State v. Malm

Baldwin, J.

Thе petitioner, hereinafter called the plaintiff, brought a motion to the Superior Court under § 8268 of the General Statutes claiming a reward оffered by the governor in the matter of State v. Malm (142 Conn. 113, 111 A.2d 685). Her motion was denied and she has appealed. The question is whether she fulfilled the terms of the offer for the reward.

On December 10, 1953, the body of Irene Fiederowicz was discovered in the rear yard of a dwelling house in the southwestern part оf Hartford. She had been strangled by a scarf tied around her neck,, and it was suspected that she had been criminally assaulted. The plaintiff reаd the account of the murder in “The Hartford Times” late in the afternoon of December 10. She had been criminally assaulted on November 22, 1953, and her assailant had not been apprehended. She was impressed by the similarity of the circumstances in theFiederowicz case and hеr own. The next day, December 11, she communicated -with the police and furnished information concerning her assailant which placed Mаlm under suspicion. He was taken into custody on December 12 and was identified by the plaintiff as the one who had assaulted her. On December 13, аfter questioning by the police, Malm confessed to the assault on the plaintiff. On December 14, the governor caused to be published an offer of reward in the Fiederowicz case “to the ‍‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‍person or persons who shall give information leading to the arrest and conviction” of the guilty person. On December 15, Malm confessed to the murder of Irene Fiederowicz. Prior to the offer of the reward, the plaintiff had furnishеd to the police all the information within her possession and Malm had been taken into custody. The trial court concluded that she had failed to comply with the terms of the offer of reward.

Section 8269 of the General Statutes authorizes the governor, when any crime punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison has been committed, to offer publicly, upon application of the state’s attorney in thе county wherein the crime was committed, “a reward not exceeding three thousand dollars, to the person who shall give information leаding to the arrest and conviction of the guilty person . . . , which reward shall be paid to the informer by the state, by order of the court before which such conviction is had.” In Atwood v. Buckingham, 78 Conn. 423, 428, 62 A. 616, we said that a statute authorizing the offer of a reward “contain [s] the conditions of a contract.” See also In the Matter of Kelly, 39 Conn. 159, 162. Section 8269, by its express terms, empowers the governor to make an offer of a reward. So long as this offer continues in force it cаn be accepted only by compliance with its terms. This concept of an offer of a reward as an offer to enter into a сontractual relationship which can he accepted by the performance ‍‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‍of an act or series of acts is the onе which has been generally accepted by the courts. Campbell v. Mercer, 108 Ga. 103, 107, 33 S.E. 871; Kinn v. First National Bank, 118 Wis. 537, 542, 95 N.W. 969; Henderson v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 298 S.W. 404, 406 (Tex. Comm’n App.); McClaughry v. King, 147 F. 463, 464; Shuey v. United States, 92 U.S. 73, 76, 23 L. Ed. 697; 46 Am. Jur. 113, § 14.

There is a divergence of view on whether the performance must be with knowledge of the offer in mind, or in other words whether the person claiming the reward must act in response to the offer. 1 Cor-bin, Contracts, pp. 181, 218; 1 Williston, Contracts (Rev. Ed.) p. 85 § 33, p. 88 § 33a. Where the offer has been made by an agency of the government, some courts have subscribed to the proposition that knowledge of the offer and action based upon it are essential to recovery. Glover v. District of Columbia, 77 A.2d 788, 790 (D.C. Mun. App.); 1 Corbin, op. cit., p. 181 & n.15; Restatement, 1 Contracts §53. Others have taken the position that such an offer is in effect a grant and that the ordinary rules of contract do not apply. Smith v. State, 38 Nev. 477, 480, 151 P. 512; 1 Corbin, op. cit., p. 182 & n.16. The applicаtion of any general rule as decisive of a particular case is not altogether satisfactory. Of necessity, much depends upon the peculiar terms of the offer and the facts of each individual case. For example, in MacFarlane v. Bloch, 59 Ore. 1, 3, 115 P. 1056, the published offer was “Lost — Pocketbook. Return to county judge’s office; $100.00 reward.” The court held that even though the ‍‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‍pocketbook was found before the offer of reward wаs published, the return of the pocketbook entitled the plaintiff to the reward. Similarly, in cases where the public authorities have offerеd a reward for information leading to the apprehension and conviction of a criminal, some courts have held that even though thе performance was begun before knowledge of the reward and completed afterwards, the person rendering the performance was entitled to recover. Coffey v. Commonwealth, 18 Ky. L.R. 646, 37 S.W. 575; Genesee County v. Pailthorpe, 246 Mich. 356, 359, 224 N.W. 418; Smith v. Vernon County, 188 Mo. 501, 514, 87 S.W. 949.

The facts of the instant case do not bring it within the comprehension of the rule generally accepted by the courts. The terms of the statute and the offer of the reward made pursuant to it are prospective. The reward is for the person “who shall give information leading to the arrest and conviction” of the guilty person. The manifest purpose of the statute was to elicit information not already available. See In the Matter of Kelly, 39 Conn. 159, 162. It contemplated performance in reliance upon the offer. It was not its рurpose to provide recompense to one who had wholly performed before the offer was made. In this important respect our Statute differs from the one under consideration in the ease of Smith v. State, 38 Nev. 477, 480, 151 P. 512, which subscribes to the so-called “grant” theory. Our statute does not аdmit ‍‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‍of an interpretation such as the court gave the Nevada statute. In the Kelly case, supra, we intimated that rewards which were offerеd pursuant to a statute were distinguishable from those which were not and therefore presumably rested on contract. It does not apрear in the Kelly case, supra, whether the petitioner actually knew of the reward but, as a matter of fact, the services for which the rеward was claimed were performed after the offer of reward had been published. The reward had been offered by the selectmеn under a statute (Rev. 1866, p. 294, § 274) which contained language similar to that in § 8269.

We said in In the Matter of Kelly, 39 Conn. 159, 162: “The object of this statute [Rev. 1866, p. 294, § 274] manifestly is to encourage private citizens to aid and assist the public authorities in detecting and punishing crime. Not every one who merely gives information is entitled to a reward; that wоuld be enlarging the meaning of the statute; it ought to receive an equitable, not a strict or technical, construction.” While § 8269 should receivе an equitable construction, courts cannot read into the terms of a statute something which manifestly is not there in order to reach ‍‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‍what thе court thinks would be a just result. “[A]n offer of reward ... is not the recognition of an equitable duty of the government to the informer, but a mere act of public policy, the giving or withholding of which, and whose terms, are wholly within the discretion of the government. Whoever claims under such an offer must bring himself within its terms. Fаiling to do that, his compensation is the consolation which comes to every citizen from the discharge of a public duty, which is the common obligation of all.” United States v. Connor, 138 U.S. 61, 66, 11 S. Ct. 229, 34 L. Ed. 860. In the field of legislation, the legislature is supreme. Courts must apply legislative enactments according to their plain terms.

There is no error.

In this opinion the other judges concurred.

Case Details

Case Name: State v. Malm

Court Name: Supreme Court of Connecticut

Date Published: Jun 5, 1956

Citation: 123 A.2d 276

Court Abbreviation: Conn.