Jeremy Tyler Martin (“defendant”) appeals from a judgment entered on 20 July 2007 pursuant to a jury verdict finding him guilty of attempted first degree burglary. Defendant was sentenced to a minimum of thirty-two months’ imprisonment and a maximum of forty-eight months’ imprisonment. After careful review, we find defendant’s trial to be free from error.
The State presented evidence tending to show that on 29 March 2007, around 8:30 p.m., Deborah Rickman (“Mrs. Rickman”) was at home with her husband, police officer Ken Rickman (“Mr. Rickman”), and their two children. Mrs. Rickman was taking a bath when she “heard this racket going on outside, like loud four wheelers.” Mrs. Rickman heard her dog barking and looked out the bathroom window and saw defendant walk around the comer of her house.
Mrs. Rickman then heard scratching at her bedroom window. She pulled back the window shade on the bedroom window and saw *465 defendant on the other side of the window, pulling on the window and a cord attached to the window. Defendant had put his fingers around the window screen and had pushed the window off of its track.
Mrs. Rickman saw a man’s face on the other side of the window and recognized him as defendant. She testified that defendant was wearing a white t-shirt at the time. She had known defendant for five or six years because defendant’s parents live near the Rickmans’ home and “he’s very well known in [the] neighborhood.” She testified that the lights were on both inside her bedroom and outside where defendant was standing.
When defendant saw Mrs. Rickman, he walked away from the window, and went along the side of the house. Mrs. Rickman ran outside to the front porch, saw defendant standing outside, made eye contact with him and said, “Jeremy Martin, get off my property now.”
Mrs. Rickman then walked back inside her home, awoke her husband, and told him that “Jeremy Martin was trying to break into the house.” Mr. Rickman retrieved his gun, walked outside to the porch, and fired a few warning shots into the air. Mr. Rickman then called 911 at 8:48 p.m.
Defendant’s grandmother, Emily Martin, testified on behalf of defendant at trial. Ms. Martin testified that she picked up defendant from his father’s home around 7:30 p.m. She testified that defendant was wearing a royal blue shirt and khaki pants. They then went to a CVS pharmacy, with defendant remaining in the car, while Ms. Martin shopped for approximately thirty minutes. The two then went to a Bojangles’ restaurant and then went home.
Defendant presents the following issues for this Court’s review: (1) whether the trial court érred in admitting testimony of other crimes and/or wrongs committed by defendant; (2) whether the trial court committed plain error in its limiting instruction regarding the other crimes and/or wrongs alleged to have been committed by defendant; (3) whether the trial court erred in allowing the State to cross-examine Ms. Martin about defendant’s prior record, sentences, and the length of sentence he might face were he convicted; (4) whether the trial court erred in failing to dismiss the charges against defendant; (5) whether the trial court erred in overruling defendant’s objection to the State’s arguments regarding defendant’s prior criminal record; and (6) whether the trial court erred in refusing defendant’s requested instructions on attempted misdemeanor breaking and entering.
*466 I.
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in admitting testimony of prior bad acts of defendant. We disagree.
We review a trial court’s decision on admission or exclusion of evidence for abuse of discretion.
Brown v. City of Winston-Salem,
As a general matter, character evidence is not admissible to prove conformity therewith.
State v. Bogle,
Rule 404(b) is a “rule of
inclusion of
relevant evidence
of
other crimes, wrongs or acts by a defendant, subject to but
one exception
requiring its exclusion if its
only
probative value is to show that the defendant has the propensity or disposition to commit an offense of the nature of the crime charged.”
State v. Coffey,
“Even if offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b),” the evidence still must be relevant, “and such evidence is not relevant unless it ‘reasonably tends to prove a material fact in issue’ other than the character of the accused.’ ”
State v. Haskins,
*467 Thus, in summation, we must first determine whether the evidence was offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b), then determine whether the evidence is relevant under Rule 401, and finally determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in balancing the probative value of the evidence under Rule 403.
In determining whether the prior acts “are offered for a proper purpose, the ultimate test of admissibility is ‘whether the [prior acts] are sufficiently similar and not so remote in time as to be more probative than prejudicial under the balancing test of . . . Rule 403.’ ”
State v. Pruitt,
A. Defendant’s prior acts of breaking and entering and larceny on 24 April 2005 and 28 April 2005
Person County Sheriff’s Department Sergeant A.J. Weaver testified that: (1) on 28 April 2005, defendant committed breaking and entering of a motor vehicle and misdemeanor larceny of property; and (2) on 24 April 2005, defendant committed breaking and entering of a residence and misdemeanor larceny of property. Defendant pled guilty to misdemeanor possession of stolen goods arising out of the 28 April 2005 charges, and felony possession of stolen goods arising out of the 24 April 2005 charges.
The State argues that evidence of defendant committing a larceny after he broke and entered the motor vehicle and residence is admissible under Rule 404(b) to show defendant’s motive and intent to commit a larceny. Specifically, the State argues that the evidence of the prior acts “are not too remote in time because defendant committed the prior acts two years before his 29 March 2007 attempted first degree burglary” and they are “sufficiently similar because defendant broke into a motor vehicle and a residence and committed a larceny with the two prior acts[.]” We agree.
As to time, “remoteness in time is less significant when[,]” as is the case here, “the prior conduct is used to show intent [or] motive[.]”
State v. Stager,
This Court has found prior acts of “(1) shoplifting of a vacuum cleaner from K-Mart, (2) breaking and entering and larceny at [a place of business], and (3) car theft . . . relevant to show [defendant’s] intent and motive for unlawfully entering the [victim’s] residence.”
State v. Hutchinson,
B. Defendant’s prior act of marijuana possession
Person County Sheriff’s Department Officer Mike Clayton testified that he witnessed defendant conduct a drug transaction on 26 March 2007. Officer Clayton also testified that after witnessing the transaction, he arrested defendant for possession of marijuana. Defendant pled guilty to misdemeanor possession of marijuana as a result of this prior act.
Evidence of drug use has been properly used to establish a motive for a robbery.
State v. Stephenson,
*469
Finally, we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in conducting the Rule 403 balancing test before admitting this evidence. In
Holadia,
this Court found no abuse of discretion in admitting the evidence of prior drug related acts even though they occurred four years before the act for which the defendant was tried.
Id.
at 255,
C. Defendant’s prior act of breaking and entering and larceny on 4 October 2006
Person County Sheriff’s Department Officer Ryan Weaver testified that defendant committed a breaking and entering and larceny at the residence of Amanda McKay-Walker on 4 October 2006. Defendant had entered the Walker residence through the back window. The Walker residence is located in the same neighborhood as the Rickman residence. In that case, defendant pled guilty to felony breaking and entering.
This Court has held that admission of evidence regarding a prior break-in was admissible under Rule 404(b) to show identity where the defendant entered through a window, the homes were in the same neighborhood, and both break-ins occurred at a similar hour.
See State v. Whitaker,
Additionally, the similarity between this act and the prior act also shows intent. Here, defendant was convicted of attempted first degree burglary. His prior act helped establish that had Mrs. Rickman not caught him, defendant intended to burglarize the home. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence under Rule 404(b). Finally, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence under Rule 403,
*470
especially given the fact that the trial court properly instructed the jury to use it only for purposes of intent.
See, e.g., id.
at 388,
II.
Defendant next argues that the trial court committed plain error when it instructed the jury to consider prior acts only for the purpose of determining defendant’s intent and motive and by not including language that the jury “could not consider the evidence to prove the character of the defendant or that he acted in conformity therewith.” We disagree.
Defendant’s argument is reviewable on appeal for plain error because he failed to object at trial to the instructions.
State v. Jones,
The North Carolina Pattern Jury Instructions for Rule 404(b) state:
Evidence has been received tending to show that (state specific evidence). This evidence was received solely for the purpose of showing
[a Rule 404(b) purpose].
If you believe this evidence you may consider it, but only for the limited purposes for which it was received.
1 N.C.P.I. — Crim. 104.15 (2005). The trial court instructed the jury in a substantially similar fashion when it instructed the jury at the close of all evidence that:
Now, evidence has been received tending to show that the defendant had been charged and convicted of crimes prior to March 29, 2007. This evidence was received solely for the purposes of showing that the defendant had a motive for the commission of the crime charged in this case, and that the defendant had the intent which is a necessary element of the crime charged in this case. If you believe this evidence, you *471 may consider it, but only for the limited purpose for which it was received.
(Emphasis added.)
We can find no error, much less plain error, when the trial court instructed the jury consistent with the pattern jury instructions. Although additional instructions would not have been inappropriate, it is incumbent upon defendant to make those requests to the trial court.
State v.
Hopper,
III.
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State to cross-examine Ms. Martin, defendant’s grandmother, concerning: Defendant’s potential sentence, whether defendant was kicked out of high school for having drugs in school, whether defendant had been in drug treatment court, whether defendant had a drug problem, and whether Ms. Martin knew defendant stole Oxycontin pills from an Earlene Robinson in 2004. We address each in turn.
As to defendant’s first contention, that the trial court erred by questioning Ms. Martin regarding the sentence defendant could receive upon conviction, defendant cites no authority for such a proposition. Where no argument or authority has been cited to the alleged error, it is deemed abandoned. N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(6). Defendant, having failed to present any authority that the trial court erred, has abandoned this argument.
As to defendant’s remaining contentions in this section, defendant failed to object at trial and has not specifically argued that the trial court committed plain error. Under such circumstances, this Court will not review whether the alleged error rises to the level of plain error.
State v. Alston,
IV.
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charge of attempted first degree burglary. We disagree.
The standard of review on appeal of the denial of a criminal defendant’s motion to dismiss for insufficient evidence is whether the
*472
State has offered substantial evidence to show that the defendant committed each element required to be convicted of the crime charged.
State v. Williams,
“Burglary is defined in North Carolina by the common law and G.S. 14-51, as the breaking and entering of the dwelling house or sleeping apartment of another in the nighttime with intent to commit a felony therein, whether such intent be executed or not.”
State v. Goodman,
In
State v. Bumgarner,
V.
Defendant next argues the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed the prosecutor to address defendant’s prior acts in his closing argument. Because defendant has again failed to cite any authority in support of his contention that the trial court erred, his argument is deemed abandoned. N.C.R. App. R 28(b)(6).
*473 VI.
Defendant’s final argument is that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser-included offense of attempted misdemeanor breaking and entering. We disagree.
If there is any evidence that indicates the absence of an important element of the primary offense and the existence of an element of a lesser offense, the jury must be instructed on the lesser offense as well.
State v. Armadale,
As discussed in section IV of this opinion, the State presented sufficient evidence to submit the charge of first degree attempted burglary to the jury. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s request for instructions on the lesser-included offense. Moreover, neither case cited by defendant is applicable to the case at bar. In both,
State v. Barlowe,
VII.
In conclusion, we find no abuse of discretion when the trial court admitted into evidence defendant’s prior bad acts. We find no error in the trial court’s instructions to the jury, denial of defendant’s motion to dismiss, and refusal to instruct on a lesser-included offense. Because defendant has failed to cite any authority or argue plain error regarding alleged trial court errors relating to the scope of the State’s cross-examination and closing argument, those issues are rejected.
No error.