186 A.2d 553 | Conn. Super. Ct. | 1962
The defendant was found guilty, after trial to a jury, of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of §
The nature of this appeal makes unnecessary an examination of the transcript of evidence which has been filed, except as it may be needed for the purpose of establishing the facts bearing upon the claimed errors. *47
On January 18, 1962, the defendant pleaded not guilty, a jury was selected, the oath administered, and the information read to the jury by the clerk. The jury was then excused by the presiding judge until January 23, 1962, the next day of the session assigned for jury trials. It was stipulated by counsel that, because of the five-day interval, if the presiding judge, the assistant prosecuting attorney or the defense counsel could not then be present, others could be substituted for them, and that if any members of the jury of twelve were absent, the case would proceed so long as a minimum of six jurors were present. On January 23 (Tuesday), the defendant appeared ready for trial. The prosecution informed the court that a police sergeant, a vital witness for the state, was presently unavailable because of a physical injury received the preceding Sunday. For this reason the state moved for a discharge of the jury and for a continuance of the matter to January 30. The court was informed that the witness would not be available for at least one week.
This motion, which in effect was one for mistrial, was opposed by the defendant on the following grounds: The case had been marked ready for trial notwithstanding the happening of certain contingencies which were stipulated; there was no basis for a mistrial; no other case could take precedence until the defendant's case was finally disposed of; adjournment of the case for one week would be unreasonable; the defendant was entitled to be tried by the jury already selected; the defendant was entitled to a speedy trial; and if a mistrial were directed, any further proceedings against the defendant would constitute double jeopardy. The court declared a mistrial and discharged the jury.
On January 30, the defendant was again put to plea upon the same information. He declined to stand on the plea already entered and, upon being *48 arraigned anew, pleaded not guilty and elected to be tried by a jury of twelve. A new jury was selected and the defendant tried. In the course of the trial the defendant objected to certain rulings of the court which were assigned as error under claims (3) and (4) noted above.
In granting or denying a motion for a mistrial, the court is vested with a wide discretion, and its action will not be disturbed unless the discretion was clearly abused. Ferino v. Palmer,
The underlying principle by which courts are authorized and empowered to discharge juries from further consideration of a case, without infringing on the rights of an accused, had early been stated by Mr. Justice Story in United States v. Perez,
22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 579, 580, and it appears to be as valid today as it was in 1824: "We think, that in all *49
cases of this nature, the law has invested Courts of justice with the authority to discharge a jury from giving any verdict, whenever, in their opinion, taking all the circumstances into consideration, there is a manifest necessity for the act, or the ends of public justice would otherwise be defeated. They are to exercise a sound discretion on the subject; and it is impossible to define all the circumstances, which would render it proper to interfere. To be sure, the power ought to be used with the greatest caution, under urgent circumstances, and for very plain and obvious causes; and, in capital cases especially, Courts should be extremely careful how they interfere with any of the chances of life, in favour of the prisoner. But, after all, they have the right to order the discharge; and the security which the public have for the faithful, sound, and conscientious exercise of this discretion, rests, in this, as in other cases, upon the responsibility of the Judges, under their oaths of office. We are aware that there is some diversity of opinion and practice on this subject, in the American Courts; but, after weighing the question with due deliberation, we are of opinion, that such a discharge constitutes no bar to further proceedings, and gives no right of exemption to the prisoner from being again put upon trial." See note at
In the case before us, the defendant had no right to have the trial go forward when it became known that the absence of a material witness might defeat the state's case. This circumstance was not due to any failure, neglect, or lack of preparation on the part of the prosecution. Due process of law does not mean that the rights of the public must be disregarded by pursuing a course manifestly unjust and fatuous. The court was faced with the choice of discharging the jury or continuing the case. If it had granted a continuance, as suggested by the *50
defendant, its action would have been correct. State
v. Chin Lung,
The defendant also claims error in that the trial in this case exposed him to double jeopardy. What we have said above makes unnecessary any extensive consideration of this claim. The rule in our state as to what constitutes double jeopardy is stated in the leading case of State v. Lee,
In the course of the trial, Sergeant Caleskie of the Farmington police department was presented as a witness for the state. He testified as to his own personal observations of the condition of the accused at the time of the arrest and also as to the results of an examination of the accused at the police department. This testimony was based upon a report made by the witness at the time of the examination. In this report and in his testimony, the sergeant concluded that at the time of the arrest and the examination the accused was under the influence of alcohol and unfit to operate a motor vehicle.
The sergeant was next questioned concerning the practice of the department with regard to medical examinations of persons accused of operating under the influence of intoxicating liquor. In accordance with this practice, he testified, an officer of the department, together with the accused, was sent to Doctor Crawley in West Hartford. The physician then conducted an examination of the accused and filled out, in duplicate, a form prepared by the police department. This form consisted of a mimeographed sheet with the heading "Farmington Police Department" and contained a large number of questions calling for either short written answers or the encircling of certain items printed thereon. Thus, for example, there were legends and encircled words as quoted: "Breath: strong; Color of face: pale; Mental state: polite; Eyes: watery, bloodshot; Pupils: dilated; Balance: wabbling; Walk: stumbling; Turning: uncertain; Finger to nose test: uncertain; Choice of words: jerky." At the end, and in a place reserved for signature, appeared the following: "George A. Crawley M.D., 12-24-61, 4:47 AM," and *52 below that, on a line after the printed words "Physician's Diagnosis," was the following handwritten statement: "Under the inf of alcohol and unfit to drive." Below this appeared the signature of the officer.
This paper was offered in evidence and admitted, over defendant's objection, as a business entry of the police department. It was testified that the examining physician had filled out the paper and signed it and it was then returned to the police department by the attending officer. The principal objection of the defendant was that the statement, admitted and marked exhibit A, did not qualify as a business entry under §
Section
Under our present rule, a variety of records, books, and papers have been allowed in evidence, as for example, books of account, hospital records, factory memoranda, factory medical records, nursing records, welfare investigator's data, and police reports. State v. Hayes, supra; Borucki v. MacKenzieBros. Co., supra; D'Amato v. Johnston, *54
supra; Szela v. Johnson Motor Lines, Inc.,
For a record to be admissible under the statute, it is required to meet three qualifications: (1) It must be made in the regular course of business. (2) It must be the regular course of business to make such record. (3) It must be made at or near the time of the act, transaction or event. Szela v.Johnson Motor Lines, Inc., supra, 723. "[T]he mere fact that a record is generally admissible under . . . [the statute] does not mean that anything and everything contained in the record is necessarily admissible in a given case." Maggi v. Mendillo,
Police reports may be introduced in evidence under our statute provided they meet the tests specified. Statements of volunteers and of those outside of the police department, who are under no duty to make observations or record them as members of the police organization, although made part of the police records or reports, are treated as hearsay and do not come under the exception provided by the statute. That is particularly true of reports containing statements of witnesses as to their own observation, opinions or speculations. Sheary v.Hallock's of Middletown, Inc.,
There is no evidence that Dr. Crawley was a member of the Farmington police department or under any duty to the department to make the report which was admitted in evidence. The fact that his observations and opinions were expressed on a mimeographed form of the police department does not make it a record of that department. It was no more and no less than a statement of the physician's own observations and opinions, made in the course of his own medical practice. It was not offered as a record made by Doctor Crawley and, if it had been, there is no evidence under which it would have qualified as such under §
We consider briefly the final error assigned, since it is likely that the same questions may arise upon a new trial. During the cross-examination of a police sergeant, defense counsel took from the witness a memorandum evidently made by him and from which he had testified. He then proceeded to question the witness concerning items obviously contained in or suggested by the memorandum. Such procedure was improper and not within the allowable scope of a cross-examination. Authorities on this point are so abundant and uniform that the cardinal rules involved may be stated without elaborate citation.
A witness may use a memorandum to refresh his recollection if it appears that such aid is indicated; his testimony, however, is that of his present recollection of a past matter and not of something of which he has no present knowledge except as derived by a reading of the memorandum. A memorandum used for the purpose of refreshing recollection may be one made by the witness or another. In itself it is not evidence. Opposing counsel may examine such a memorandum to make sure that it is what it purports to be and that a surreptitious use of a document is not being attempted. If use of the memorandum is questioned because, for example, it appears that the witness is reading from it and not testifying from a refreshed recollection, or because he is supplying from it facts which are not susceptible of being remembered without reliance on a record for exactness, or for other reasons of *57 misuse of the memorandum for the limited purpose claimed, then an objection may be raised and the issue presented for decision by the court as a matter of law, in the absence of the jury. It is not permissible to test the propriety of using a memorandum for the sole purpose of refreshing a present recollection by cross-examining the witness before the jury on facts contained or purported to be contained in such memorandum, for the jury then would have no knowledge as to the correctness or incorrectness of such reference, or they might be misled into assuming that the fact implied in the question could be considered as evidence and used to measure the truth or accuracy of the testimony of the witness.
Where a witness has no present recollection of a past matter and his reliance is entirely upon a memorandum from which he knows upon inspection that at some former time he had knowledge of the facts stated therein and that the statement is true, such memorandum may be admitted as a record of a past recollection. Neff v. Neff,
In the present case, it appears that the memorandum may have been a business entry and that the witness had been reading from it. That had not been objected to. Proper procedure requires that such a record be introduced to prove its contents rather than to have the witness read from it. State
v. Ferraiuolo,
It is not proper to conduct an interrogation before the jury on any document not in evidence or that will be withheld from the jury's inspection.Johnson v. Charles William Palomba Co.,
Exhibits should not be marked for identification unless it is intended to offer them in evidence upon completing their qualification or unless they are so marked to protect the rights of the offeror in further proceedings. Absent such intention, the marking for identification tends to dignify the objects as exhibits in the eyes of the jury and should be avoided. State v. Schleifer,
This assignment of error is without merit.
There is error, the judgment is set aside and a new trial is ordered.
In this opinion DEARINGTON and KINMONTH, JS., concurred.