Thе State of Indiana by Malcolm H. Auker-man, Prosecuting Attorney, 47th Judicial Circuit, Vermillion County, is appealing the trial court’s sustaining of motions to quash indictments on various grounds. The State of Indiana, by Theodore L. Sendak, Attorney General of Indiana, intervening on behalf of himself and the State of Indiana, moved this court to dismiss the appeals for the reason that the Attorney General had not аppeared for the State. Defendant-appellees adopted the brief of the Attorney General in support of his motion to dismiss the appeals.
The sole issue raised is: Does the Prosecuting Attorney have the authority as granted to him by statute and by the Constitution of Indiana to appeal criminal cases from his county to the Court of Appeals of Indiana or the Supreme Court of Indiana, or is that right and duty the exclusive responsibility of the Attorney General under the statutes of Indiana?
It is the contention of the Prosecuting Attorney that his office was created by the Constitution of Indiana and, as such, any statute which purports to limit the inherent authority of a constitutional officer must be strictly construed.
Although constitutionally created, the duties of thе Prosecuting Attorney are enumerated by statute. Art. 7, § 11 of the Constitution of Indiana provides as follows:
“Prosecuting attorneys.—There shall be elected in each judicial circuit by the voters thereof a prosecuting attorney, *194 who shall hold his office for four years, and whose term of office shall begin on the first day of January next succeeding his election. The election оf prosecuting attorneys under this section shall be held at the time of holding the general election in the year 1954 and each four years thereafter: Provided, That any such officer whose term is abridged by virtue of this section shall continue to serve until January 1,1959.”
IC 1971, 38-14-1-4, Ind. Ann. Stat. § 49-2504 (Burns Cum. Supp. 1972), states as follows:
“DUTIES.—Such prosecuting attorneys, within their respective jurisdictions, shall conduct all prosecutiоns for felonies or misdemeanors and all suits on forfeited recognizances; and superintend, on behalf of counties or any of the trust funds, all suits in which the same may be interested or involved, and shall perform all other duties required by law.”
The statute which the Prosecuting Attorney contends attempts to limit his authority is the statute which enumerates the duties of the Attorney General. IC 1971, 4-6-2-1, Ind. Ann. Stat. § 49-1902 (Burns 1964), provides аs follows:
“Duties generally.—Such attorney-general shall prosecute and defend all suits that may be instituted by or against the state of Indiana, the prosecution and defense of which is not otherwise provided for by law, whenever he shall have been given ten [10] days’ notice of the pendency thereof by the clerk of the court in which such suits are pending, and whenever required by the gоvernor or a majority of the officers of state, in writing, to be furnished him within a reasonable time; and he shall represent the state in all criminal cases in the Supreme Court, and shall defend all suits brought against the state officers in their official relations, except suits brought against them by the state; and he shall be required to attend to the interests of the state in all suits, actions or claims in whiсh the state is or may become interested in the Supreme Court of this state.”
The Prosecuting Attorney contends that the purpose of § 49-1902,
supra,
is to permit the Attorney General the right to appear in the Supreme Court. Without this statutory
*195
authority, a Prosecuting Attorney would not be able to turn to the Attorney General’s office in seeking assistance on criminal appeals to the Suprеme Court of Indiana since the latter would have no authority to appear before that court absent this statute. The Prosecuting Attorney contends that it is his constitutional duty to make a good faith effort to bring the accused before the court for trial, and it is his duty to determine when to commence and when to discontinue any particular prosecution;
Halladay
v.
State
(1923),
Thus, the Prosecuting Attorney contends, whether a prosecutor follows his case into another county, as in
State ex rel. Neeriemer
v.
Daviess C. C., etc. et al.
(1957),
In response, the Attorney General contends that the courts of Indiana have long recognized the exclusive appellate responsibilities of the Attorney General in criminal cases:
“The Attorney General is, alone, authorized by law to prosecute and defend criminal or state prosecutions in this [Supreme] court.” Stewart v. The State (1865),24 Ind. 142 , at 144.
*196 “The statute makes it the imperative duty of the attorney-general to represent the State in the supreme court in all criminal cases, and while the services of the prosecuting attorney may be and generally are accepted by the attorney-general, in behalf of the State, in such appeals, still the latter officer has the exclusive control and management of the case upon appеal.” The State ex rel. Board of Commissioners, etc. v. Jamison, Auditor (1895),142 Ind. 679 , at 684,42 N.E. 350 , at 351.
“When an appeal in a criminal cause, whether taken by the State or by the defendant, reaches this court, it then, under the law, becomes the imperative duty of the Attorney-General to represent the State therein.” State v. Sopher (1901),157 Ind. 360 , at 362,61 N.E. 785 , at 786.
“It is true that in a criminal cause, when an appeal taken either by the State or the defendant has once reached the appеllate tribunal, then, so far as the State is concerned, the case passes under the control of the Attorney-General, and by virtue of the statute he becomes the exclusive representative of the State therein.” State v. Sutherlin (1905),165 Ind. 339 , at 345,75 N.E. 624 , at 644.
“He [the Attorney General] is required to appear in all criminal proceedings in the Supreme Court.” State ex rel. Powers v. Vigo C. C., Criss, J., et al. (1957),236 Ind. 408 , at 412,140 N.E.2d 497 , at 499.
The Attorney General does not dispute the contention of the Prosecuting Attorney that his office is of constitutional origin while that of the Attorney General is statutory. However, he points out that in Indiana the authority rests with the Legislature to define the duties of both offices and that this statutory definition of their respective duties is conclusive.
State ex rel.
v.
Home Brewing Co.
(1914),
Lastly, the Attorney General contends that State ex rel. Neeriemer v. Daviess C. C., etc. et al., supra, cited by the Prosecuting Attorney, which charges the Prosecuting Attorney with the duty to follow the case to its ultimate termination, does not give him the right to prosecute an appeal. Neeriemer dealt with the limited question of whether a Prosecuting Attorney was required to remain in a case which he had initiated until the trial court entered a judgment and did not cоnsider his appellate powers.
The issue here is centered around the interpretation of the two statutes which define the respective duties of the Attorney General and the Prosecuting Attorney. The fact that the latter was created by the Constitution of Indiana, while the former was created by statute, has no bearing upon their respective duties since their limits of authority have been outlined by statutory enactments. Neither statute specifically addresses itself to the area of criminal appeals, although § 49-1902, supra, provides that the Attorney General “shall represent the state in all criminal cases in the Supreme Court.” (Emphasis supplied.) With the assumption of criminal jurisdiction in 1972 by the Court of Appeals, the same principles heretofore applicable to the Supreme Court are equally binding upon the Court of Appeals, the Prosecuting Attorneys and the Attorney General. To determine whether the word “represent” carries with it the meaning imputed to it by the Attorney General (that he alone has the authority to prosecute criminal appeals) or by the Prosecuting Attorney (that his authority to appeal criminal cases is not precluded by the Attorney General’s authority to join him as counsel for appellant-State), it is necessary to examine similar statutes in different States and the resulting case law interpreting those statutes.
While there are no State statutes worded identically with *198 § 49-1902, supra, which provides that the “attorney-general shall prosecute and defend all suits that may be instituted by or against the state of Indiana, * * * and he shall represent the state in all criminal cases in the Supreme Court”, many of the States have statutes which have wording similar to that of Indiana and therefore provide a basis for comparison.
The Illinois statute defines the duties of the Attorney General which includes his duty “to appear for and represent the people of the state before the supreme court * * * in all cases in which the state or the people оf the state are interested.” Ill. Rev. Stat., ch. 14, § 4 (1963).
Interpreting this statute, the Supreme Court of Illinois has held that because the duties of the Prosecuting Attorney and the Attorney General are set out by statute, the powers of the former are
not
coextensive with those of the latter, and the duty of the Prosecuting Attorney is limited to commencing and prosecuting cases before their respective county courts, leaving to the Attorney General the duty to prosecute all appeals from those county courts.
People v.
Newcomer (1918),
The Kansas statute directs that the “attorney general shall appear for the state, and prosecute and defend all actions and proceedings, civil or criminal in the supreme court, in which the state shall be an interested party.” Kan. Stat. Ann. § 75-702 (1969). This statute has been interpreted to mean that the Attorney General alone has the authority to represent the State in a criminal appeal.
Heinz
v.
Shawnee County Comm’rs.
(1932),
The South Dakota statute is identical to the Kansas statute, directing the Attorney General “[t]o appear for the state and prosecute and defend all actions and proceedings, civil or criminal, in thе Supreme Court, in which the state shall be interested as a party * * *.” S. D. Compiled Laws Ann. § 1-11-1 (1967). The Supreme Court of South Dakota has interpreted this statute to mean that State’s attorney may
*199
take an appeal from a county Circuit Court to the Supreme Court, but it is the duty of the Attorney General to take charge after the appeal is taken.
State ex rel. Callahan
v.
Hughes
(1925), 48 S. D. 95,
The Oklahoma statute is also similarly worded, directing the Attorney General to “appear for the State and prosecute and defend all actions and proceedings, civil or criminal, in the Supreme Court and Criminal Court of Appeals.” Okla. Stat. Ann. Title 74, 18b (1970). Accordingly, the Criminal Court of Appeals of Oklahoma has held that “[t]he county attorney is not a legal representative of the state in this court * * *,”
Hinman
v.
State
(1923),
The Minnesota statute reads as follows: “The attorney general shall appear for the state in all causes in the Supreme and federal courts wherein the state is directly interested * * *•” Minn. Stat. Ann. § 8.01 (1966). The Supreme Court of Minnesota has held the Attorney General’s power to be completely independent of the County Attorney,
State
v.
Robinson
(1907),
*200
The California statute directs the Attorney General to “attend the Supreme Court and prosecute or defend all causes to which the State * * * is a party * * Cal. Gov’t Cоde § 12512 (West 1971). The Supreme Court of California held that this statute authorizes only the Attorney General to appear for the people before the Supreme Court.
People ex rel. Living stone
v.
Pacheco
(1865),
The Montana statute is worded identically to that of California, directing the Attorney General to “attend the supreme court and prosecute or defend all causes to which the state * * * is a party * * Mont. Rev. Codes Ann. § 82-401 (1966). In interpreting this statute, the Supreme Court of Montana held that the powers and duties of a prosecutor cease after a criminal case has been appealed to it, and the exclusive duties of the Attorney General begin.
Independent Publishing Co.
v.
Lewis and Clarke County
(1904),
The Mississippi statute is similarly worded: “The attorney-general shall attend the Supreme Court * * * and prosecute and defend therеin all causes to which the state * * * is a party.” Miss. Code Ann. § 3836 (1957). The Supreme Court of Mississippi has subsequently held that the district attorneys have no authority to represent the State in litigation outside of their counties.
Capitol Stages
v.
State
(1930),
The foregoing statutes directed the Attorney General to “appear before” or “attend to” the respective State Supreme Courts. The following State statutes are somewhat more specific as to his duties since they direct the Attorney General to “prosecute and defend.” However, the interpreting case law is enlightening as to the extent of the Attorney General’s authority to appeal criminal cases before the respective State Supreme Courts.
The New Mexico statute in effect in 1950 reads as follows:
*201
“It shall be the duty of the attorney general * * * to prosecute and defend all causes in the Supreme Court in which the state is a party or interested.” New Mexico Stat. § 3-302 (1941).
1
The Supreme Court of New Mexico in interpreting that statute held that the District Attorney may appear on appeal in a criminal case
only
by the permission of the Attorney General and in association with him.
State
v.
Aragon
(1950), 55 N. M. 421,
The Iowa statute is identical to the former New Mexicо statute, and directs the Attorney General to “prosecute and defend all causes in the supreme court in which the state is a party or interested.” Iowa Code Ann. § 13.2 (1967). The Supreme Court of Iowa has interpreted this statute to mean that a criminal cause is under the control of the District Attorney until the Supreme Court acquires jurisdiction, when it comes under the sole control of the Attorney General.
State
v.
Fleming
(1862), 13 la. 443;
State
v.
Gill
(1966),
The Michigan statute reads as follows: “The attorney general shall prosecute and defend all actions in the supreme court, in which the state shall be interested, or a party.” Mich. Stat. Ann. § 3.181 (1968). The Supreme Court of Michigan has held that management of criminal appeals in the Supreme Court remains under the sole control of the Attorney General аnd he alone is the proper representative of the State in proceedings before the court where the State is a party; no Prosecuting Attorney may appear without the consent or approval of the Attorney General in a criminal appeals case.
People
v.
Navarre
(1870),
*202 Of the eleven States examined, not a single State permits the county Prosecuting Attоrney to take an appeal from the trial court in a criminal case to the State Supreme Court on his own initiative. Either the Attorney General alone is authorized to prosecute such appeals, or the Prosecuting Attorneys with the consent of, and in conjunction with, the Attorney General have the right to appeal criminal cases from the county Circuit Court.
Ninе of the statutes set forth above authorize the Attorney General to appear before, or attend to, the State Supreme Court.
The words “represent”, “appear” or “attend” as used in relation to a legal cause of action are synonymous and carry the same connotation. Thus, there is no substantive difference between the Indiana statute which authorizes the Attorney General to represent the State in all criminal cases, and the other State statutes which authorize their respective Attorneys General to appear before the State in criminal causes or to attend to the court in criminal cases. There is no reason why this court should not adopt the holdings of the case law in these several States interpreting statutes similar to the Indiana statute here involved.
Prosecuting Attorney’s contention that his is a constitutional office while that of Attorney General is of statutory origin is not questioned by the latter. However, the contention that the statute setting forth the duties of the Attorney General may not unconstitutionally limit the office of Prosecuting Attorney and must, therefore, be strictly cоnstrued, does not necessarily follow. While the office of Prosecuting Attorney may have been created by the Constitution of Indiana, the rights and duties of that office are prescribed by statute. Our Supreme Court has held that any office created by the Constitution, but which had its duties set out by statute, is not immune from further legislative en
*203
actments which might increase or diminish the duties of that office.
State ex rel. Hench
v.
Morrison
(1878),
Having examined the syntactically similar statutes of the various States, the interpretive case law in these States, and the Indiana cases which speak to the matter here at issue, the motion of the Attorney General to dismiss should be sustained on the grounds that the Prosecuting Attorney of Vermillion County has no authority alone to appeal these criminal cases to this court.
The motion to dismiss filed herein is sustained.
Appeals dismissed.
Note.—Reported at
Notes
. Section 3-302 (1941) was re-numbered in 1953 and is now cited as N.M.. Stat., § 4-3-2 (1966).