State v. MarkhamState v. Markham
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- Before:
- Munson
Lawrence D. Markham appeals his convictions of conspiracy to commit securities fraud, conspiracy to commit first degree theft, fraud in connection with the offer and sale of a security (nine counts), first degree theft (nine counts), and sale of unregistered securities. He contends: (1)
Between April 1979 and February 1980, Markham held varying interests in four corporations. Money Vendors Corporation began as a sole proprietorship of Markham and was incorporated in November 1978. The purpose of Money Vendors was to supply vending and other machines to Lease Funding, Ltd., at a 100 to 400 percent markup. Money Vendors was to obtain locations for the machines and lessees to run them. Markham and Money Vendors assured the lesseеs they could have their lease deposits
Lease Funding, Ltd., began as a partnership between Harold Kunz and Markham. It was incorporated in November 1979, with Markham owning 49 percent and Kunz 51 percent. The purpose of Lease Funding was to find investors to purchase vending and other machines from Money Vendors. The investors paid a 10 percent fee to Lease Funding in addition to the purchase price of their machines. The purchasers would then act as lessors of the machines. Lease Funding advertised a 20 percent return on its leases, and provided computer printouts showing projected profits and tax deductions. Lease Funding was to collect payments from the lessees, deduct sales tax, and remit the balance to the lessors. Markham and Money Vendors provided personal and corporаte guaranties of the lease payments. The purchaser-lessors did not meet the lessees; the leases and documents acknowledging receipt of the machines were signed by the lessees before presentation to the purchaser-lessors. Markham attended at least one “seminar” for prospective buyers and approved a Lease Funding sales presentation.
Each Lease Funding transaction involved six documents: (1) bill of sale signed by Markham as president of Money Vendors; (2) UCC-1 fоrm; (3) delivery and acceptance receipt signed by a lessee; (4) lease agreement signed by a lessee and then a lessor; (5) personal and corporate guaranties and hold harmless agreement, signed by Markham as president of Money Vendors; and (6) certificate of insurance.
Kunz requested a “no action” letter from the securities division of the Washington Department of Licensing. The securities division declined to issue such a letter. Markham was a formerly licensed securities salesmаn and wished to comply with securities laws. Markham consulted an attorney, who apparently told him the transaction was not a security.
COMSY, Inc., was a computer company which was incorporated in December 1979. Some employees provided printouts of the potential income and tax advantages to Lease Funding investоrs. Markham purchased the local Olivetti franchise and was preparing to go into the computer leasing business when the four corporations went into receivership.
The leasing enterprise collapsed, primarily because Markham and alleged coconspirators Kunz and Phillip Stephan diverted Lease Funding moneys to their personal use and to run Markham Corporation rather than purchase machines. Furthermore, lessors received payments even though their machines were not yet in place and the lessees had not commenced making payments. Funds invested for machines were thus used for salaries, day-to-day expenses (including payments for airplanes and boats, a Mercedes and other automobiles, a motor home, and clothing), and for lease payments to previous investors. Markham and Kunz had been repeatedly warned not to “bleed” the companies with high salaries and not to pay operating expenses out of the money invested to buy machines. They were also frequently told various business accounts were overdrawn. At one point, Markham laughed and said it would be easier to get more money than to cut down on expenses.
Kunz and Stephan 1 each pleaded guilty to one count of securities fraud. Markham was convicted by a jury of one count of conspiracy to commit fraud in connection with the offer and sale of a security, one count of conspiracy to commit first degree theft, nine counts of securities fraud, nine counts of first degree theft, and one count of sale of unregistered securities. Markham appeals.
To withstand a vagueness challenge, a statute must have two components: (1) it must give adequate notice of prohibited conduct so that a person of ordinary intelligence would not have to guess at its meaning, and (2) it must have adequate standards to prevent arbitrary enforcement. State v. Maciolek, 101 Wn.2d 259, 264-65, 676 P.2d 996 (1984). A statute is presumed constitutional and the party challenging it has the burden of proving it unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Maciolek, supra at 263.
If the statute is alleged to be invalid on its face,
The 1933
4
and 1934
5
federal securities acts have both withstood vagueness challenges.
United States v. Persky,
520 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1975);
Speed v. Transamerica Corp.,
99 F. Supp. 808 (D. Del. 1951). The federаl statutes employ much of the same language found in
While it is true that the language of [the section] uses general terms, its provisions, while perhaps falling short of the standards of immutability followed by the laws of the Medes and the Persians, are definite enough according to the canons of Anglo-American law.
Subjecting the words ... to critical scrutiny, we find no fatal ambiguity or indefiniteness, such as might prove a pitfall to any person, in the language of the appellants, “attempting to obey the law.” No honest and reasonable citizen could have difficulty in understanding the meaning of “untrue,” “material fact,” “any omission to state a material fact,” “in light of the circumstances under which they were made,” or “misleading.” All these terms, it is true, call for interpretation in accordance to the facts of a given case. So do the terms “malice,” “probable cause,” “self-defense,” “negligence,” “fraud,” “duress,” “justification,” and thousands of other expressions well established in the law.
United States v. Persky, supra at 287 (quoting Coplin v. United States, 88 F.2d 652, 657 (9th Cir.), cert, denied, 301 U.S. 703, 81 L. Ed. 1357, 57 S. Ct. 929 (1937)).
Markham was charged with offering or selling a security in the form of an investment contract. While an “investment contract” is not defined in the statute, it has long been the subject of judicial construction. The seminal case is SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293, 90 L. Ed. 1244, 66 S. Ct. 1100, 163 A.L.R. 1043 (1946), which defined an investment contract as follows:
[A]n investment contract for purposes of the Securities Act means a contract, transaction or scheme whereby a person invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to expect profits solely from the efforts of the promoter or a third party, it being immaterial whether the shares in the enterprise are evidenced by formal certificates or by nominal interests in the physical assets employed in the enterprise.
SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., supra at 298-99. The court noted the term “investment contract” appeared in many state securities statutes which predated the federal law.
The transactions at issue in Howey were sales of portions of Florida citrus groves by W. J. Howey Company, coupled with service contracts under which Howey-in-the-Hills Service, Inc., would develop, market and harvest the crops.
Thus all the elements of a profit-seeking business venture are presеnt here. The investors provide the capital and share in the earnings and profits; the promoters manage, control and operate the enterprise. It follows that the arrangements whereby the investors’ interests are made manifest involve investment contracts, regardless of the legal terminology in which such contracts are clothed. The investment contracts in this instance take the form of land sales contracts, warranty deeds and service contracts which respondents offer to prospective investors.
SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., supra at 300.
In interpreting
Without assigning error to the sufficiency of the evidence, Markham argues the State did not prove he knew he was selling a security or present expert testimony the transaction involved was in fact a security. We need not consider the matter, RAP 10.3, but nevertheless note knowledge of the securities laws is nоt an element of a criminal prosecution for their violation. 7 United States v. Brown, 578 F.2d 1280 (9th Cir.), cert, denied, 439 U.S. 928, 58 L. Ed. 2d 322, 99 S. Ct. 315 (1978); State v. Cox, 17 Wn. App. 896, 566 P.2d 935 (1977), review denied, 89 Wn.2d 1013, cert, denied, 439 U.S. 823, 58 L. Ed. 2d 115, 99 S. Ct. 90 (1978). The requirement of willful violation is satisfied if specific intent is shown regarding fraudulent, misleading or deceitful conduct. United States v. Brown, supra. The jury heard exhaustive testimony on the nature of the lease transactions. The jury was instructed on the Howey test, from which it could determine the leasing scheme was an investment contract within the securities law.
Markham next contends a letter to him from an attorney should have been admitted into evidence. The letter purportedly sets fоrth the opinion the transactions at issue do not involve securities. (The proposed exhibit is not part of the record on appeal.) The trial court ruled the letter would not be admissible because the attorney was available to testify. There was no showing he was not available. Markham argued the letter should be admitted, and then the
Markham contends the letter was a business record, and as such, was аdmissible under
Markham argues that without the letter his counsel could not effectively assist him.
Markham next contends the court erred in failing to instruct the jury that intent to permanently deprive is an element of every form of theft. Markham was charged under
(1) “Theft” means:
(a) To wrongfully obtain or exert unauthorized control over the property or services of another or the valuethereof, with intent to deprive him of such property or services; or
(b) By color or aid of deception to obtain control over the property or services of another or the value thereof, with intent to deprive him of such property or services;
(Italics ours.) The jury was instructed it must find intent to permanently deprive under (l)(b) but not under (l)(a).
The jury was instructed “wrongfully obtained or exerted unauthorized control over the property of another” means “the intent to convert the property of another to one‘s own use or someone other than the owner or person entitled thereto“. As in State v. Vargas, supra, while the jury was thus instructed on both theft by taking and embezzlement, the facts do not support a conviction for theft by taking. Theft by taking involves a trespass, whereas in embezzlement, the property comes lawfully into possession of the tаker. State v. Vargas, supra at 785. The jury was therefore properly instructed.
Markham next contends the court should have given WPIC 10.01: “A person acts with intent or intentionally when acting with the objective or purpose to accomplish a result which constitutes a crime.”
The number of instructions given is a matter of trial court discretion.
State v. Russell,
33 Wn. App. 579, 657 P.2d 338 (1983),
rev‘d in part on other grounds,
101 Wn.2d 349, 678 P.2d 332 (1984). The court need not give a requested instruction if the subject matter is adequately covered in other instructions.
State v. Etheridge,
74 Wn.2d 102, 443 P.2d 536 (1968). Here, the jury was instructed one
Markham next contends the court should have given his proposed instruction 31:
A man may be visionary in his plans and believe they will succeed, and yet, in spite of their ultimate failure, be incapable of committing conscious fraud. Human credulity may include among its victims even the supposed imposter.
Under оur system of laws individuals are not punished criminally for mere mistakes, mere mismanagement, mere carelessness, or mere errors of judgment. They are punished only for intentional wrongdoing. The defendants here are not on trial for errors of judgment or mistakes or mismanagement, but are on trial for a criminal offense, and an essential element of that offense is an evil or criminal intent, which it is incumbent upon the government to prove to your satisfaction and beyond a reasonable doubt before you will be wаrranted in returning a verdict of guilty.
Markham contends he could not argue his theories without this instruction. Closing arguments were not transcribed. However, the trial court told Markham he could present the matter in closing argument, but the proposed instruction was a comment on the evidence and a negative instruction.
A party is not entitled to place his argument in the court‘s instructions.
State v. Birdwell,
6 Wn. App. 284, 492 P.2d 249,
review denied,
80 Wn.2d 1009,
cert, denied,
409 U.S. 973, 34 L. Ed. 2d 237, 93 S. Ct. 346 (1972);
State v. Lane, 4
Wn. App. 745, 484 P.2d 432 (1971). A proposed instruction that unwitting possession of marijuana is not unlawful was rejected in
State v. Birdwell, supra.
Proposed instructions that a witness could be honestly mistaken and that identification is a mere expression of opinion were
Markham next contends the court erred in giving an accomplice instruction, because it made the jury believe there was an additional conspiracy. He cites no authority for this argument.
Conspiracy requires an agreement, while accomplice liability does not. Iannelli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770, 777 n.10, 43 L. Ed. 2d 616, 95 S. Ct. 1284 (1975). An accomplice instruction is proper if the evidence indicates the defendant participated in the crime, even though he has only beеn charged as a principal. State v. Young, 89 Wn.2d 613, 574 P.2d 1171, cert, denied, 439 U.S. 870, 58 L. Ed. 2d 182, 99 S. Ct. 200 (1978). We find no error.
Markham next contends the court erred in giving instruction 21:
Whatever a person is legally capable of doing himself can be done through another as agent. If the acts of an employee or other agent are willfully ordered or directed, or willfully authorized or consented to by the defendant, the law holds the defendant responsible for such acts as though he personally committed them.
He argues the instruction implies he could be guilty of constructive fraud, citing Windsor v. United States, 384 F.2d 535 (9th Cir. 1967).
In Windsor v. United States, supra, defendant‘s mail fraud conviction was reversed because there was no proof of his participation in the fraudulent aspects of a land sales scheme. Defendant was a Portland, Oregon, attorney who was working for a corporation operating in Coeur d‘Alene, Idaho. The court held defendant‘s conviction could not rest on constructive knowledge of facts known only to others involved in the scheme. Here, however, former salesmen and staff testified Markham approved the Lease Funding sales presentation, and investors testified they had met with Markham or his signature appeared on some of the documents they received. There is more evidence of a principal-agent relationship here than in Windsor.
A principal is liable for unlawful acts which he
Markham next contends what Kunz‘s salesmen told prospective investors was hearsay and should not have been admitted against Markham. Markham argues if
Markham argues in the alternative many of the hearsay statements were not made in the course of or in furtherance of the conspiracy. ER 801 (d) (2) (v). Appellant‘s brief cites to the report of proceedings, but states the list is nоnexclusive. Only those specific cites to the record will be considered, since it is comprised of approximately 2,500 pages of verbatim report of proceedings and over 1,000 pages of clerk‘s papers. RAP 10.3(a)(5).
Markham cites over 30 examples of alleged hearsay. All this testimony was admissible because it was not hearsay; it was either admissions, statements of coconspirators in the course of the conspiracy, or background information not offered for the truth of the matter asserted. We note Markham failed to make timely and specific objections to much of the testimony. ER 103(a)(1). Even if some statements were erroneously admitted, their admission did not materially affect the outcome of the trial. State v. Tharp, 96 Wn.2d 591, 637 P.2d 961 (1981).
Markham last contends he was entitled to a mistrial on
Assuming arguеndo the examples cited by Markham constitute prosecutorial misconduct, reversal is only appropriate if there is a substantial likelihood the misconduct affected the jury. State v. Wheeler, 95 Wn.2d 799, 631 P.2d 376 (1981); State v. Young, 87 Wn.2d 129, 550 P.2d 1 (1976). It is difficult to see how the prosecutor‘s conduct affected the jury. The alleged testimony of crimes not charged was admissible to present an entire account to the jury. State v. Tharp, supra. Investors who were not listed as victims testified to provide background. Whenever the prosecutor asked repetitive questions, he was admоnished before the jury not to argue with the witnesses. The prosecutor was also frequently admonished against asking leading questions, which if anything would make the prosecution, not the defense, look bad in the eyes of the jury. Whether a certain witness received immunity was not relevant to any of the ultimate issues in the case and constituted only a few minutes of testimony out of a 2%-week trial. After a bench conference, the court orally instructed the jury the witness had received immunity. We find no error.
The judgment is affirmed.
Green, C.J., and McInturff, J., concur.
Reconsideration denied April 15, 1985.
Review denied by Supreme Court June 21, 1985.
Notes
State v. Stephan, 35 Wn. App. 889, 671 P.2d 780 (1983).
“It is unlawful for any person, in сonnection with the offer, sale or purchase of any security, directly or indirectly:
” (1) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud;
“(2) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading; or
“(3) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person.”
RCW 21.20.005(12) provides:
“(12) ‘Security’ means any . . . investment cоntract; investment of money or other consideration in the risk capital of a venture with the expectation of some valuable benefit to the investor where the investor does not receive the right to exercise practical and actual control over the managerial decisions of the venture; ... or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a ‘security‘,
“No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”
Section 17(a) of the Domеstic Securities Act of 1933 provides:
“It shall be unlawful for any person in the offer or sale of any securities by the use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or by the use of the mails, directly or indirectly—
” (1) to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud, or “(2) to obtain money or property by means of any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statemеnts made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or
“(3) to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the purchaser.”15 U.S.C. § 77q(a) .
Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 provides:
“It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce or of the mails, or of any facility of any national securities exchange—
” (b) To use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security registered on a national securities exchange or any security not so registered, any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.”15 U.S.C. § 78j .
“Risk capital1’ was added to the definition of a security by Laws of 1979, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 68, § 1(12), p. 1197, effective September 1, 1979, during the time of Markham‘s misconduct. Scholars differ over whether risk capital is a separate security or merely a more liberal definition of “investment contract11 than that found in Howey. Stevenson & O‘Leary, Definition of a Security: Risk Capital and Investment Contracts in Washington, 3 U. Puget Sound L. Rev. 83 (1979). Markham was charged and convicted under the more stringent investment contract definition, and we therefore need not consider the impact of the amendment on the instant transactions.
“Any person who wilfully violates any prоvision of this chapter exceptRCW 21.20.350 , or who wilfully violates any rule or order under this chapter, or who wilfully violatesRCW 21.20.350 knowing the statement made to be false or misleading in any material respect, shall upon conviction be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both;...”
“A person is legally accountable for the conduct of another person when: “Acting with the kind of culpability that is sufficient for the commission of the crime, he causes an innocent or irresponsible person to engage in such conduct