172 Mo. 630 | Mo. | 1903
Prom a conviction of murder in the first degree for having shot to death with a pistol at Buchanan county on December 27, 1900, one John R. Martin, defendant appeals. The cause was here on a former appeal. [168 Mo. 122.]
The shooting occurred at the house of Peter'Jones, at night when there was a dance in progress there. Jones was a farmer and the grown sons and daughters of himself and wife, of whom there were several, together with a number of neighboring young people, were in attendance upon the occasion. Defendant was in the service of Jones as a farm hand at that time. Whiskey seems to have been freely used, but no one was intoxicated. May, the defendant, was acting as floor manager, and about eleven o ’clock a square dance with six or eight couples on the
The court, over the objection and exception of defendant, instructed the jury as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that the indictment in the case was filed on the 5th day of March, 190Í, and charges the defendant with murder in the first degree. Under the evidence adduced, however, it will be necessary for you to determine, in the event you find the defendant gnilty of any offense, whether he should be convicted of the specific offense charged in the indictment, or for murder in the second degree.
“Murder in the first degree is the killing of a human being willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly, and with malice aforethought.
*639 “Murder in the second degree has all the elements of murder in the first degree except that of deliberation.
“ ‘Willfully’ as used in these instructions, means intentionally; that is, not accidentally. Therefore, if the defendant intended to hill, such killing is willful.
“In the absence of qualifying facts and circumstances, the law presumes that a person intends the ordinary and probable result of his acts.
“If you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, with a pistol, shot John Robert Martin in a vital part and killed him, you will find that the defendant intended to kill him, unless the facts and circumstances given in evidence show to the contrary.
“ ‘Deliberately’ means in a cool state of the blood; that is, not in a heated state of the blood caused by a lawful provocation. It does not mean brooded over, considered or reflected upon for a week, a day or an hour, but it means an intent to kill, executed by a party not under the influence of violent passion suddenly aroused by some lawful provocation, hut in the furtherance of a formed design to gratify a feeling of revenge, or to accomplish some other unlawful purpose.
“ ‘Premeditatedly’ means thought of beforehand for any length of time, however short.
“ ‘Malice,’ as used in these instructions, does not mean mere spite, ill will or dislike, as it is ordinarily understood, but it means that condition of the mind which prompts one person to take the life of another without just cause or justification, and it signifies a state or disposition which shows a heart regardless of social duty and fatally bent on mischief.
“ ‘Malice aforethought’ means that the act was done with malice and premeditation.
“Keeping in view the foregoing definitions as a basis, the court submits to you the further following instructions, to-wit:
“1. The court instructs the jury that the defendant is presumed to be innocent of any offense, and this*640 presumption continues throughout the case until overcome by evidence showing him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; and if you have a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, you must acquit him; but such doubt, to .justify acquittal must be a substantial doubt founded on the evidence, and not a mere possibility of defendant’s innocence.
“2. If you believe and find from the evidence that, at the county of Buchanan and State of Missouri, at any time prior to the day on which the indictment was filed, the defendant, Charles May, in the manner and by the means specified in the indictment, shot and wounded the deceased, John Robert Martin, and shall further believe and find from the evidence that such shooting was done willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly, and with malice aforethought, and shall further believe and find from the evidence that within one year and a day thereafter, and before the filing of the indictment in this case, the deceased, John Robert Martin, at the county of Buchanan aforesaid, died in consequence of" such shooting and wounding done by the defendant, you will find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree.
“3. He who willfully, that is, intentionally, uses upon another at some vital part, a deadly weapon, as a loaded firearm, must in the absence of qualifying facts, be presumed to know that the effect is likely to be death ; and knowing this, must be presumed to intend death, which is the probable and ordinary consequences of such an act; and if such deadly weapon is used without just cause or provocation, he must be presumed to do it wickedly or from a bad heart. If, therefore, the jury believe that defendant took the life of John Robert Martin by shooting him in a vital part, with a revolver loaded with gunpowder and leaden bullets, with a manifest design to use such weapon upon him, and with sufficient time to deliberate and fully form the conscious purpose to kill, and without sufficient reason or cause or extenuation, then such killing is murder in the first degrée; and, while it devolves upon the State to prove will*641 fulness, deliberation, premeditation and malice aforethought (all of which are necessary to constitute murder in the first degree), yet these need not be proved by direct evidence, but may be deduced from all the facts and circumstances attending the killing; and if the jury can satisfactorily and reasonably infer their existence from all the evidence, they will be warranted in finding the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree.
“4. If you believe and find from the evidence that within the time and at the place specified in the preced-_ ing instruction number 2, the defendant, in the manner and by the means specified -in the indictment shot and wounded the deceased, John Robert Martin, and shall further believe that such shooting and wounding was done willfully, premeditatedly, and with malice aforethought, but without deliberation, and you shall further believe and find from the evidence that, within one year and a day thereafter, and before the filing of the indictment, the deceased, John Robert Martin, died from the effects of such shooting and wounding, at the county aforesaid, you will find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree.
“5. If the jury believe from the evidence that the defendant, Charles May, intentionally killed John Robert Martin by shooting him in the head with a pistol, and that such pistol was a deadly weapon, then the law presumes that such killing was murder in the second degree, in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
“6. Although you may believe from the evidence that the defendant, Charles May, assaulted and killed John Robert Martin, yet, if you shall further believe from the evidence that such killing was done in self-defense, as hereinafter defined, then you will acquit the defendant.
‘ ‘ On the question of self-defense, you are instructed that if, at the time the defendant, Charles May, assaulted and killed John Robert Martin, he, the defendant, Charles May, had reasonable cause to apprehend a design on the part of John Robert Martin, or his brother*642 Babe Martin, to take bis life, or to do him some great personal injury, and that there was reasonable cause for him to apprehend immediate danger of such design being accomplished, and that to avert such apprehended danger he shot John Robert Martin, and that at the time of shooting he had reasonable cause to believe and did believe that it was necessary for him to shoot to protect himself from such apprehended danger, you. will acquit the defendant’on the ground of-self-defense. It is not necessary that the danger should have been actual or real, or that the danger should have been impending and about to fall;- all that is necessary is that the defendant, Charles May, had cause to believe and did believe those facts. On the other hand, it is not enough that the defendant, Charles May, should have so believed; he must have had reasonable cause for so believing. Whether or not he had reasonable cause for so believing is for you to determine, under all the facts and circumstances given in evidence. If you shall believe from the evidence that the defendant, Charles May, did not have reasonable cause to so believe, you can not acquit bim on the ground of self-defense, although you may believe that the defendant really thought he was in danger.
“7. The court instructs the jury that the indictment in this case is a mere formal charge, and is no evidence whatever of defendant’s guilt.
“8. The court instructs the jury that the defendant is a competent witness in his own behalf, and you should consider his testimony in connection with the other evidence given on the trial; in determining what weight you will give to defendant’s testimony, you may take into consideration the fact that he- is the defendant on trial, and interested in the result of the prosecution.
‘ ‘ 9. The jury are instructed that they are the sole judges of the credibility of the witnesses and of the weight to be given to their testimony; and in determining such credibility and weight you will take into consideration the character of the witness, his or her manner on the witness stand, his or her relation to or feel*643 ing toward the defendant or the prosecuting witness, the probability or improbability of the witness’s statements, the opportunity that the witness had for ascertaining the facts to which he or she has testified, together with all the other facts and circumstances detailed in evidence; and if you believe that any witness has willfully sworn falsely to any material fact in the case, you are at liberty to reject any portion or all of such witness’s testimony.
“10. If you find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree you will simply so state in your verdict, as you are charged with no responsibility with respect to the punishment for murder in the first degree. If you find the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree you will so state in your verdict, and assess his punishment at imprisonment in the State penitentiary for any term not less than ten years.
‘ ‘ 11. It is immaterial in this case whether the defendant was drinking or intoxicated at the time of the homicide spoken of in the evidence, as drunkenness neither excuses, palliates nor affects a crime. ’ ’
The record discloses that defendant then asked the court to instruct for manslaughter, which it declined to ■do. He then asked the court to give the following instruction : “If the jury believe from the evidence the defendant to be guilty of either degree of murder, but entertain a doubt as to the degree, you should give the defendant the benefit of the doubt and find him guilty of ■ murder in the second degree. ’ ’
The defendant also requested the court to instruct: the jury upon all the law of the case, and the court refusing to further instruct, the defendant excepted to its refusal to instruct for manslaughter, to give the instruction asked by him, and to the refusal of the court to further instruct the jury upon the law of the case.
I.
The first question presented for our consideration ■on this appeal is with respect to the action of the trial
II.
It appears from the record that on July 8,1902, the-court, on the motion of defendant, ordered a special venire returnable July 14th, and forty-seven names were-by the county clerk, under the supervision of the judge of the court, drawn from the wheel, and said jurors or-so many of them as could be found by the sheriff, were examined upon their voir dire and only ten of them were-found to be qualified, whereupon the court announced, that he would select the names of the remaining jurors to be summoned; thereupon the defendant requested the court to procure the remaining number of the forty-seven jurors by drawing them from the wheel until the-entire number should be found qualified, and protested against the court selecting the names in any other man
The panel of forty-seven jurors being completed from the list summoned by the sheriff as aforesaid, the list was presented to defendant’s attorneys on July 15th in order that they might complete' their challenge, and thereupon defendant filed his motion to quash the panel for the reason “that said jurors, all but ten thereof, have not been selected by their names having been drawn from the wheel by the county clerk in the presence of the court, as the law provides, but their names have been selected by the court and handed to the sheriff, and by him summoned. ’ ’ Said motion to - quash was overruled, and defendant again excepted.
Defendant claims that the panel of forty-seven jurors was improperly selected by the court, and that their names should have been drawn from the wheel as provided by sections 3792, 3793, 3794, and 3795, Revised Statutes 1899.
Section 3795, supra, is: “Whenever any circuit court or court having-jurisdiction of felony cases desires a panel of jurors, or any part thereof, said court, or in vacation, the judges thereof, shall, except as hereinafter provided, so order, and shall designate in said order the number of jurors desired; whereupon the clerk of the county court, so situated as to be unable to see the names on such card, and in the presence of the judge of any court to which this article may apply, shall draw that number of cards from the wheel or box; a list of the names so drawn from the wheel and preserved by the clerk of the county court, and a certified copy of the same shall by said clerk of the county court be delivered to the clerk of the court for which the jurors were drawn, who shall issue a venire for said jurors and deliver the same to the sheriff or other proper officer of the court.”
Now, when it was ascertained that there were only ten competent jurors of the fifty-seven whose names were drawn from the wheel, the court did just what he was authorized to do by section 3797, supra, in case a jury for the trial of a cause could not be made up from the regular panel, that is, he made out and delivered to the proper officer a list of jurors sufficient to complete the panel of forty-seven, and the fact that the jury ordered was a special jury, as contradistinguished from a regular one, does not, we think, render that section of the statute inapplicable in the case at bar, but it should be given a more liberal construction, and held to apply alike to both regular and special juries, for such was the evident purpose of the Legislature. There is no reason why it should be otherwise, because such is the spirit of the statute and in accordance with the practice in the circuit and criminal courts of this State. Moreover, “the statute regulating the summoning of jurors has always been construed merely as directory. ’’ [State v. Albright, 144 Mo. 638; Samuels v. State, 3 Mo. 68; State v. Pitts, 58 Mo. 556; State v. Jones, 61 Mo. 232; State v. Knight, 61 Mo. 373; State v. Williams, 136 Mo. 307, and cases cited.]
III.
It is insisted that error was committed in the refusal by the court to allow defendant to fully cross-examine Mrs. Kate Brown, a witness for the State, as to her desire to see defendant convicted, and ruling in the hearing of the jury that such an investigation was an immaterial matter. This witness had already stated on her cross-examination that she did not feel very
It is not practicable by any general rule to fix an exact limit which should govern the admission of such evidence, and necessarily it must be left in a large measure to the discretion of the trial court. In this instance we are not prepared to say that the court went beyond the legitimate margin in its ruling under discussion. The testimony of the witness showed that she was prejudiced against the defendant, and whether or not she desired to see him punished was immaterial. But in any event the court was not guilty of any impropriety in announcing from the bench, and in the presence of the jury, that the interrogation propounded to the witness was with respect to an immaterial matter, for it would be utterly impracticable for a trial court to have the jury retire whenever it should become necessary to rule upon a question as to the admission or exclusion of evidence.
TV.
Nor do we think the court erred in refusing to instruct upon manslaughter in the fourth or any other degree. There was no evidence to warrant such an instruction. As holding otherwise, however, defendant relies upon the case of State v. Berkley, 92 Mo. 41, in which it is said that the evidence tends to show that the killing was the result of a sudden quarrel which furnished a base for an instruction for a lower grade of homicide than murder in the second degree. But the facts connected with the homicide in that case'are not stated in the opinion, and we must conclude that the evidence adduced justified such an instruction. But in the case at bar the evidence does not sho>v that the homicide was the result of a sudden quarrel, or that there was any reasonable or lawful provocation therefor. Deceased was unarmed when shot, and was making no demonstrations whatever evincing a purpose to assault
In State v. Wilson, 98 Mo. 440. it is said:
“In homicide, an intent to kill is an essential element to make the offense murder in the first or second degree, and so the court instructed the jury in this case. [State v. Gassert, 65 Mo. 352; State v. Peak, 85 Mo. 190.] Murder in the second degree, however, includes not only homicides with intent to kill, in the heat of passion caused by a provocation short of lawful provocation but that would naturally excite such heat, but also all those cases of murder at common law not declared by statute to be murder in the first degree or manslaughter; in which class is included cases where the act done is malicious and manifestly dangerous to human life and does produce death, although the intent may have been only to do great bodily harm. In such cases the law presumes the intent to kill. [State v. O’Hara, 92 Mo. 59; State v. Wieners, 66 Mo. 13; Wharton’s Crim. Law (8 Ed.), sec. 388.] The heat of passion that will take away the malice from the act thus manifestly dangerous to human life, and reduce the offense to manslaughter, must be caused by lawful provocation and as we have seen, there was no such provocation in this case.”
Y.
Defendant claims that the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that if they believed the defendant guilty of murder but entertained a doubt as to the degree, they should give the defendant the benefit of the doubt, and find him guilty of murder in the second degree. This contention is substantially in the language of the instruction asked by defendant upon this theory of the case.
The same rule is announced in Blashfield on Instructions to Juries, sec. 306, that is, to entitle the defendant to the benefit of a doubt as to the lower of the grades of the offense charged in the indictment, the doubt must be a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury as to the degree of the offense which the defendant has committed.
Stout v. State, 90 Ind. 12, is another authority relied upon by defendant in which the same rule is announced, that is, that when there is a doubt of which of two or more degrees of an offense the defendant on trial is guilty, in order to entitle him to a conviction of the lower degree, the doubt must be a reasonable one, that is, a substantial doubt.
State v. Anderson, 86 Mo. 309, is another case relied upon by defendant. In that case an instruction was given on the part of the State which told the jury, “If you believe from all the evidence in the case, beyond a reasonable doubt, tbat the defendants are guilty of murder in the first degree or second degree, as these offenses have been defined in these instructions, but have a doubt as to the degree of offense of which the defendants are guilty, the jury will give them the benefit of such doubt, and find them guilty of the less offense, ’ ’ was held not to be erroneous.
In speaking of this instruction the court said: “It is objected to the first of the above instructions, that it .permitted a conviction for murder in the second degree, if the jury, believing them guilty of murder, had a doubt as to the degree of murder of which they were guilty.
In Humbree v. The State, 81 Ala. 67, the only exception raised by the record was the refusal of the court to instruct the jury, that if there was ‘‘ any doubt” as to whether the offense was committed within twelve months before the commencement of the prosecution, they must acquit. The court observed, ‘ ‘ A doubt which demands an acquittal must be a reasonable doubt. ... A possible or speculative doubt is not sufficient. The charge is misleading by reason of failing to distinguish the degrees of doubt, and was properly refused. ’ ’
So, in the case of Kidd v. State, 83 Ala. 60, the trial court' at the request of the defendant charged the jury in effect that any doubt arising out of the evidence requires the jury to acquit. The Supreme Court said: “It is only a reasonable doubt of a defendant’s guilt which entitles him to an acquittal, not a possible, speculative, or imaginary doubt, as implied by this charge, which for this reason was misleading. ’ ’
So with respect to the word “doubt” used in the instruction under consideration, it has such a variety of meanings, speculative and imaginary, that it was misleading, and by no means a substitute for the words “substantial doubt,” which have a well understood meaning and which must exist in the minds of the jury as to the guilt of the defendant on trial in any criminal case before they can find him.not guilty. The instruction was misleading and properly refused. But the instruction was properly refused, we think, for the further reasons that the court instructed the jury very fully
It is illogical to say that a person may be guilty of two grades of an offense in the same case, where the ingredients of the grades are so different as in murder in the first and second degree, in the first of which the killing must be done with deliberation, in the other without deliberation, but with malice and premeditation. Then if the jury believe him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and are authorized under the instructions to find .him guilty of either degree of which the evidence shows him to be guilty (and they can not convict unless they so find), it does seem to us that there is no reason for an instruction telling them that if they have a reasonable doubt as to which of two degrees of the offense the defendant is guilty they will give him the benefit of the doubt and find him guilty of the lower grade, for the very obvious reason that if they have a reasonable doubt as to his guilt of either grade of the offense, they are bound to find him not guilty of that grade, and, to find him guilty of the other grade, if satisfied of his guilt as to that. A verdict of guilty upon one grade of the offense, is in effect a finding that he is not guilty of the other.
In short, a person can not be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of two grades of the same offense, for instance murder in the first and second degree, for the line of demarkation between the two grades is well defined, as by the instructions in this case, that is, the homicide in order to constitute murder in the first degree must be committed with deliberation, in the second degree without deliberation but with malice and premeditation. There is, therefore, under such' circumstances,
VI.
It is contended that instruction numbered ten is erroneous, in that it told the jury that “if you find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, you will simply so state, as you are charged with no responsibility with respect to the punishment for murder in the first degree,” but this court has upon several occasions ruled otherwise. Thus in State v. Avery, 113 Mo. 501, it is said: “In cases of murder in the first degree the punishment is fixed by statute, and the jury trying the case has nothing whatever to do with it, and we see no impropriety in the court so stating in an instruction to them.” [See, also, State v. Howard, 118 Mo. 127; State v. Inks, 135 Mo. 678; Blashfield, Instructions to Juries, sec. 186.]
VII.
Instructions numbered 11 is'complained of on the ground that it told the jury that “it is immaterial in this case whether defendant was drinking, or intoxicated, at the time of the homicide spoken of in the evidence, as. drunkenness neither excuses, palliates nor af
vin.
The verdict of the jury is assailed upon the ground that two of the jurors, viz., Rogers and Stallard, had prejudged the case at the time they qualified as jurors. The evidence in support of these charges against either of said jurors, and in rebuttal thereto, was heard and considered by the court, and it held that the charges against them were not proven. Under such circumstances the finding of the trial court will not be disturbed (State v. Gonce, 87 Mo. 627; State v. Dusenberry, 112 Mo. 277; State v. Soper, 148 Mo. 217); especially, unless a stronger case than the one here presented comes before this court.
IX.
A final contention is that the verdict of the jury is not supported by the evidence. To this position we can not agree, for the reason that the evidence made out a clear case of murder in the first degree, and fully justified the jury in so finding.
Finding no reversible error in the record we affirm the judgment and direct that the sentence pronounced by the law be executed.