only the brick incident and then explicitly revealed that its main focus was the fact that appellant had three prior domestic violence convictions. Thus, any failure to strictly comply with
{¶ 30} Here, the court‘s statement that it was permitted to review the overall situation is not specific reliance on the stabbing. In fact, this statement was a response to the other argument presented by appellant in assignment of error number three and addressed above; where he claimed that the court is not entitled to evеn view the victim‘s claims if they entail elements to which he did not plead.
{¶ 31} Lastly, appellant presents an alternative argument that the requirement for the court to make a finding on the defendant‘s allegation of a factual inaccuracy is violative of Foster. Essentially, this would mean that if a defendant disputes everything that a victim reported (which they often do), then he can nullify all portions of the presentence investigation report that set forth the victim‘s allegations because a court can longer make a decision at sentencing regarding contested allegations.
{¶ 32} Contrary to appellant‘s contentions, we do not find that
{¶ 33} If the victim states that she suffered physical harm but the defendant contests this claim, obviously it is a question for the sentencing court in exercising its discretion at the sentencing hearing. It is not unconstitutional judicial fact-finding of an element required for inсreased sentencing; it is a mere long-standing function of a court at sentencing that is irrelevant to enhancements. See, e.g., Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1 at ¶ 68-70 (making “fine distinctions” concerning statutes where presumptive minimum would not be required in the absence of findings). A statute allowing a court to disregard an alleged factual inaccuracy in a presentence investigation report (instead of performing its regular sentencing court function of finding whether to believe the defendant‘s claim) is not equivalent to the statutory provisions excised in Foster. Cf. id. at ¶ 64.
{¶ 34} Regardless, since appellant did not raise any issues regarding the validity of
{¶ 35} Finally, we note that even if the Supreme Court were to find a Blakely/Foster violation in
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO
{¶ 36} Appellant‘s second assignment of error alleges:
{¶ 37} “THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO MAKE THE REQUIRED CONSIDERATIONS UNDER OHIO REVISED CODE SECTION
{¶ 38} Appellant argues that a court errs by its mere assertion in its sentencing entry that it considered the purposes and principles of sentencing under
{¶ 39} Firstly, the Tenth District has since revised its position to align with that of other districts. State v. Reed, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-20, 2008-Ohio-6082, ¶ 64, fn.1. Secondly, it is the established position of this court that matters, not that of another district. This court has stated multiple times that the assertion in the sentencing entry that the court considered the purposes and principles of
{¶ 40} Thirdly, the various positions in the Kalish plurality, concurring and dissenting opinions support the conclusion that the trial court‘s assertion in its sentencing entry is sufficient. At least a plurality of the Ohio Supreme Court expressly abides by the principle in State v. Adams (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 295, that a silent record allows a presumption that the court considered the factors of
{¶ 41} Lastly, we note that contrary to appellant‘s suggestion, the court did demonstrate that it considered the relevant factors from the bench as well. That is, the court found that the victim had been hit by a brick and expressed even more concern with appellant‘s three prior domestic violence convictions. Such concerns coincide with the purposes and principles in
{¶ 42} We conclude that the trial court evinced sufficient demonstration of compliance with
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FOUR
{¶ 43} Appellant‘s fourth and assignment of error contends:
{¶ 44} “THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO MAKE THE FINDINGS REQUIRED BY OHIO REVISED CODE SECTION
{¶ 45} Appellant relies on two statutes here:
{¶ 46} Pursuant to
{¶ 47} “(a) If the court makes a finding described in division (B)(1)(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), or (i) of this section and if the court, after considering the factors set forth in section
{¶ 48} “(b) Except as provided in division (E), (F), or (G) of this section, if the court does not make a finding described in division (B)(1)(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), or (i) of this section and if the court, after considering the factors set forth in
{¶ 49} Appellant believes that the trial court erred in failing to make findings under these statutes.
{¶ 50} As the state responds, Foster severed
{¶ 51} As to
{¶ 52} “At first blush, this portion of the statute appears to violate Blakely, but on closer inspection, it does not. If the appropriate findings are made, the court has no discretion and must impose a prison term; however, the statute does not prevent a court from imposing a prison term without these findings. There is no presumption in favor of community control, in other words. If no findings are made under
{¶ 53} ”
{¶ 54} As such, findings were not required under either statute cited by appellant. This assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER FIVE
{¶ 55} Appellant‘s fifth assignment of error alleges:
{¶ 56} “SHOULD THE COURT DETERMINE THAT IT IS NOT NECESSARY FOR THE TRIAL COURT TO STATE ITS REASONS FOR IMPRISONING A FOURTH DEGREE FELONY OFFENDER BECAUSE OF FOSTER, DEFENDANT/APPELLANT ASSERTS THAT THE APPLICATION OF THE FOSTER DECISION TO HIS CASE VIOLATES DEFENDANT/APPELLANTS RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND/OR NOT TO BE SUBJECT TO CRIMINAL EX POST FACTO LAWS.”
{¶ 57} Appellant urges that if, because of the February 2006 Foster decision, the trial court is no longer required to make findings regarding fourth degree felons being sentenced to prison, then his due process rights have been violated because his offenses were committed in 2005. See State v. Garner (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 57. (ex post facto prohibition relates to retroactive legislation; similar retroactive judicial decisions are framed in terms of due process).
{¶ 58} As related to Foster‘s effect on
{¶ 59} As related to
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER SIX
{¶ 60} Appellant‘s sixth and final assignment of error provides:
{¶ 61} “DEFENDANT/APPELLANT WAS DENIED A FAIR TRIAL DUE TO THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THE ERRORS AS SET FORTH HEREIN.”
{¶ 62} Pursuant to the cumulative error doctrine, the existence of multiple errors, which may not individually require reversal, may collectively act to violate a defendant‘s right to a fair trial. State v. Madrigal (2000), 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 397; State v. DeMarco (1987), 31 Ohio St.3d 191, 196-197.
{¶ 63} As we have not recognized multiple errors here, the cumulative error doctrine is inapplicablе. See State v. Gamer (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64. This assignment of error is without merit.
{¶ 64} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is hereby affirmed.
DeGenaro, P.J., concurs.
Donofrio, J., dissents in part, concurs in part; see dissenting in part, concurring in part opinion.
Dissenting Opinion
{¶ 65} For the following reasons, I dissent in part and concur in part with the majority opinion.
{¶ 66}
{¶ 67} “(5) If the comments of the defendant or the defendant‘s counsel, the testimony they introduce, or any of the other information they introduce alleges any factual inaccuracy in the presentence investigation report or the summary of the
{¶ 68} “(a) Make a finding as to the allegation;
{¶ 69} “(b) Make a determination that no finding is necessary with respect to the allegation, because the factual matter will not be taken into account in the sentencing of the defendant.”
{¶ 70} At the sentencing hearing, appellant‘s counsel expressly stated that appellant did not agree with the YPD records and took issue with the facts set out regarding the offenses. (Tr. 11-13). He also argued that because appellant did not plead guilty to crimes involving physical harm or threats of physical harm, such factors could not be considered against him. (Tr. 12-13).
{¶ 71} The PSI includes detаils of the offenses as given by YPD reports. The PSI also includes a form labeled “Mahoning County Probation Department.” It includes a list of seriousness/amenability factors and several of the factors are checked off.
{¶ 72} Two Fifth District cases provide guidance in this case.
{¶ 73} First, in State v. Rhoades, 5th Dist. No. CT2006-0085, 2007-Ohio-1826, the defendant pleaded guilty to one count of possession of drugs in exchange for the state‘s recommendation of a six-month prison sentence. The trial court, after reviewing a PSI, imposed a maximum 12-month sentence on the defendant. Prior to doing so, the court commented to the defendant that while awaiting sentencing, he had not conducted himself properly. It statеd that the defendant had been arrested, used cocaine, and had not reported to authorities as he was supposed to. The defendant disputed the statement that he had used cocaine.
{¶ 74} On appeal, the defendant argued that the trial court failed to comply with
{¶ 75} Lаter that same year, the Fifth District was faced with the case of State v. Claudill, 5 Dist. No. 06 COA 42, 2007-Ohio-6175. In Claudill, the defendant asked the trial court for an updated PSI after his case had been remanded for resentencing several times. He argued that the original PSI contained inaccurate information. The court denied this request but allowed the defendant to present mitigating information at the sentencing hearing. The PSI indicated that the defendant was not remorseful and that the victim suffered permanent injuries. The defendant stated at his sentencing hearing, however, that he was remorseful and that the victim‘s injuries were not as severe as originally believed. The trial court stated that it reviewed the entire record and the matters which were admitted during the course of the hearing. It then sentenced the defendant.
{¶ 76} On appeal, the defendant argued that the trial court failed to comply with
{¶ 77} “`* * *[A] failure to make the requisite findings pursuant to
{¶ 78} The court found that the dеfendant failed to establish that the trial court specifically relied on the erroneous information contained in the PSI when it imposed sentence. Id. at ¶ 22. It noted that the trial court did not allege that the defendant‘s lack of remorse or the victim‘s injuries influenced the sentence. Id. Thus, the court
{¶ 79} Thus, the Fifth District set out the standard to be used in cases such as the one at bar. If the defendant asserts a factual inaccuracy in the PSI, and the trial court fails to comply with
{¶ 80} In this case, beforе sentencing appellant, the court commented:
{¶ 81} “From a legal standpoint, your lawyer is right as far as the charges that you pled to concerning the offenses of violence, but I think it‘s the court‘s prerogative to review the overall factual situation, whether it was disorderly conduct or a burglary. And in reading the narrative accounts of what transpired in these incidents, and for which I might add your lawyer is very deserving of very substantial credit in getting the offenses that you were indicted for removed in your pleading to offenses involving burglary. But in reviewing the factual circumstances involved here, and in finding that this victim was hit with a brick — even of more concern to me is the fact that you have prior convictions for domestic violence. Campbell, Ohio. Campbell, Ohio. And subsequent to this one you have a domestic violence in Akron.” (Tr. 17-18; Emphasis added).
{¶ 82} And in the sentencing judgment entries, the court stated that it considered the record, the PSI, the oral statements, the principles and purposes of sentencing under
{¶ 83} Appellant took issue with the factual accounts of both incidents with which he was charged. The trial court made a finding as to one of those incidents when it stated that the victim was hit with a brick. The trial court gleaned this information from the PSI. It is evident that the court garnered this information, along with other factual information, from the PSI because it stated that it considered the “overall factual situation” after “reading the narrative accounts of what transpired in these incidents.” (Tr. 18). The written narrative accounts of what transpired were only present in the PSI.
{¶ 84} In State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, at paragraphs one, three, and five of the syllabus, the Ohio Supreme Court declared unconstitutional those portions of statutes that relied on judicial fact-finding as a perquisite for enhancing a defendant‘s prison sеntence. The Court did so following the prohibition on judicial fact-finding in sentencing set out in Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000), 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435, and Blakely v. Washington (2004), 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403.
{¶ 85} In this case, I would find that when the trial court made a finding that the victim was hit with a brick, a fact that was never proven and was disputed by appellant, it engaged in unconstitutional judicial fact-finding in light of Apprendi, Blakely, and Foster.
{¶ 86} Moreover, the court made no finding as to the other incident. Thus, I would find that the court failed to comply with
{¶ 87} The court made a point of referring to the “overall factual situation” before pronouncing its sentence. It then went on to inform appellant that the thing that most concerned it, however, was the fact that appellant had three prior domestic violence convictions. It is difficult to determine from these limited statements whether the trial court actually relied on the alleged factual inaccuracies in the PSI when it decided to sentence appellant to maximum sentences or whether the court merely relied on appellant‘s prior convictions.
{¶ 88} But because the trial court made a point of referring to the “overall factual situation” as gleaned from the PS I in addition to referring to appellant‘s prior convictions, I believe it is reasonable to conclude that these disputed facts played a part in convincing the court to impose maximum sentences.
{¶ 89} The majority concludes that because the indictment contained allegations that appellant hit his victim with a brick and stabbed his victim, the court was free to consider these facts at sentencing. (Opinion at ¶ 17). While the court was free to consider the indictment, the facts set out in the PS I contained more details surrounding the two incidеnts that were not present in the indictment. Additionally, the majority relies on the victim‘s statement to the court. (Opinion at ¶ 26). But the victim‘s statement mostly focused on the harm to her mental health that she attributed to appellant.
{¶ 90} In sum, I would find that the court engaged in unconstitutional judicial fact-finding as to one incident in which appellant was involved and it failed to follow
{¶ 91} Because I would find that appellant‘s first assignment of еrror has merit, I would find his remaining assignments of error moot. However, I would agree with the majority‘s disposition of the remaining a