[¶ 1.] Dеfendant, while riding as a passenger, was arrested along with the driver of the vehicle and several passengers after a drug dog sniff conducted at a routine traffic stop revealed the presence of drugs. Defendant was convicted of possession of methamphetamine. On appeal, Defendant contends the trial court erred when it allowed the State to introduce as other acts evidence, statements made by and a urine sample given by Defendant to law enforcement three months prior to his arrest for the events of September 7, 2003. Defendant alleges the drug dog sniff conducted on the vehicle in which he was a passenger was a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. Defendant also contends the trial court erred when it allowed the State to introduce evidence at trial that Defendаnt refused to give a urine sample for drug testing purposes after his arrest on the possession charge.
[¶ 2.] We Affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
[¶ 3.] On September 7, 2003, Trooper Ryan Mechaley of the South Dakota Highway Patrol noted a vehicle traveling on Elk Vale Road, east of Rapid City, South Dakota, well in excess of the posted speed limit of fifty-five miles per hour. After activating his radar unit, Trooper Mecha-ley clocked the black Jeep Cherokee at eighty-six miles per hour. In addition to the driver Michael Neumiller (Neumiller), the vehicle had four occupants. Benjamin Inich was seated in the front passenger seat. Behind Inich in the backseat sat Shawn Mercy, and to his left in the middle of the rear passenger seat was Misty Koch. The Defendant, Henry Mattson, was seated in the rear passenger seat directly behind the driver.
[¶ 4.] Trooper Meсhaley stopped the vehicle at 5:56 p.m. He asked the driver, Neumiller, to produce his driver’s license, registration and proof of insurance and to accompany him to the patrol car. While reviewing Neumiller ⅛ driver’s license, Trooper Mechaley thought he recognized Neumiller’s name in connection with methamphetamine activity in Rapid City. Trooper Mechaley asked the driver if any of the passengers in the vehicle used illegal substance, and was told by Neumiller “I think so.” At 6:00 p.m., Trooper Me-chaley initiated a radio request for a driver’s license check, a criminal history check on Neumiller, and a canine unit.
[¶ 5.] Trooper Oxner, a canine handler with the South Dakota Highway Patrol, was within three to four miles of Trooper Mechaley’s location and arrived on the scene at 6:03 p.m. Upon аrrival, Trooper Oxner engaged Neumiller in conversation, and told Neumiller how the dog would react if it detected the presence of drugs. Trooper Oxner then asked the occupants of the black Jeep Cherokee to exit the vehicle prior to beginning the drug dog *543 sniff. Trooper Mechaley concluded writing the traffic ticket, but had yet to receive the results of Neumiller’s license check and criminal history check when he exited his patrol car and asked for consent to search the occupants of the vehicle. The driver and several occupants consented to be searched. While both troopers were outside the patrol cars and engaged in their respective search activities, the results of Neumiller’s driver’s license check were radioed back to Trоoper Mechaley.
[¶ 6.] Trooper Oxner directed his canine dog, Keya, to begin the sniff on the passenger side of the vehicle, beginning at the right rear quarter panel and running in a counterclockwise direction. Keya alerted by standing on her hind legs, and repeatedly pawing at the front passenger side door. Trooper Oxner concluded the drug dog sniff once Keya alerted, and both troopers engaged in searching the vehicle. A few seconds after Keya indicated the presence of drugs, a radio transmission was received by Trooper Mechaley with the results of Neumiller’s criminal history check.
[¶ 7.] Four empty syringes were found on the floor of the vehicle underneath the back seat. One was located where the Defendant had been seated, another to passenger Koch’s right, and the third immediately below and to the left of where passenger Mercy had been seated. The fourth empty syringe was located inside the vehicle, but the exact location was not reflected in the record. A fifth syringe was located in the side panel of the driver’s door, and was approximately one-fourth full of a clear liquid substance later determined to be methamphetamine. The officers also recovered a small black case that contained a baggie of crystal methamphetamine, and a scale with methamphetamine residue on it. The black case was found partially tucked between the seat and backrest cushions of the back seat, and was located between where Koch and Mercy had been seated.
[¶ 8.] The items discovered in the vehicle had no “indicia of оwnership,” and could not be linked to a specific occupant. Trooper Oxner confronted the occupants about the drugs that had been found. All the occupants denied ownership. Trooper Oxner informed the five individuals that all of them would be arrested and taken to jail where they would have to submit to a urinalysis. Trooper Oxner informed the occupants that “if the UA’s come back with the methamphetamine, it is going to show that they are using.” Defendant replied that nothing would show up in his UA except possibly marijuana.
[¶ 9.] In an effort to determine which of the occupants might have recently used a syringe, each occupant was asked to show their arms to the troopers for the purpose of locating track marks or needle marks. Each occupant voluntarily complied with the request. Trooper Mechaley noted what he believed to be fresh track marks on one of the Defendant’s arms, as did Trooper Oxner. Trooper Oxner, who had received special training in detecting and identifying drug usage, testified that he “noticed immediately Mr. Mattson had a large, raised, dark purple or bruised track mark on his left arm,” “right on the main vein in the elbow.” When asked about the marks on his arm, Defendant stated the marks were the result of a spider bite. Trooper Oxner also noticed older track marks on Defendant’s right arm. Defendant repeatedly stated he had not used methamphetamine for some time and that his urine would come back negative for methamphetamine. Based on these observations and the drugs seized in the vehicle, Defendant was arrested along with three of the other four occupants of the vеhicle. After his arrest, Defendant *544 refused to provide officers with a urine sample.
[¶ 10.] Defendant was charged with the unauthorized possession of a controlled substance under SDCL 22^42-5, and entered a plea of not guilty. On March 16, 2004, a jury trial was held. At the jury trial, the State was allowed to present evidence of Defendant’s prior drug use over the objections of defense counsel. Rapid City police officer Keith White testified that on May 21, 2003, almost four months prior to the traffic stop, Defendant informed the officer that he had used methamphetamine the day before and that he used methamphetamine once a week or less. Defendant also stated he was trying to stay away from people who used methamphetamine. Lastly, Defendant gave Neumiller’s name as a person from whom he had previously purchased methamphetamine. The results of a urine sаmple collected from Defendant on May 22, 2003, indicating the presence of methamphetamine in Defendant’s system, were also entered into evidence at trial.
[¶ 11.] The State offered a jury instruction modeled after the pattern jury instruction for a Driving While Intoxicated suspect who refuses to supply a blood sample for chemical analysis. Defendant objected to the instruction, and was overruled.
[¶ 12.] Defendant was convicted of the charge, and sentenced as a habitual offender to five years in the state penitentiary. Defendant filed this appeal raising the following issues:
1. Whether it was an abuse of the trial court’s discretion when it allowed the State to introduce evidence of Defendant’s prior use of an illegal drug to establish knowledge, intent and absence of mistake.
2. Whether a Fourth Amendment violation occurs when a vehicle is validly detained for the purpose of issuing a traffic citation, an offsite canine unit is called to the scene, arrives prior to the conclusion of the traffic stop, and initiates but does not conclude the drug dog sniff prior to the conclusion of the traffic stop.
3.Whether the trial court erred when it allowed the State to establish at trial that Defendant refused to provide a urine sample for a drug test following his arrest for possession of a controlled substance.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶ 13.] We presume the eviden-tiary rulings made by a trial court are correct, and review those rulings under an abuse of discretion standard.
State v. Goodroad,
[14JA motion to suppress based on an alleged violation of a constitutional
*545
right is reviewed under the de novo standard.
State v. De La Rosa,
ANALYSIS AND DECISION
[¶ 15.] 1. Whether it was an abuse of the trial court’s discretion when it allowed the State to introduce evidence of Defendant’s prior use of an illegal drug to establish knowledge, intent and absence of mistake.
[¶ 16.] The State nоtified Defendant of its intent to introduce other acts evidence at trial, including the testimony of Rapid City police officer Keith White concerning a May 21, 2003, traffic stop, and Defendant’s statements about his methamphetamine use, using Neumiller as one of his suppliers, and the results of a positive urinalysis conducted on May 22, 2003. Defendant argued at a motion hearing on February 12, 2004, that the testimony was not relevant to the current charge, and was more prejudicial than probative. The trial court denied Defendant’s motion. Defendant objected to the testimony at trial, properly preserving the issue for appeal. On appeal, Defendant urges this Court to recognize that the other acts testimony was relevant only for the improper purpose of proving prior drug use and conformity therewith on the occasion of September 7, 2003.
[¶ 17.] We have previously held that when a defendant denies knowledge and intent when facing a charge in which those elements must be established by the State, knowledge and intent may be shown through the use of other acts evidence.
State v. McDonald,
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident..
SDCL 19-12-5 is a rule of inclusion.
State v. Christensen,
[¶ 18.] A two-part test is used to determine whether other acts evidence is admissible at trial: “(1) Whether the intended purpose for offering the other acts evidence is relevant to some material issue in the case (factual), and (2) Whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect (... [legal] relevancy).”
State v. Anderson,
[¶ 19.] The factual relevance of evidence is determined under SDCL 19-12-1 (FRE 401), which provides:
*546 “Relevant evidence” means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.
“Relevancy is demonstrated where evidence is necessary to prove an element of the crime, not simply to demonstrate defendants character.”
State v. Lassiter,
[¶ 20.] An additional safeguard on the admission of other acts evidence is imposed by SDCL 19-12-3 (FRE 403).
1
If other acts evidence is relevant and offered for a purposе other than to prove character and conformity with that character, it still may be excluded if the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by factors such as unfair prejudice.
Novak,
[¶ 21.] “A trial court’s determination to admit other acts evidence will not be overruled absent an abuse of discretion.”
Anderson,
[¶ 22.]Defendant was charged with the unauthorized possession of a controlled substance under SDCL 22-42-5, which provides:
No person may knowingly possess a controlled drug or substance unless the substance was obtained directly or pur *547 suant to a valid prescription or order from a practitioner, while acting in the course of the practitioner’s professional practice or except as otherwise authorized by chapter 34-20B. A violation of this section is a Class 4 felony.
(emphasis added). “Possession requires that an individuаl be aware of the presence and character of the drug and intentionally and consciously possess such drug.”
State v. Hanson,
[¶23.] In the instant case, the trial court conducted the required balancing test on the record during a motion hearing on February 12, 2004. At that hearing, the trial court noted the limited exceptions for which the prior acts evidence would be admitted, specifically to show knowledge, intent and absence of mistake. The record indicates the trial court determined that the State had the burden to show knowledge, intent, and absence of mistake “in light of the fact that statements have been madе that the track mark found on the defendant’s arm was caused [by] a spider bite, that he knew nothing of the goings on of the other persons in the car.” The trial court then determined the probative value of the prior acts was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
[¶ 24.] Defendant’s trial strategy was to deny knowledge of a drug deal conducted earlier in the day by Neumiller, deny knowledge of the presence of methamphetamine in the vehicle, and deny knowledge of the drug-related conduct in the vehicle while Defendant was present. Defense counsel’s trial strategy was to show that Defendant was merely a passenger in the vehicle, and that there was no knowing possession on the part of the Defendant. In opening statements defense counsel stated: “there will be no testimony that he knew there was the presence of drugs in that vehicle that evening or that he knew there was a loaded syringe or other syringes found in the vehicle that day.” Therefore, the State could introduce prior act evidence to show Defendant’s past use was sufficient for him to be familiar with and understand that methamphetamine was present in the vehicle.
[¶ 25.] Defendant also denied having fresh track marks on his arm, instead offering the explanation that the marks were caused by a spider bite. Therefore, whether Defendant’s arm wounds were spider bites or track marks remained open to inference. Defendant did not testify and defense counsel tried to cast doubt on the source of the wounds by questioning Officer Oxner and his experience with spider bites. The State introduced Defendant’s past methamphetamine use to show Defendant knew track marks result from intravenous methamphetamine use in order to show absence of mistake that the marks were track marks and not spider bites.
[¶ 26.] At trial, Defense counsel admitted to Defendant’s prior drug problem in opening statements, and conducted extensive voir dire during the jury selection process to determine if the panel members would be unduly influenced by Defendant’s prior drug history. The State introduced testimony from the other occupants of the vehicle as to the time Defendant entered the vehicle, details on the methamphetamine purchase conducted earlier by some of the occupants of the vehicle, evidence as to the presence of methamphetamine and *548 syringes in the vehicle, and the other acts evidence from the events of May 21 and 22, 2003. Finally, the trial court charged the jury with an instruction that limited the use the jury could make of the other acts evidence “for the limited purpose of determining if it tends to show: the defendant had knowledge of things found in his possession, the intent to possess, or the absence of mistake or accident.”
[¶ 27.] The State did not introduce the other acts evidence solely for the purpose of demonstrating character and conformity therewith. Rather, the State used the other acts evidence for a proper purpose, to show Defendant’s knowledge of the presence of drugs in the vehicle, his intent, and absence of mistake. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the other acts evidence for these limited purposes.
[¶ 28.] 2. Whether a Fourth Amendment violation occurs when a vehicle is validly detained for the purpose оf issuing a traffic citation, an offsite canine unit is called to the scene, arrives prior to the conclusion of the traffic stop, and initiates but does not conclude the drug dog sniff prior to the conclusion of the traffic stop.
[¶ 29.] The text of the Fourth Amendment provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
US Const, amend. IV. This prohibition against unreasonable searches requires generally the issuance of a warrant by a neutral judicial officer based on probable cause prior to the execution of a search or seizure of a person.
De La Rosa,
[¶ 30.] The State has the burden of proving that a warrantless search falls into a specific exception to the warrant requirement.
State v. Hess,
While the stop may not be the product of mere whim, caprice or idle curiosity, it is enough that the stop is based upon “specific and articulable facts which taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion.” State v. Herrboldt,1999 SD 55 , ¶ 7,593 N.W.2d 805 , 808 (quoting Spenner v. City of Sioux Falls,1998 SD 56 , ¶ 14,580 N.W.2d 606 , 611). Under these standards, it is well established that a traffic violation, however minor, creates sufficient cause to stop the driver of a vehicle.” Whren v. United States,517 U.S. 806 , 810,116 S.Ct. 1769 , 1772,135 L.Ed.2d 89 , 95-[96] (1996); State v. Kenyon,2002 SD 111 , ¶ 16,651 N.W.2d 269 , 274.
State v. Akuba,
[¶ 31.] The United States Supreme Court recently ruled that the Fourth Amendment does not require reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify using a drug dog sniff that “does not expose noncontraband items that otherwise would remain hidden from public view,” during a legitimate traffic stop.
Illinois v. Caballes,
— U.S. -, -,
[¶ 32.] Defendant next argues the duration of the traffic stop was imper-missibly extended to allow the canine unit to arrive on the scene. The issue of whether the duration of the traffic stop was improperly extended to enable the dog sniff to occur was not at issue in
Caballes. Id.
at -,
[¶ 33.] In the instant case, the canine unit arrived while Trooper Mechaley was still in the process of writing the ticket. A careful review of the videotape reveals that Trooper Oxner began preparing the Neu-miller vehicle for the drug dog sniff by asking the occupants of the vehicle to exit and stand by the side of the road. Oncе Trooper Mechaley finished writing the ticket, but before his request for a driver’s license check and criminal history check of the driver had been completed, Trooper Mechaley exited his vehicle and began to assist Trooper Oxner with the passengers. *550 After Trooper Mechaley began assisting Trooper Oxner with the passengers, Trooper Meehaley’s radio can be heard transmitting the results of Neumiller’s driver’s license check, but not the criminal history check. At that point, all that remained to be done was for Trooper Oxner to remove his dog Keya from the patrol car and run the dog around the Neumiller vehicle. Neither officer gave the driver or the occupants any indication that the traffic stop would conclude prior to running the dog around the Neumiller vehicle. A few seconds after Keya indicated the presence of drugs, Trooper Mechaley’s radio can be heard transmitting the results of Neumiller’s criminal history check.
[¶ 34.] The facts of this case are almost identical to the facts in De La Rosa, except that Trooper Oxner and his dog Keya arrived on the scene after the traffic stop had begun, but before completion of the ticket. Similarly, no announcement had been made to the driver or the passengers that the traffic stop was completed prior to Oxner’s arrival with Keya. We reaffirm our holding in De La Rosa, that a few seconds delay for a non-entry sniffing of the exterior of a vehicle by a drug dog already on the scene is constitutionally reasonable. Under the facts of this case, Trooper Oxner’s arrival with the drug dog after the start of the traffic stop, but before it was concluded, did not impermissi-bly extend the stоp beyond the time necessary to complete the citation form and receive the radio communications for the driver’s license and criminal history checks.
[¶ 35.] Therefore, we hold the trial court did not err when it denied Defendants motion to suppress the evidence discovered as a result of the drug dog sniff.
[¶ 36.] 3. Whether the trial court erred when it allowed the State to establish at trial that Defendant refused to provide a urine sample for a drug test following his arrest for possession of a controlled substance.
[¶ 37.] Defendant contends on appeal that the trial court erred when it allowed the State to introduce evidence that Defendant refused to provide a urine sample following his arrest. Defendant argues his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination was prejudiced because he was unaware he did not have a Fourth Amendment right to refuse to take the urinalysis. 3 Because Defendant was not in a position to know whether or not his refusal could be used against him at the time of the request, Defendant argues he was prejudiced by his mistaken belief. Defendant also takes issue with the jury instruction used by the trial court. Defendant argues that the jury instruction was impermissible because there is no affirmative duty to provide a urine sample at the request of a police officer.
A) Admissibility of Defendant’s refusal to take a urinalysis
[¶ 38.] There is no Fifth Amendment right to refuse to provide non-testimonial, physical evidence for tests such as fingerprints, writing samples, breath samples, and blood-alcohol tests.
South Dakota v. Neville,
[¶ 39.] Defendant cites
Elson v. State,
[¶ 40.] Defendant also cites several cases to support his proposition that a refusal to take a non-testimoniаl physical evidence test is not admissible at trial, including
People v. Brooks,
[¶ 41.] Defendant next argues that SDCL 32-23-10.1 4 makes the refusal to submit to chemical analysis of blood, urine, breath, or other bodily substance admissible into evidence at trial, but only with reference to driving under the influence statutes. Defendant argues this narrowly *552 drawn statute should not be extended to automobile passengers who refuse to submit to a urinalysis after an arrest for possession of a controlled substance.
[¶ 42.] SDCL 32-23-10 provides that any person operating a vehicle in South Dakota is deemed to have consented to a chemical test of the alcoholic content of his blood if arrested for driving under the influence. The statutory scheme also provides that the refusal to submit to such a test is admissible at trial for driving under the influence. SDCL 32-23-10.1 and SDCL 19-13-28.1. 5
[¶ 43.] In
Neville,
the United States Supreme Court held that the refusal to take a blood-alcohol test that is safe, painless, and commonplace, after a police officer has lawfully requested it, is not an act coerced by the officer and is therefore not protected by the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.
[¶ 44.] We have previously adopted the
Schmerber
analysis in the context of alcohol-related offenses.
See State v. Nguyen,
Bodily substance samples are not subject to the exclusionary rule under the Fourth Amendment if they are taken (1) incident to a lawful arrest, (2) by a reliable and accepted method of obtaining such sample, (3) in a reasonable, medically approved manner, and (4) where there is probable cause to believe that the evidence sought exists. It is also held that the elimination of alcohol by natural bodily functions presents exigent circumstances which obviate the necessity of obtaining a search warrant.
Id.
28,
[¶ 45.] Therefore, in drug offense cases, just as in alcohol-related offenses, the refusal by a defendant of an officer’s legitimate request to take a urinalysis is not protected by the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, and such a refusal by a defendant is admissible at trial. This is so even if the defendant is not warned that his refusal will be admissible at trial.
See Neville,
*553 [¶ 46.] In the instant case, Defendant was asked to submit to a urinalysis after being arrested for possession of a controlled substance. The arrest was based on probable cause to believe Defendant had committed the offense based on the evidence obtained from the search of the vehicle, and the visible track marks on Defendant’s arms. 6 The Defendant hаd no Fifth Amendment right to refuse the non-testimonial testing procedure. Defendant’s refusal to submit to the testing procedure is equally non-testimonial in nature and its admission at trial does not offend the Fifth Amendment. The trial court did not err when it allowed the State to admit Defendant’s refusal to submit to law enforcement’s legitimate request for the urine sample.
B) Objectionable Jury Instruction
[¶ 47.] At trial, the State offered a jury instruction modeled after the pattern jury instruction for a Driving While Intoxicated suspect who refuses to supply a blood sample for chemical analysis:
Evidence has been submitted that the defendant refused to submit to a test of his urine to determine the existence of any controlled drug or substance in his urine. The refusal to submit is not sufficient, by itself, to establish guilt of the defendant. It is a fact which if proved, may be considered by you in light of all other proved facts in deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty of the crime of Possession of a Controlled Substance. The weight, if any, to which the refusal is entitled and whether the conduct shows a consciousness of guilty are matters for your determination.
Defendant objected to the instruction, and was overruled.
[¶ 48.] Defendant argues on appeal that the instruction on his refusal to submit to the urinalysis was objectionable because there is no affirmative duty to provide a urine sample at the request of a police officer. The jury instruction used at trial in the instant case was patterned after the jury instruction used in driving under the influence cases when a defendant refuses to submit to a blood-alcohol test. See South Dakota Pattern Jury Instruction § 3-10-7. However, Defendant failed to cite any authority to support his contention that the jury instruction was impermissible due to the lack of an affirmative duty to provide a urine sаmple.
[If 49.] “The failure to cite supporting authority is a violation of SDCL 15-26A-60(6) and the issue is thereby deemed waived.”
State v. Pellegrino,
[¶ 50.] We review jury instructions as a whole to learn if they provided a full and correct statement of the law.
Sommervold v. Grevlos,
[¶ 51.] Whether submitting the instruction to the jury is рrejudicial is considered “from the standpoint of what the trial judge knew from the evidence at the time he gave this instruction.”
State v. Aesoph,
[¶ 52.] We have previously held that an inference of knowing possession may be established at trial by circumstantial evidence.
Hanson,
[¶ 53.] In the context of the instant case, the question becomes whether Defendant’s refusal to submit to the urinalysis could be used to infer whether Defendant was in knowing possession of methamphetamine on the date in questiоn. Therefore the threshold question becomes: what constitutes possession?
[¶ 54.]We have previously defined knowing possession “as having control over a place or thing with knowledge of and the intent to have such control. The possession does not have to be actual, physical possession on one’s person.”
Dickson,
[¶ 55.]Defendant does cite one case in support of his contention that the admission of his refusal to take the urinalysis was more prejudicial than probative,
People v. Eghan,
[¶ 56.]In the instant case, consumption or ingestion of methamphetamine was clearly relevant to establish knowing possession of the controlled substance under a theory that Defendant had ingested some of the methamphetamine purchased by the occupants of the vehicle. Methamphetamine was found in the vehicle within Defendants immediate vicinity, as were syringes, and a scale with methamphetamine residue on it. Testimony at trial indicated that a minimum of one-half gram of methamphetamine was in the possession of the occupants of the vehicle that day. Even more damaging to Defendant’s case were the fresh tracks marks on his arm identified by the two state troopers at the scene of the traffic stop. Defendant’s refusal to take the urinalysis could therefore be used to infer whether he had ingested mеthamphetamine and was in knowing possession of methamphetamine within the meaning of SDCL 22-42-1(1) at the time he was arrested.
[¶ 57.] The jury instruction provided a full and correct statement of the law, in that the State was required to prove that Defendant was in knowing possession of methamphetamine. Knowing possession could be shown by knowing physical possession or control over the drugs, or knowing ingestion of the drugs. Evidence of Defendant’s refusal to provide a urine sample was sufficient to support an inference of knowing possession through ingestion. Defendant has failed to show that the instruction given was in error.
[¶ 58.] Affirmed.
Notes
. SDCL 19-12-3 (FRE 403) provides:
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, wаste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
. The facts of
Caballes
are identical to the facts in the present case, as the drug dog arrived with its handler after the traffic stop was commenced by another officer.
People v. Caballes,
. Defendant does not contend on appeal that he had a Fourth Amendment right to refuse to provide a urine sample.
. SDCL 32-23-10.1 provides:
If a person refuses to submit to chemical analysis of the person's blood, urine, breath, or other bodily substance, or allow the withdrawal of blood or other bodily substance for chemical analysis as provided in § 32-23-10, and that person subsequently stands trial for violation of § 32-23-1 or § 32-23-21, such refusal may be admissible into evidence at the trial.
. SDCL 19-13-28.1 provides:
Notwithstanding the provisions of § 19 — 13— 28, when a person stands trial for driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, as provided under § 32-23-1, and that person has refused chemical analysis, as provided in § 32-23-10, such refusal is admissible into evidence. Such person may not claim privilege against self-incrimination with regard to admission of refusal to submit to chemical analysis.
. Defendant does not contest the validity of the arrest.
. SDCL 22-42-1(1) provides in relevant part: " 'Controlled drug or substance,' a drug or substance, or an immediate precursor of a drug or substance, listed in Schedules I through IV. The term includes an altered state of a drug or substance listed in Schedules I through IV absorbed into the human body[J”