Dеfendant appeals a judgment of conviction for first-degree sexual abuse, ORS 163.427. He assigns error to the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence of his inculpatory statements to police made in the absence of Miranda warnings. He argues that Miranda warnings were required because the circumstances of the interview were “compelling.” Without such warnings, he contends, evidence of his statements violated his rights under Article I, section 12, of the Oregon Constitution.
“We state the facts consistently with the trial court’s factual findings and its decision denying defendant’s motion to suppress.” State v. Shaff,
On October 14, 2011, Kirkpatrick conducted an initial interview with defendant at the police station for 45 minutes. The detective confronted defendant with M’s allegation. Defendant was not given Miranda warnings. Defendant offered an innocent account of the event and denied having touched M’s vagina. Kirkpatrick, however, stated multiple times during the interview that he believed that M was telling the truth about sexual abuse. To resolve the issue, Kirkpatrick offered to set up a polygraph test “with our polygrapher — not our polygrapher, but the guy that we use ***. He does work for the police
The next day, defendant drove himself to the office of the private polygraph examiner. The examiner was Strickland, who had been a Medford police officer. Kirkpatrick drove separately, arriving in plain clothes with his gun, badge, pоlice radio, and handcuffs. Strickland brought defendant into a testing office, and Kirkpatrick watched a video monitor in another room. Before beginning the test, Strickland told defendant that he was not in custody, that he was free to leave, and that everything in the testing office was being video recorded.
The preparation and examination lasted about two hours. The preparation included detailed questions about defendant’s sexual history and use of pornоgraphy. After the polygraph test concluded, defendant waited about 10 minutes in the office reception area, while Strickland scored the test. Strickland told Kirkpatrick that defendant was “conclusively and clearly deceptive” as to the questions pertaining to the sexual abuse of M.
Strickland brought defendant back into the testing room along with Kirkpatrick for a final interview that was to last about 50 minutes and would culminate in defendant’s admission to touching M’s vagina. Like the day before, defendant was not advised of his Miranda rights. During the interviews, Strickland and Kirkpatrick did not raise their voice, threaten defendant, or apply any physical restraints.
Defendant sat on a couch, opposite to Strickland and Kirkpatrick, who sat side-by-side behind Strickland’s desk. The door was closed for approximately half of the interview and thereafter remained partially open. Strickland began by explaining that he had scored the polygraph test and that defendant “clearly and conclusively [was] not telling the truth to the relevant questions” about M. Strickland said that there were “two groups of people [:] * * * the pedophiles, and * * * the opportunistic folks.” He continued:
“When I see reactions like this, it’s one of two reasons: either the person is a fixated lover of children, and a pedophile, and have lots of victims, and lots of really terrible sexual acts to them, to children, or it’s a person that’s in the opportunity group, and it’s not a normal pattern of behavior for them, and they have *** a [conscience], and they are upset at themselves *** so it’s maybe [they] made a mistake in judgment due to stress, or alcohol, something like that, and it was a one-time event short lived.”
Strickland emphasized that he hoped defendant was part of the latter group rather than “some deep dark sinister * * * person, who isolates and takes advantage of kids” as a pattern of behavior. Strickland told defendant that, “without any explanation from [defendant], we have to always assume the worst” but that he thought “this is just a spur of the moment mistake [defendant] made in judgment, it lasted briefly, just a one-time deal.” Strickland posed a series of questions to defendant, seeking an admission as to which of two “groups” — pedophiles or opportunistic individuals — defendant belonged. Defendant replied, “No,” after each question. When defendant denied sexually tоuching M, Strickland responded, “Wrong. You’re not telling the truth to that.”
Concurring with Strickland, Kirkpatrick opined that it was “obvious” to him that the sexual touching had occurred. He contended that “people” would want to know “why this happened” and that they would need an explanation. Kirkpatrick reiterated Strickland’s theme that there are “two kinds of criminal offenders” and that he wanted to know why defendant had touched M. Kirkpatrick explained, again,
“We know what happened. What we’re trying to figure out was why. What people need to understand is why this happened, that it was a one-time occurrence, and that * * * it’s not something that’s gone on for years and years and years. '* * * There’s* * * a story behind this, and if it’s a onetime mistake, people can understand that, but they can’t understand saying deception [unintelligible] continue to lie about — about what’s going on *** we need to get to the bottom of it.”
Strickland added:
“I mean, sometimes the person under-reports, so the fact is it happened 10 times, and there was intercourse, and oral sex, and all this terrible — I don’t think that’s the case here. I think you just made [a mistake], like I said, for whatever reason back then, it’s a different time [unintelligible] five years before. You’re a different guy. For whatever reason you made a mistake in judgment * *
Strickland, however, reasoned that, if the polygraph test had been contaminated by lying, he could not be sure that defendant was not a pedophile. At that point, defеndant admitted that he looked underneath M’s underwear, but he denied having touched her vagina.
Strickland suggested that defendant’s failure to disclose looking under M’s underwear could have contaminated the polygraph results. Using defendant’s partial admission, Strickland said,
“[I]f you’re going to tell the truth, don’t tell part of it, because then that’s — that’s called criminal thinking, and I don’t want to think you’re * * * a person that’s a criminal, so if you’re going to tell us the truth, tell us the whole truth. * * * If you truly do have a [conscience] then, you know, be honest. You know, just tell — tell us what it is. I’m thinking you * * * put your hand there, and touched, and then — and then you were done.”
Taking the same tack, Kirkpatrick repeated that it was “very important” to discuss “the whole thing.” Kirkpatrick emphasized that he, Strickland, and defendant “all know that * * * picking up her pajamas, and looking, and [leaving], is not the whole story[.]” Kirkpatrick said that “it doesn’t work for us to tell half-truths [.]” He thought that defendant was trying to “minimize” the events, that defendant was not being forthcoming with the truth, and that an assertion that M had lied about being sexually abused did not “make any sense.”
As the interview progressed, Kirkpatrick asked defendant whether he “felt coerced in any way like someone’s made [him] say these things.” Defendant responded that he was “not sure.” Kirkpatrick then asked whether any promises or threats had been made to him. Defendant responded, “I wouldn’t say you made any promises or any threats * * * ”
Strickland next suggested that defendant write аn apology letter to M, so that M “understands that * * * [defendant is] not calling her a liar[.]” Defendant was noncommittal. After further prompting to tell “the whole truth,” defendant admitted that he had touched M’s vagina. Kirkpatrick again asked defendant whether he would be willing to write the apology letter to M. Defendant declined, explaining that he did not want to write the letter because “it kind of feels like * * * I’m writing down something, and putting my name to it to be used against me.”
At the conclusion of the interview, Kirkpatrick asked defendant whether he had come to the testing office and took the polygraph test voluntarily and whether he had felt free to leave “this whole time.” Defendant nodded in response to those questions. Immediately thereafter, Kirkpatrick arrested defendant in the testing office.
After defendant was charged with first-degree sexual abuse, he moved to suppress his statements during the final October 15 interview. He argued that he had not been advised оf his Miranda rights, in violation of Article I, section 12. The state responded that no Miranda warning was required in this case because there were not compelling circumstances.
The trial court determined that the circumstances were not compelling. The court found that the testing office “looked very comfortable [,]” that “[n]o promises or threats were madef,]” and that the interview “was more of a question and answer, a free flowing conversation.”
“[Biased on all those stаtements [in the recorded interview], the location of the interview, the size of the room, the items in the room, the idea the defendant was not * * * prevented from leaving, there [were] no promises or coercion on behalf of the detectives, defendant drove himself there * * * based on all that, I find that under the totality of the circumstances, there was no coercion * *
Defendant entered a conditional plea agreement in which he pleaded no contest to first-degree sexual abuse, ORS 163.427.
The law that governs this appeal is familiar. “To protect a person’s right against compelled self-incrimination under Article I, section 12, ‘before questioning, police must give Miranda warnings to a person who is in full custody or in circumstances that create a setting which judges would and officers should recognize to be compelling.’” State v. Ford,
In determining whether circumstances are compelling, we consider four, nonexclusive factors: “(1) the location of the encounter; (2) the length of the encounter; (3) the amount of pressure exerted on the defendant; and (4) the defendant’s ability to terminate the encounter.” Roble-Baker,
Considering the totality of the circumstances, we inquire “whether the officers created the sort of police-dominated atmosphere that Miranda warnings were intended to counteract.” Roble-Baker,
In this case, the first three of four factors suggest compelling circumstances, and they do sо especially with regard to the third factor, upon which we will focus. The fourth factor favors the state, but it alone cannot be dispositive. We address each factor in turn.
As to the first factor, the location of the encounter, the state argues that the setting was “neutral” because (a) defendant drove himself to the office during an ordinary hour of the day, (b) the interview took place in “a typical private office,” and (c) the office was “comfortable” and reasonably-sized. See Northcutt,
The second factor, the duration of the encounter, likewise favors defendant. This incriminating evidence was derived in the final 50-minute interview, but it was part of an experience, including a polygraph examination, that lasted nearly three hours, and was preceded by the initial interview on the day before. In itself, the duration of a police interview is rarely a dispositive factor. We have observed that this factor’s role in the determination of compelling circumstances depends not on the quantity of time but rather on the quality of that time. Northcutt,
As for the third factor, the amount of pressure exerted on a suspect, we conclude that this fаctor most strongly indicates compelling circumstances. In considering the pressure on a suspect, the focus of our inquiry is on “the use of aggressive and coercive police interrogation practices, especially including, but not limited to, those explicitly predicated on assumptions of a suspect’s guilt or calculated to contradict a suspect’s assertions of innocence.” Id.
This inquiry is illustrated in another case. In State v. Machain,
During the final interview, the officers were confrontational about inconsistencies in the defendant’s explanations and “directed her to look at them” while she was talking about the shooting. The officers repeatedly stated that they would be able to find out what had actually happened and asked questions that implicitly assumed that the defendant was guilty. Id. An officer “announced that she might be about to receive more information from the crime lab,” prеcipitating the defendant’s admission that she had tried to break into the safe. Id. The defendant ultimately admitted that she was present when the victim was shot. Id. at 72.
Given the totality of the circumstances, we concluded that the circumstances were compelling. Id. at 76. In reaching this conclusion, we emphasized that unlike in cases in which
“officers confronted the defendants with evidence of guilt briefly and noncoercively,the detectives here repeatedly told defendant that they would be able to disprove any falsehood, that they knew that she was lying, and that she needed to tell the truth and ‘be honest now.’ The detectives, who had told defendant that they would be able to figure out ‘everything’ and that ‘we know what happened now,’ repeatedly asked questions that assumed defendant’s guilt.”
Id. at 75-76. But see Shaff,
In this case, the state argues that “the discussion was neither aggressive nor coercive.” The state contends that the interview proceeded in a “fairly open-ended and, as the trial court found, Tree-flowing’ manner.” Although the detective and polygraph examiner expressed little doubt about their opinion, the state argues that they “had very little evidence of guilt” — -just the polygraph test — and even that evidence “lost any ability to support defendant’s guilt” when he admitted to lifting M’s underwear without any touching. The civil nature of the interview supports the state’s point, but the lack of useful evidence does not mean that the accusations of the examiner and detective were less convincing or put less pressure on dеfendant.
This case resembles Machain. Strickland and Kirkpatrick did much more than simply confront defendant with adverse evidence. From the beginning of the interviews, Strickland and Kirkpatrick confronted defendant with unqualified assertions of his guilt, despite his repeated denials of wrongdoing. Presenting an unwinnable dilemma, Strickland and Kirkpatrick persisted in telling defendant that he should identify himself as either a pedophile or an “opportunistic” individual. They said that they hoped he was just an “opportunistic” individual who had made a “onetime” error or “mistake in judgment,” but they stressed that they would have to “assume the worst” in the absence of his confession. Throughout the interview, Kirkpatrick repeatedly leveraged the inadmissible polygraph results as dispositive evidence of defendant’s guilt. The detective admonished defendant to tell him whether it was a “one-time occurrence” or “something that’s gone on for years and years and years.” By so doing, Kirkpatrick demonstrated a cleаr intent to build pressure on defendant to confess to the “less-serious” criminal behavior.
In light of the purported results of the polygraph, both Strickland and Kirkpatrick repeatedly insisted that they knew “what happened,” that defendant was lying, and that defendant should “be honest” so that they could identify whether he posed a future threat. Their insistence reflected the use of repetitive and coercive police interrogation practices “explicitly рredicated on assumptions of a suspect’s guilt [and] calculated to contradict a suspect’s assertions of innocence.” Northcutt,
As to the fourth factor, the suspect’s ability to end the enсounter, we conclude that this factor supports the state. Defendant disagrees that he could have left, because “a reasonable person in defendant’s position would have understood [himself or] herself to be compelled to answer the detectives’ questions during the interview.” Machain,
As to this factor, the trial court determined that defendant “was not prevented from leaving” and that defendant would have been able to end the interview. That was true
In the totality of the circumstances, the exertion of this pressure on defendant through several interviews in unfamiliar surroundings with the seemingly objective confirmation of the polygraph comprises compelling circumstances. The detective and exаminer “created the sort of police-dominated atmosphere that Miranda warnings were intended to counteract.” Roble-Baker,
Reversed and remanded.
Notes
Article I, section 12, provides, in part, that “[n]o person shall be *** compelled in any criminal prosecution to testify against himself.” That constitutional provision “is an independent source for warnings similar to those required under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as described in Miranda v. Arizona,
See State v. Ford,
Although relevant as a matter of fact to the question of compelling circumstances, reference to promises or threats may be more commonly heard with regard to the separate legal issue concerning the voluntariness of a сonfession for the purposes of Article I, section 12, of the Oregon Constitution or the Fifth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. See, e.g., Schneckloth v. Bustamonte,
Just before the final, full confession, one moment is noteworthy. When asked to write a letter of apology to M, defendant declined. His refusal demonstrated that he wanted to avoid providing evidence to incriminate himself, showed that he did not fully understand that he had already done so, and suggested that, from the outset, he had suffered from ignorance of his constitutional rights.