274 Mo. 578 | Mo. | 1918
On the 26th day of March, 1917, the prosecuting attorney of Pemiscot County filed in the circuit court of that county his duly verified information charging defendant herein with the crime of robbery in the first degree. Upon his trial defendant was found guilty and his punishment assessed at imprisonment in the Penitentiary for a term of five years. Prom the resulting sentence .defendant has appealed.
The facts shown in evidence tend to prove that defendant, together with John Citius, Willie Sharp- and an unknown man decoyed one E. P. Adkins (who had been drinking and was at the time under the influence of liquor, if not actually drunk) out of a saloon in the town of Caruthersville, and robbed him of a watch, watch-
Defendant was not jointly charged with Citius and Sharp in this robbery, but was separately indicted. Citihs and Sharp, as the record discloses, were jointly indicted for the robbery of Adkins. Sharp had, it seems, theretofore been tried and convicted, and Citius had pleaded guilty, and upon the trial of defendant Citius testified for the State.
There was much other evidence, both direct and circumstantial, in the case, outside of that given by the accomplice Citius, but for ease of statement we shall refer in detail to his story of the circumstances of the robbery, as well as to his statement of the facts which led up thereto. Defendant, together with Sharp and Citius, and numerous others, were, as stated, in a saloon with Adkins. The latter was drunk. He had invited the usual aggregation of bystanders to join him in a drink, in paying for which he had exhibited some money. Thereupon defendant, according to the story of his accomplice Citius, said to the latter and to Sharp, that he, defendant, would entice Adlcins out of the saloon, and take him down the street, and that Citius and Sharp could follow after them, catch up with them and the three of them would get Adkins’s money. Upon the pretense of showing Adkins a rooming house, which defendant averred he owned, or was running, he took Adkins by the arm and led him out of the saloon. Almost instantly thereafter Citius and Sharp followed them out. After going with Adkins, holding the latter by the arm, for a distance of some two blocks or more, defendant released Adkins, and almost immediately thereafter Adkins was struck, knocked down, and for a moment seemingly rendered unconscious. While he was down, defendant, assisted by Citius, vtook from his person the property set out in the information.
Shortly afterward Adkins returned to the saloon and'made complaint that he had been robbed. Defendant also came back into this-saloon and was accused by Adkins of having assisted in the robbery'. Upon the
Defendant testifying for himself denied any participation whatever in this robbery, but swore that Sharp and Citius committed the robbery without any assistance from him or from anyone else. He swore that he thought Sharp struck Adkins, and that Sharp then drew a gun and ordered him (defendant) to “stay out of it.” One witness for defendant testified that he was with defendant on the night of the robbery and that defendant had no conversation whatever with either Citius or Sharp. The latter, however, testifying for defendant, admits having a conversation with the defendant a short time before the robbery, but denies that this conversation had anything to do with the robbery. The reputation of the defendant, as well as that of many of the witnesses, was shown to be bad.
Such further facts as tend to make clear the points we find ourselves compelled to 'discuss will be set forth in the opinion in connection with that discussion.
I. Defendant complains that the information upon which he was tried and convicted is bad, for that it does not charge that an assault was made upon the prosecuting witness. Omitting merely formal parts, which are conventional, this information reads thus:
“Now comes C. E. Bragg, Prosecuting Attorney within and for the County of Pemiscot, who in this behalf prosecutes for and in the name of the State of Missouri, and upon his official oath informs on or about the -day of March, 1917, at and within the county and State aforesaid, one Joe Massey, in and upon E. P. Adkins, unlawfully land feloniously malee an assault and one gold watch of the value of twenty dollars, one gold watch-chain of the value of three dollars, one pocket knife of the value of one dollar and ten dollars of good and lawful money
It is plain that the pleader by a mere clerical misprision, either omitted the word “did” before the phrase “make an assault,” or he wrote “make” where he intended to write “made.” In either event the error is one which the reader of the information readily detects and is readily and instantly able to supply. Such condition being obvious we do not think we ought to condemn the information as being fatally bad. We think it is saved by the Statute of Jeofails which forbids us to hold invalid any defective indictment or information wherein the defect extant “does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits.” [See. 5115, R. S. 1909; State v. Duvenick, 237 Mo. l. c. 194; State v. West, 202 Mo. 128 ; State v. Griffiln, 249 Mo. l. c. 627; State v. Morehead, 195 S. W. 1043.]. It follows that this specific contention of fatal badness, must be overruled. Obviously, the .patent clerical errors in the contra formam staiuii clause of the information are likewise cured by the Statute of Jeofails, supra.
This information is, however, subject to another serious criticism, not called to our attention in the brief of defendant’s learned counsel, but one which, being obvious, we think we should notice, and one which, if the defect prove to be fatal, it is our statutory duty to notice. This criticism is bottomed upon the novel departure in criminal pleading which led the learned prosecuting attorney to omit to charge in the set phrase and language of both the statute and the common law, that the taking of the property of the prosecuting witness from the person of the latter was “against his will.” The common law required such an allegation to be made in the indictment, and our own
II. It is also urged that the learned trial court erred in i*efusing to give the usual cautionary instruction on the weight to he given by the jury to- the testimony of one Oitius, an alleged accomplice, w^° testified for the State. The only case in this State, which either the diligence of learned counsel for defendant or our own researches have found for us, and which holds that such failure is reversible error, is the case of State v. Woolard, 111 Mo. l. c. 256. In the above case, at the page cited, Judge GrANTT, said:
“The court clearly erred in refusing defendant’s fourth instruction. While a jury may convict upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, it is clearly the duty of the court to caution them in regard to- such testimony. T¡he impeachment of the witness, Alf. Brown, in this case, was so overwhelming, in- addition to his being an accomplice, it was peculiarly incumbent on the trial court to caution the jury in regard to convicting, the defendant, for so grave- an offense, upon his uncorroborated evidence. ’ ’
From this excerpt facts appear, we think, which distinguish the Woolard case from ,the instant one. There the accomplice had been “overwhelmingly impeached.” Moreover, the case was one wherein the conviction could not have been obtained, absent the testimony of the accomplice, that is, but for this testimony the State could not have gotten the case to the
In a case wherein so large a part of the testimony upon which the conviction is bottomed comes from an accomplice, as that without such testimony the conviction could by no means be upheld, it might well constitute reversible error to refuse to give such cautionary instruction. But that is not this case. The rule we here adhere to is in all respects similar to tüe rule many times announced by us in the precisely analogous case of a conviction upon circumstantial evidence. In such a case, if all of the evidence upon which a conviction is bottomed is circumstantial, it is error to refuse to give the jury a cautionary instruction as to the manner of weighing such evidence. [State v. Donnelly, 130 Mo. l. c. 649.] But if a conviction is not sought on circumstantial evidence alone, it is not error to refuse to give the cautionary instruction as to the manner in which siuch evidence should be weighed. [State v. Bobbitt, 215 Mo. 10; State v. Crone, 209 Mo. 316; State v. Donnelly, 130 Mo. 642; State v. Robinson, 117 Mo. l. c.
III. It is further contended that the court failed to require the jury, in and by instruction one given sua sponte, to find that the assault was felonious and ^le taking of the property was feloniously done. This instruction does require the jury to find that the property was taken by defendant “with the intent at the time to wrongfully take and carry away and to convert the same fraudulently to his own use and deprive the owner thereof permanently without his consent.” Moreover, we said in the case of State v. Rader, 262 Mo. l. c. 133, after a careful examination of this whole question, this:
“Even in prosecutions for robbery in the first degree, on all-fours by analogy both in the respect that a larceny is committed ordinarily and that the statutes defining it likewise use the word ‘feloniously,’ we find no such invariable ride. On the contrary, the general rule is in robbery as in ordinary cases, that feloniously need not be used in the instruction, or if used that it need not be defined. [State v. Woodward, supra; State v. Cantlin, supra; State v. Rowland, supra.].”
IV. Blut touching this instruction, it is further and most seriously contended thfa.t in the very face of the evidence that both the assault upon the prosecuting witness and the taking of his property from bis person were done and committed by persons other than defendant, this instruction yet unequivocally tells the jury that they must find that such assault and such taking of the property were actually done by defendant himself before they can find him guilty. This, contention is borne out by the instruction which plainly so charges. The instructions in a criminal ease must be bottomed upon
It may well be that the facts proven called for the giving of instructions running substantially thus:
“If, upon a consideration of all of the facts in the case in the light of the instructions given you by the court, you find and believe that on or about the-day of March, 1917, at the County of Pemiscot and State of Missouri, John Citius, Willie Sharp, and an unknown man, or either of them, did make an assault noon one E. P. Adkins, and that said John Citius, Willie Sharp, and said unknown man, or either of them did by*591 violence to bis person and against his will take from the person of him,, the said Adkins, one gold watch, one gold watch-chain, one pocket knife and ten dollars in lawful money of the United States, or any part of said above-named articles, with the intent at the time wrongfully to take and carry away and fraudulently to convert said articles or any of them to their own use and" to deprive the owner thereof permanently without his consent, and that said articles were the property of said E. P. Adkins, and were of any value, and if (having found the above facts), you further find and believe that defendant was then and there present aiding, abetting and encouraging-in any way, or by any means, the commission of such assault and larceny (if any), you should find the defendant guilty of robbery in the first degree, as he stands charged; otherwise, ,you should acquit the defendant.
‘ ‘ The court instructs the jury that every person who is present ¡at the commission of a felony, aiding, abetting, assisting or encouraging the same, by words, gestures, looks or signs, is in law deemed an aider and abettor, and is liable as a principal. But on the other hand, mere presence at the commision of a felony, or other wrongful act, does not of itself render a person liable as a participator therein; if he is only a spectator, innocent of any unlawful intent touching such felony, and does not aid, abet, assist or encourage those who are actors therein, he is not liable ¡as a principal or other-, wise.” [State v. Cantlin, 118 Mo. 100.]
But, as this point is not raised in a manner calling for review, we are not called on to consider it.
V. It is strenuously urged that it was error to permit the State to offer in evidence the information which had been filed against John Citius, who is designated in the brief of defendant’s learned counsel as the “star witness for the State,” and that like error occ"arred i11 allowing the State to put in evidence the record of conviction of Willie Sharp, a witness for defendant, for his
Upon the other ground of complaint, that error occurred in permitting the State to show the record of the conviction of Willie Sharp, for this identical robbery, it is sufficient to say that the conviction of a witness of a crime may always be shown by the adverse side as a matter of impeachment. Here the plea of not guilty, the names of the trial panel and the verdict of the jury were all contained in a single record entry, which was offered as an entirety. If this record was incompetent, it was so for a reason not remotely mentioned in defendant’s objection thereto, which objection was in substance merely that the record was not binding upon the defendant and that it had no tendency to prove either his guilt or innocence.
Neither is. there uny merit in the suggestion now made (which’ likewise was not urged in the original objection) that while impeachment testimony might have been competent after Sharp had testified as a witness, for defendant, it was not competent prior to the giving of such testimony. The admission in chief of proper rebuttal testimony while an irregularity and while the custom is not one which ought to be followed, should not be held to be reversible error. We have held th'at such an irregularity is not error meet for reversal (State v. Beedle, 180 S. W. 888), and such a rule seems to have met with approval in other jurisdictions. [Hays v. State, 40 Md. 633; Brister v. State, 26 Ala. 107; Nuckolls v. College, etc., 94 Pac. 81; Bliss v. Waterbury,
If the jury saw fit to believe the witnesses, and the result indicates somewhat conclusively that they did, the evidence is ample to sustain the conviction. •
No errors of sufficient moment to call for a reversal of the case being called to our attention, it must be affirmed. Let this be done.