531 P.2d 737 | Or. Ct. App. | 1975
STATE of Oregon, Respondent,
v.
Gordon Roy MATISCHECK, Appellant.
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
*738 Gary D. Babcock, Public Defender, Salem, argued the cause and filed the brief for appellant.
Thomas H. Denney, Asst. Atty. Gen., Salem, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Lee Johnson, Atty. Gen., and W. Michael Gillette, Sol. Gen., Salem.
Before SCHWAB, C.J., and LANGTRY and FORT, JJ.
SCHWAB, Chief Judge.
This appeal presents another double jeopardy problem under the holding of State v. Brown, 262 Or. 442, 497 P.2d 1191 (1972).
On May 4, 1974, defendant was arrested by a state police officer for driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor (DUIL) in violation of ORS 483.999(2), and was issued a Uniform Traffic Citation charging him with that offense. Immediately after the arrest the officer searched defendant and seized a vial of tablets in defendant's possession. On May 6, 1974, the district attorney received a laboratory report identifying the pills as amphetamines, and on that date an information was filed charging defendant with criminal activity in drugs in violation of ORS 167.207. The laboratory report received by the district attorney stated that defendant had been charged with DUIL on May 4. On May 8 defendant pleaded guilty to and was sentenced on the DUIL charge. On May 9 defendant was indicted on the drug charge. To this charge he entered a plea of former jeopardy under the Brown doctrine. The court denied the plea of former jeopardy, relying on ORS 131.515,[1] which prohibits the prosecution for two or more offenses based upon the same "criminal episode." Thereafter the defendant was found guilty and sentenced on the drug charge, and he appeals from that conviction.
In State v. Brown, 262 Or. 442, 497 P.2d 1191 (1972), the Supreme Court held that Art. I, § 12 of the Oregon Constitution prohibits a second prosecution if
"* * * (1) the charges arise out of the same act or transaction, and (2) the charges could have been tried in the same court, and (3) the prosecutor knew or reasonably should have known of the facts relevant to the second charge at the time of the original prosecution." 262 Or. at 458, 497 P.2d at 1198.
In the present case the state concedes that both charges could have been tried in the same court. Thus the questions presented are whether the other two requirements of Brown are met, namely, (1) were both offenses part of the "same act or transaction," and (2) at the time the defendant pleaded guilty to the DUIL charge, was the prosecutor aware of the fact that the defendant planned to do so and in a position to move for a joinder of both offenses for trial prior to the time the court accepted defendant's guilty plea on the DUIL charge.
The fact that the two offenses with which defendant was charged do not constitute *739 part of a single "criminal episode" as that term is defined in ORS 131.505(4) is not determinative:
"`Criminal episode' means continuous and uninterrupted conduct that establishes at least one offense and is so joined in time, place and circumstances that such conduct is directed to the accomplishment of a single criminal objective."
The standard quoted above from Brown encompasses "* * * the minimum protection which our Constitution requires * * *." 262 Or. at 457, 497 P.2d at 1198. In State v. Boyd, Or. App., 99 Adv. Sh. 2057, 527 P.2d 128, Sup.Ct. review allowed (1974), in discussing the "criminal episode" statute and Brown, we stated:
"* * * [T]he Supreme Court intended the same-act-or-transaction standard to be a constitutional minimum, but noted the statutory criminal-episode standard as a broader one, or at least a different one." 99 Adv.Sh. at 2062, 527 P.2d at 131.
We concluded that
"* * * `same act or transaction' does not mean exactly the same thing as `criminal episode.'" 99 Adv.Sh. at 2062, 527 P.2d at 131.
In Boyd, after noting that the Supreme Court has not specified any test to guide in the determination of whether two charges arose from the "same act or transaction" within the meaning of Brown, we affirmed the trial court's holding that possession of a stolen television set and illegal possession of amphetamines at the same time and place constituted the same "act or transaction" under Brown. In so holding we recognized that the result might well be one not contemplated by the court in enunciating the Brown doctrine, and see no purpose in here elaborating further on the problem other than to refer to the analysis of it contained in Boyd. Suffice it to say that we cannot find a rational distinction between the Boyd facts and the facts here, and we therefore hold that DUIL and possession of drugs at the same time and place constitute a single "act or transaction" under Brown.
This holding, however, does not dispose of the matter. The court below heard no evidence and made no finding on the issue of prosecutorial knowledge because it decided that the two offenses were triable separately in any event. In State v. Leverich, 14 Or. App. 222, 511 P.2d 1265 (1973), aff'd 99 Or.Adv.Sh. 331, 522 P.2d 1390 (1974), we held that the proper time to test prosecutorial knowledge was the time when the first charge goes to trial or a guilty plea is entered. In State v. Hammang, Or. App., 99 Adv.Sh. 2102, 527 P.2d 137, Sup.Ct. review allowed (1974), we stated:
"* * * [T]he question of knowledge is one of fact. Being a question of fact initially passed upon by the trial court, it follows that the trial court must, if there is any factual dispute, hold an evidentiary hearing to determine the facts * * *." 99 Adv.Sh. at 2105, 527 P.2d at 138.
Clearly the court in Brown did not intend that if a defendant could get to the courthouse faster than the prosecution he could thereby automatically eliminate one charge. It follows that prosecutorial knowledge which would bar a second prosecution after a plea of guilty on the first charge has to be knowledge which the prosecutor had or should have had at a time when he was in a position to call the attention of the court to the problem and move for joinder prior to the offer of a guilty plea on the first charge by the defendant and the acceptance of it by the court. Here, viewed from the standpoint most favorable to the defendant, the record discloses that the district attorney had knowledge of the fact that two charges were pending only two days before the entry of the guilty plea on the DUIL charge. The record does not tell us whether the prosecutor was present at the time of the guilty plea or knew that the defendant was going to enter it. The prosecutorial-knowledge requirement of Brown is met *740 only if the prosecutor knew that more than one charge was pending and: (1) failed to take steps necessary to join the charges for trial; or (2) received timely notice that the defendant was going to plead guilty to one charge, or was present at the time the plea was offered and stood mute. It is therefore necessary to remand this matter to the circuit court for an evidentiary hearing on these questions.
The judgment of conviction is reversed and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. If the court finds that there was prosecutorial knowledge as defined herein, it shall enter an appropriate order dismissing this proceeding. If the court finds that there was not prosecutorial knowledge as defined herein, it shall make an appropriate finding and enter a new judgment of conviction based on said finding and the judgment heretofore entered.
Reversed and remanded.
FORT, Judge (dissenting).
The majority holds "that DUIL and possession of drugs at the same time and place constitute a single `act or transaction' under Brown" (State v. Brown, 262 Or. 442, 497 P.2d 1191 (1972)). It therefore concludes that, assuming prosecutorial knowledge at the time defendant pleaded guilty to DUIL the day prior to his indictment for criminal activity in drugs, the latter prosecution is barred under the double jeopardy clause.
I do not believe the mere coincidence that defendant was in possession of unlawful drugs at the time he was arrested for DUIL makes the former crime a part of the same "act or transaction" as the DUIL. In State v. Rook, 14 Or. App. 211, 511 P.2d 1245, Sup.Ct. review denied (1973), we held that because a man committed three murders in the course of a single burglary, and was prosecuted first for only one, he was not barred by the double jeopardy provision from prosecution for the other two murders. Each killing was a separate "act or transaction."
Recently in State v. Stover, Or., 531 P.2d 258 (1975), our Supreme Court said:
"* * * Thus `crime' as used in ORS 134.140(2) is not to be interpreted broadly to include all crimes arising out of the same criminal transaction. It is clear that criminally negligent homicide and driving with .15% or more by weight of alcohol in the blood are separate and distinct crimes for purposes of ORS 134.140(2). * * *" 531 P.2d at 263.
Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
NOTES
[1] "No person shall be separately prosecuted for two or more offenses based upon the same criminal episode, if the several offenses are reasonably known to the appropriate prosecutor at the time of commencement of the first prosecution and establish proper venue in a single court." ORS 131.515(2).
