This is аn indictment against the defendant, Antonio Mariano, for manslaughter in killing William A. Mather on February 29, 1912, in North Providence, in this State. There are four counts in the indictment, the first two charging the killing by means of blows upon the head with *170 a stone; the other two by blows upon the head “in some way and manner and by some means, instruments and weapons to the grand jurors unknown.” The case was heard on the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 18th and 19th days of March, 1912. At the trial the following statements showing the commission of a crime and its circumstances were in evidence and not disputed.
On February 29, 1912, Mather was twelve years and eight months old. He was a pupil in the fourth grade in the public schools at Marieville, a village in said North Providence. He attended both school sessions that day. He left his house at ten minutes before one o’clock in the afternoon and reached the school after the session had begun and was marked tardy; in consequence of being late, he was detained ten minutes after the close of the school for the day. He then' went away and there is no direct evidence that he was ever afterwards seen alive. His dead body was found on the side of Moses Angelí hill, near .Mineral Spring Avenue, on the evening of March 27, 1912, at a place more or less covered with trees and rocks and which was to all appearances little used or frequented in winter. The skull was crushed in from about an inch back of the right ear to the middle of the occipital bone. There was a scalp wound and another fracture of the skull about the size of a half dollar on the top of the occipital bone. In addition, there were four other scalp wounds and a contused wound with a slight abrasion on the right elbow. The anus of the body was open and distended, by measurement from an inch and an eighth to an inch and a quarter. When found, the body was lying prone with the head turned so that the left side of the face was resting on the ground, leaving the right cheek exposed, with the left arm under the body and the right arm over the back. The body was frozen and in a good state of preservation, excepting that there were indications that the right side of the face had been disturbed by some animal. The body was clothed with a shirt or waist, a “singlet” or undershirt, a pair of trousers, stockings and shoes. The shirt or waist *171 was tom and the suspenders were down off the shoulders. His coat and sweater were found behind a V shaрed rock higher up the hill and about 125 feet from where the body was found, and his cap still further up the hill about 25 feet away from said rock. There was blood on the sweater. At a distance of two feet from the head of the body when found lay a stone about 8 inches long, 5 inches wide and 1 inches thick, tapering in nearly all directions to a sharp edge, and weighing four pounds and six ounces. A microscopical examination, verified by chemical analysis, revealed traces of human blood, several human hairs and a small piece of scalp tissue on portions of said stone.
The medical examiner, who made the autopsy, testified that the wounds upon the head might have been caused by “almost any blunt instrument” used with different degrees of force; that said stone could hаve been such instrument; and that the blow which crushed the skull would cause “almost instant death.” The distention of the anus was explained by the medical witnesses as being due to its having been dilated either just before or just after the boy Mather’s death; that the dilation was caused by penetration of the anus by some instrument or body; that it was impossible to state what actually caused the dilation and that it possibly might have resulted from the commission of the crime of sodomy.
The defendant on February 29, 1912, lacked a few months of being fourteen years of age, that is, he did not become fourteen until June 4, 1912. He had attended the public school in Marieville for a short time during the fall of 1911, but with his relatives moved into Providence for a few months, where he was a pupil in the school on Branch Avenue. Later they returned to Marieville, where, on February 29, 1912, he reentered the public school, but in a different room and in a lower grade than the one attended by the Mather boy.
What follows sets forth in substance the material portions of the testimony connecting the defendant with the crime.
*172 Suspicion was cast upon Mariano shortly after the finding, of the dead boy’s body. It appears that there had been some talk about his having bats. In answer to the request, of other boys for bats, he promised to give them some. These boys were Pasco Busserio, James Amondi and Antonio Amondi. They were at the time about eleven years old each. After school at noontime he told these boys to go up the-hill (where the body was afterwards found) and said that they would find some bats behind a rock. Mariano went a. little way with them and then started to go home. Not finding any bats they got up on the rocks and called to him. In reply he told them to go higher up. They went higher up-but could find no bats; they did find, however, behind a rock a coat, a sweater and a rubber shoe. They left the clothes, but James Amondi took the rubber away. After school that day Mariano gave to James Amondi two bats and to two other boys three bats, or five in all, which he had properly obtained from a neighbor, living across the street, a Mrs. Hayden by name. The date of these occurrences is not entirely clear, but it was apparently March 27th or thereabouts. At any rate, as Walter A. Lefevbre was returning from his work on that day, he heard that boys had found some clothes up in the woods, and he started off the team, when it stoрped at the bottom of the hill, and went up the hill and after some search found the clothes. Later in the evening he with two other men and William M. Mather, father of the dead boy, went to the place, found and identified the clothes and after further search found the dead body lying diagonally across an old cart path, in the condition already described. Afterwards it was learned that the defendant had tried to sell a watch to one Ricci Petrochelli, a boy of ten, who attended the same school, which watch was supposed from its description to belong to the dead boy, who had a cheap open-face watch. Thereupon, between five and six o’clock of March 30th, 1912, the defendant was taken into custody by George P. Willis, Chief of Police of North Prоvidence, and placed in one of the cells in the basement of the town hall *173 .at Centredale, after having been questioned several times by-Mr. Willis and Domenico Conca, a special police officer, at which times the prisoner emphatically and repeatedly denied having caused the death. At about ten o’clock in the evening, however, after protesting “Honest to God Mister, I didn’t kill him, ” he told Mr. Sanford E. Kinnicom, a deputy sheriff assigned to duty in the Attorney General’s office, that on the day of the boy Mather’s death, he met him playing in the road with the boys near the spring; that Mather refused to play with him because he, Mariano, had given the other boys bats but none to him; that he then said to Mather “If you want some bats you come up the hill and I will give you bats;” that they went up on thе hill and upon finding no bats Mather got mad and they fought, and he put his foot on Mather’s neck, but afterwards let him up, and proposed that they climb up on the rocks; that they started to climb up on the rocks, himself leading the way and Mather following; that as they were doing this his foot knocked off a piece of the rock, which hit Mather on the head who fell and lay on the ground; that Mather said nothing but breathed hard; that he kissed him and said a prayer over him and went home and cried all night; that he went back next day and found the body “just the same, his clothes all right. I knelt down side of him I say another prayer and I go home. I go back again, him all right. ” In answer to an inquiry as to why he sent the little boys up on the hill to look for bats, when he knew there were no bats there, he said “ I want them to find him. I feel awful bad, I think of it all the time. But they nо go where I tell them, I send them up there, then tell them to go up further, then I go home. They no find him, they no go where I tell them.” This conversation was ■downstairs in the cell room, but the prisoner was not at the time in a cell. The same evening, at about eleven o’clock, upon being taken upstairs, Mariano repeated this statement in its essential features in the presence of Mr. Willis, Mr. Conca, Inspectors Wolf and Ahern of the police department of Providence, and Mr. Kinnicom, but with some additional *174 details. Some one asked," What did you do with the watch?” He replied that he went back the third day and took the watch from the boy’s clothes. Further asked what he had done with the watch, he said, “I hid the watch back of a stone over there on the foot of the hill.” To the inquiry as to whether he could show where he hid it, he said, "Yes, side of big rock, some bushes right up side of the rock. I put it between the bushes and the rock” and said he would show where it was. The entire party thereupon went in an automobile to the hill where the body had been found. Mariano went to a rock and reached down between the bushes and the rock. He felt all around without finding any watch, and then said, "I showed that stone to my brother, he see me there one day, he knew the watch was here. I bet he came and took it. If he did, I know where he put it. ” As they were going back to the automobile, some one asked him if he could show where the stone fell off and hit the boy, he said he could. They went up the hill. After looking around at other rocks, he came to the one behind which the clothes were found аnd said, "That is the stone there.” This was the Y shaped rock. He also said that he tried to carry the boy home and did carry him a distance, but he was too heavy and so he left him. Said he thought he could show where he left him. He went up the hill and came back and said “kind of path.” He came back down the hill till he struck the path, followed it, looking around carefully, and finally said, “Yes it was right here, he lay right this way.” The place indicated was just about where the body was found. Then the party returned to the automobile and went to where Mariano lived. He said that if his brother had taken the watch he would hide it down under the stairs in the cellar of the barn, as he hid everything there. They went to the barn and made search, but found no watch. The brother was wakened and brought out but denied any knowledge of the watch. The defendant then said it was at his sister’s house on Hassan street; that he had stayed there the night before and that it was under the couch, that the couch lining *175 was torn, and lie had put it in there. The party then went to the sister’s house, but no one was at home. After some delay she was found, brought there, and an entrance effected. The prisoner walked right over to the sofa, reached under it, and the lining was torn as he had described, but no watch was found there, and no watch was ever found. He was then taken at three or four o’clock of the morning of March 31, to the police station on Fountain Street, Providence. On April 1st he was arraigned before Judge Rueckert, of the sixth district court, in his office. He read the charge to the boy and asked him whether he was guilty or not guilty, and as the boy hesitated somewhat, then said to him, “These people, the police, say that you killed William Mather, now what do you say? ” To this inquiry the boy replied, “I did, but I didn’t mean to. ”
The defendant in his testimony at the trial says that on February 29th, after the close of school, at half past three o’clock in the afternoon, he went directly to George Frazza’s house, broke some wood for him in his yard, played piggy for a while and then went straight home over the fields, cleaned up the yard at the direction of his mother, and did not go out after he went home. He denies killing young Mather, and says that he did not see him February 29th, and didn’t know him; he sent the boys for bats, but explains that he had placed some bats, given him by Mrs. Hayden, in the field on his way to school, thinking the teacher would take them from him, if he brought them to school; admits trying to sell a watch to Petrochelli, but says it was a watch given him by one Frank Zabillo; admits making to Mr. Kinnecom and the other officers and to Judge Reuckert the statements related by them, but says the statements were untrue and that he made them by the direction of Domenico Conca and Anthony Capuano, who suggested the story he told as to Mather’s death, and told him that by telling it he would get out and he permitted to go home; that,he was frightened when in the cell and wanted to go home. He also says that Domenico Conca put him up to telling the story about William *176 Mather’s watch, and it was in consequence of what Conca said that he told Judge Reuckert what he did and that Conca told him all this when he was in the cell at the town hall. He also says that Conca told him that the rock he pointed out was whеre William Mather was killed. George Frazza, a small school boy, says that the defendant went home with him at close of school 'on February 29th, and played piggy with him for half an hour, and Frank Zabillo testifies that he gave defendant a cheap watch in January, 1912. Defendant’s younger brother, Michael, also says that he saw him with Frank’s watch. The mother of Mariano says he came home February 29th “about 4.30 or 5.00, but I do not remember well, ” and that when he came home he worked around the yard, and his appearance and conduct after February 29th was the same as at other times. He is described by one of his teachers as a very dull boy. In rebuttal Conca and Capuano denied defendant’s charges that they induced the defendant to make the statements he did or were in any way thе author of them. The jury found the defendant guilty with a recommendation of mercy. Exceptions were taken to various rulings of the justice presiding at the trial in the course thereof, and the case has been heard by this court on defendant’s bill of exceptions as allowed by the court below.
The bill of exceptions as filed contains thirty-five exceptions. Three of these, respectively, numbered 18, 21 and 31, were disallowed by the justice presiding at the trial, and no attempt has been made to establish their correctness before this court. Those numbered 1, 2, 9, 24, 26, 27 and 30 have not been pressed before this court, thus leaving twenty-five for consideration.
As several of these exceptions relate to the same subject-matter, it will be convenient to group them in considering them. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth and sixteenth exceptions all refer to the admission of testimony offered by the State tending to show that defendant had reached the age of puberty and had the sexual capacity to commit the crime of sodomy.
*177
The third, fifteenth and twenty-second exceptions relate to objections to the introduction of testimony respecting the physical examination and to the introduction in evidence of said photographs. The question to which the third exception lies was simply preliminary, and the allowance of the question and answer was not error and the exception is •overruled.
The other thirteen exceptions just enumerated, except the fifteenth, are all based upon the offers of testimony tending to show the sexual ability of the defendant to сommit the crime of sodomy. The testimony of Drs. Barnard and Griffin and of the undertaker is that the anus of the dead boy was widely open. The two doctors express the opinion that this condition was due to its having been penetrated by some instrument, either just before or just after the death of the Mather boy. This opinion as to the time of penetration is based upon said open condition of the anus, which these witnesses believe did not close after its dilation because death had destroyed the contractile power of the sphincter muscle. If these inferences as to the cause and time of said dilation .are to be relied upon, it would not be unreasonable to conclude that the person who killed the boy was also the cause in some way of the dilаtion. Such a conclusion is doubtless ■•the attempted justification of the offer of the evidence now *178 being considered. The only suggestion in the evidence that the dilation was due to the commission of the crime of sodomy is found in the testimony of Dr. Griffin. On page 117 of the transcript this appears: Cross Q. 89. “Now, doctor, you didn’t find — you couldn’t say whether that penetration was caused by any particular instrument, could you?” Answer, “No sir.” On page 125 of the transcript we find. C. Q. 136. “You are not willing to go on record as stating that the crime of sodomy was committed on William Mather, are you?” Answer: “No sir, I am not. I say the condition found indicated that it might have been done. That is' as far as I can go. ” C. Q. 137. “ Indications only show . . . Answer: ‘ ‘ That it could have been done. ’ ’ There was no testimony showing such a disarrangement of the deаd boy’s clothes, as for example, that the top of the trousers were below the hips as to give added weight to this suggestion of Dr. Griffin. It therefore derives its whole significance from the dilated condition of the anus. Upon this slender foundation is erected a structure of testimony, which includes the narrative as to the defendant’s physical examination, the description of his physical appearance and development, and the four photographs all adduced in order to show to the jury his physical capacity to commit a crime, the actual commission of which is only suggested as a mere possibility. We think the testimony was not sufficiently relevant to the issues in the case. Sodomy is a crime against nature, and as such is a disgusting and repulsive offence. So that, if the person who killed William Mather did it in the endeavor to commit the crime of sodomy, or if the killing was the result, accidental or otherwise, of a personal quarrel and then, perhaps under a sudden impulse, while the stricken body of the victim was yet warm — whether before or after his death —the slayer availed himself of the opportunity to gratify his lustful passion, for this vile act, he would naturally be regarded by most men as a foul degenerate and a wicked and criminal pervert. We think therefore that all of this evidence relative to the defendant’s ability to commit the crime of *179 sodomy could not have failed to prejudice his case with the jury. State v. Ellwood, 17 R. I. 763, 769. It should have been excluded. The 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th and 22nd exceptions are sustained.
With the sustaining of these exceptions the fifteenth exception bеcomes unimportant and it is overruled.
Defendant under exception twenty-two also urges that the tailing of the photographs and their admission in evidence was in effect compelling the defendant to testify against himself in derogation of his constitutional rights in this particular, making specific reference to certain sections of the Federal constitution. In view of the fact that we have found that this evidence should have been excluded it is not necessary to consider this claim of constitutional privilege beyond calling attention to the case of
Twining
v.
New Jersey,
Although a new trial is to be granted for the reason stated, nevertheless a somewhat full consideration of some of the other exceptions will be of service for guidance in a future trial of the case.
*180
The seventeenth exception to the testimony of Ricci Petrochelli, in answer to question 129 in redirect examination, is not of importance. In the cross-examination of this witness, in question 114, defendant’s counsel had asked him who it was that told the witness “to say that you did not want to take the watch, that Mariano wanted to give you because it was *181 William Mathеr’s watch. ” The answer to question 129 and the questions immediately preceding show that it was the sister of the witness who so told him. The exception is overruled.
Exception twenty, to the overruling of defendant’s objection to question 154 by the last witness is overruled as the answers of this witness to this and the following question could not have prejudiced the defendant.
In the examination of Mr. Kinnecom before the court in the absence of the jury for the purpose of determining the admissibility of his evidence, he said that on the evening of March 30th, 1912, he chanced to be in the vicinity of the town hall of North Providence and went in there and saw Mr. Willis, who informed him that he had a boy in custody who “gets right on the verge of telling us something and then stops. I wish you would talk with him. ” Thereupon Mr. Kinnecom went downstairs with officer Brown. He found there Antonio Capuano, an Italian police officer, who was talking in Italian to the defendant through the door of his cell. Mr. Kinnecom did not understand it and what this conversation was was not at that time in evidence. Capuano finally wound up in English, saying to Mariano: “If you did it say so, and I will do all I can for you. If you did not do it, don’t say you did. I’ve got four kids myself.” The reply of the boy was, “I didn’t kill him so I can’t say I did. ” Capuano then went out of the station. Mr. Kinnecom testifies that then “I walked up to the cell door and said, *182 'Well, little fellow, what have they got you in here for?’ He made no reply. Officer Brown was going toward the door to go out and I said, ' Here, have you got a key to this cell?’ He said 'Yes.’ I said, 'Come back and let this boy out. ’ He came back and let the boy out and I looked around and found a box and a chair and I took the box and set it down side of the furnace and set the chair in front of it and said, 'Little fellow, sit down here.’ He sat down on the box. I said, 'You don’t know who I am, do you?’ 'No, Ma’am.’ 'Well,’ I said, 'I am an officer, I wоrk in the court house in the city. You know where that is ? ’ He says, 'Providence?’ I says 'yes.’ 'Now,’ I says, ' I am going to ask you about the Mather boy. Whatever you tell me will be used either for you or against you. Now remember, Tony, whatever you tell me, it may tell for you or it may tell against you. Be sure and understand it, it may hurt you, or it may help you, but whatever you tell me, I want you to tell the truth.’” The boy said, ''Honest to God, Mister, I didn’t kill him, ” but afterwards told the stories and made the statements hereinbefore repeated. Mr. Kinnecom also states that the boy did not appear to be frightened during the talk but was cool and calm. He seemed to be somewhat worried about something, but after making his statement acted as if relieved of a burden.
The statements made to Mr. Kinnecom by the defendant were not in strictness a confessiоn. "A confession is a person’s declaration of his agency or participation in a crime. The term is restricted to acknowledgments of guilt. ”
People
v.
Ammerman,
*183 The State claims that it is not necessary to show that these statements were voluntarily made. One of the best modern writers on evidence holds that exculpatory statements denying guilt cannot be treated as confessions and that in order to admit them in evidence it is not necessary to show them to be voluntary in character. 1 Wigmore on Evidence, Section 821 (2) and (3) and cases cited in notes. In the author’s discussion of the subject this view is impressively stated. In practice, however, there is a great lack of uniformity in the decisions on the point, but in the greater number of jurisdictions it is held that the voluntary character of such admissions must be shown. 12 Cyc. 419. In State v. Nagle, 25 R. I. 105, this court treated similar statements or admissions having “a vital bearing upon a highly important link in the chain of circumstantial evidence relied on by the prosecution” as in the nature of confessions and subject to the same rules of admissibility in evidence, that is, that they must be voluntary. From this standpoint we will consider this and the next two exceptions.
Was the statement in English of Capuano to the defendant an inducement to make a false cоnfession? If he had simply said, “If you did it, say so and I will do all I can for you,”
*184
the promise of assistance might raise a question as to the following statements being voluntary, but the added words, “If you didn’t do it, don’t say you did, ” naturally refute any suggestion in the preceding words of a recommendation to confess. The effect of similar expressions has been passed on by other courts. In
Dotson
v.
State,
The twenty-third exception relates to the testimony of Mr. Kinnecom only and the twenty-fifth to the testimony of Judge Reuckert.
Upon consideration of all the testimony then in, pertinent to the question raised, the justice presiding was apparently of the opinion that on the facts found by him to exist the statements of the defendant testified to were of a voluntary character. Upon the evidеnce relative to this question, as to which there was no dispute, we find that the testimony objected to was properly admissible. If, and in so far, as he considered the conflicting testimony in the formation of his opinion, we find no sufficient reason for differing with his conclusion. He had the opportunity of seeing and hearing the witnesses, as we have not. Relative to the question of a confession being voluntary or not as
*187
affected by a conflict of testimony, in
Com.
v.
Preece,
The twenty-ninth and thirty-second exceptions were taken to the denial of separate motions for the direction of a verdict in favor of the defendant. In our opinion the court’s action on these motions was correct. We think a suitable case had been presented for determination by jury and that the evidence, if believed to be true, might properly leave no doubt of the defendant’s guilt. These exceptions are overruled. See
Com.
v.
Williams,
Exception thirty-one was taken to certain remarks of the court made while discussion was in progress as to a question calling fоr testimony concerning “the character or reputation of the defendant.” While of course it is always incumbent upon a court, and most of all in the heat of a trial when it may be annoyed by the persistence of zealous counsel in the face of its rulings already made, to avoid any utterance which would prejudice a defendant with the jury, the words objected to in this case are not such as to require comment, inasmuch as the defendant obtains a new trial on other grounds, and as there is small probability of the precise situation occurring again. The exception is overruled.
Exception thirty-four lies to the additional instructions-given to the jury in response to their request after they had been out a considerable time. We have carefully read and considered these instructions. Some members of the jury seemed confused as to how they should treat the so-called confessions. Several specific questions were asked the court by different jurors. The additional instructions were given in reply. We are not prepared to say that these instructions, were obnoxious to the charge of an unfair reference to and use of the testimony. They were not a complete charge in themselves, but were obviously intended to be considered together with the original instructions. This exception is. overruled.
The 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th and 22nd exceptions are sustained. All the others are overruled and the case is remitted to the Superior Court for a new trial.