69 N.J.L. 522 | N.J. | 1903
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The defendants were jointly indicted (together with another party, who was not apprehended) for a riot committed on the ISth day of June, 1902, at the city of Paterson. They were tried together in the Passaic Quarter Sessions, and were severally convicted and sentenced to im
The first two exceptions were taken during the selection of the jury, and are intended to raise the question whether, when two defendants are jointly indicted for a misdemeanor, and are tried together, they are severally entitled to ten' peremptory challenges—twenty in all—or whether the defendants together are entitled to only ten such challenges. The first exception appears to have been waived, the juror in question having been subsequently excused by consent. Moreover, the bills of exceptions disclose that both defendants united in the two challenges whose denial is the subject of the exceptions. It is therefore fair to assume (there being nothing in the record to show the contrary) that they both united in interposing the ten peremptory challenges previously allowed. If each defendant had participated in these ten challenges, each had exhausted the utmost right of challenge that is claimed. And so, in strictness, the record discloses no denial by the court below of the right that is asserted.
But, supposing the question to be fairly raised, this court has already decided it adversely to the contention of the
The third exception relates to the admission in evidence, over objection by the defendants, of a statement made by the defendant MacQueen to a witness, Shane, who arrested Mac-Queen in New York and brought him to Paterson. Shane was asked:
“Q. Had you any conversation with him going from New York to Paterson?
“(Objected to on the ground that lie was under arrest when being brought here.)
“Q. (By the Court.) What ho said was entirely voluntary?
"A. Yes, sir.
“Q. (By Mr. Ward.) [Defendant’s counsel.] He was then being brought here on requisition?
"A. Yes, sir.
“Q. On ibis very charge?
“A. Yes, sir.”
Thereupon the trial judge held that the question was admissible and allowed the testimony of the witness as to the conversation between him and the defendant MacQueen to go to the jury.
When, upon the trial of an indictment objection is made to the admission of a statement made by the prisoner while in custody, on the ground that the statement was not voluntarily made, but was induced by means of threats or promises, it is the duty of the trial judge to proceed to try the question -of fact whether the statement was voluntary. The defendant is at liberty to introduce evidence upon this issue if he desires, or he may rest upon-the evidence introduced by the state. The issue is for the decision of the trial court and not of the jury, and the determination is not reviewable on ordinary writ of error if there be any legal evidence to
In the present case the defendants saw fit to rest their objection to the admissibility of the statement upon the brief testimony of Shane, just quoted. It is manifest that the ruling of the trial judge was not unsupported by evidence.
The fourth exception was sealed during the examination of the defendant MacQueen. Under cross-examination by the prosecutor of the pleas he was shown a newspaper article in manuscript, entitled “The Propaganda in Paterson," which he admitted was written by him in order to be sent to a newspaper in England “as a description of what was going on." He stated that the article was not completed, and that it was “just a hasty sketch that I started to write to send to a newspaper." Defendants’ counsel thereupon objected to the reading of the article, on the ground that it was unfinished, and that an article written for a newspaper after the happening of the alleged crime is not in the nature of a confession, and cannot be used against the defendant. The court expressed the opinion that where defendant makes an admission respecting the transaction in question by writing an account of it for a newspaper, such newspaper article is an admission by the defendant, and proceeded to say: “In that sense I will admit any question concerning this article, it being accompanied with the explanation that it is unfinished." To this ruling exception was taken and sealed. The ruling related to the admission of questions on cross-examination and not to the admission of the newspaper article in evidence. We think the ruling was correct, but, if otherwise, it does not appear to have done harm, for no evidence appears to have been introduced pursuant thereto.
“By Mr. Ward—How did the state come into possession of the article?
“Mr. Emley—I am not answering questions.
“Mr. Ward—Then I object on the ground that it was taken from him. They could not use that class of evidence against' the defendant. I object, unless it was voluntarily given by the defendant.
“The Court—I will overrule the objection.”
Whereupon the exception was sealed.
What the objection related to does not appear. The bill of exceptions does not disclose that the document had as yet been offered. If the objection was to the cross-examination of MacQueen with respect to the article, the objection is groundless. If it was intended to question the admissibility of the newspaper article on the ground that it was not voluntarily surrendered by the defendant, the record does not disclose any basis for the objection. It was not incumbent upon the state to show from whom the article was obtained. There was no pretence that, in the writing of the article, MacQueen was under any influence of fear or hope. Therefore what he had written was admissible like any other statement made by him.
“The ground on which a confession made by the accused under promise of favor or threats of injury is excluded as incompetent is not because any wrong is done to the accused in using" them, but because he may lie induced, by the pressure of hope or fear, to admit fads unfavorable to him without regard to their truth.” Per Chief Justice Depue, in Bullock v. State, 36 Vroom. 557 (at p. 566) (Court of Errors and Appeals). See, also, Roesel v. State, 33 Id. 216. The reason for the rule wholly fails when the offer is to introduce in evidence a «Tifien statement prepared by the defendant previous to his arrest. The fact (if it were a fact) that Mac-Queen had intended to add something to what had been written, did not render the writing any the less evidential.
The sixth exception was taken to the ruling of the trial judge in permitting the prosecutor to read in evidence the newspaper article in question: Just prior to its admission
Mac Queen had stated, in answer to a question asked on cross-examination, that the writing referred to a “general movement of the working-class.” lie was asked whether he had included in it any criticism of the violence that took place in Paterson on the day of the riot, June 18th. MacQueen answered, “I don't know whether there was specially anything or not; as I have said, it is unfinished.
“Q. Look at it.
“A. I don't want to read it—it is unfinished.
“Q. (By Mr. Ward.) [Defendant's counsel.] How did they get it ?
"A. They stole it from me when they arrested me; they rifled my pockets and took everything I had, even private letters.
“By Mr. Emley—I will read the article.
“By Mr. Ward—1 object.
“By the Court—I will allow the reading of the article.”
Whereupon counsel for the defendants ■ prayed an exception, and the court scaled the same accordingly. •
This exception has been discussed by counsel for the plaintiffs in error as if it raised some question of a violation of rights secured by the fourth and fifth amendments to the federal constitution; the former of which prohibits “unreasonable searches and seizures,” and the latter declares, among other things, that no person “shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself.” The case of Boyd v. United States, 116 U. S. 616, is cited as an authority. It is, however, established that the first ten amendments of the constitution of the United States are limited to the sphere of the federal government, its courts and officers, and constitute no prohibition upon the states. Barron v. Baltimore, 7 Pet. 243 ; Smith v. State of Maryland, 18 How. 71, 76; Spies v. Illinois, 123 U. S. 131, 166. 'The prohibition of unreason
As to the mode in which the document now in question was obtained, it is very generally held that papers unlawfully procured, even by means of an unjustifiable search or seizure, are nevertheless admissible if evidential perse. 1 Greenl. Evid., § 254a, citing Legatt v. Tollervey, 14 East 302; Jordon v. Lewis, Id. 305 (note); Commonwealth v. Dana, 2 Metc. 329, 337. See, also, Gindrat v. People, 138 Ill. 103; Sieberl v. People, 143 Id. 571; Trask v. People, 151 Id. 523; Bacon v. United States, 97 Fed. Rep. 35, 40. And it would seem that after arrest made the person of the accused may properly be examined without a search-warrant in order to find evidence of his guilt, and that such an examination would not be deemed an unreasonable search.
But we must decline to pass judgment upon these questions, for the reason that they were not presented to or passed upon by the court below. No ground whatever was stated for the objection that was overruled when the trial judge admitted the newspaper article in evidence. The whole of the bills of exception may be searched in vain for anything in the form of a certificate or statement by the judge disclosing that there was at any time presented to his mind, and by him decided, the question whether the use of this paper in evidence violated the right of the defendant to be secure against unwarrantable searches and seizures, or his immunity from being compelled to be a witness against himself. The sixth exception discloses not a word even of argument by counsel in support of his objection. The bills of exceptions already
The seventh exception is a general one taken to the whole of the charge of the trial court to the jury, under section 140 of the Criminal Procedure act (Pamph. L. 1898, p. 916), which permits such an exception without specification at the time of any particular ground or grounds for the exception,
The charge discloses that numerous witnesses on the part of the state had testified to the actual presence of both defendants in the mob at the time of the riot; that the acts of riot were abundantly proved; that MacQueen did not dispute his presence with and leadership > of the mob, but asserted that instead of encouraging violence he preached and talked against it. The defendant Grossmann, however, had testified that he was not in the city of Paterson on the 18th of June, and had supported the alibi by the production of a number of witnesses who had testified to his presence in New York on that day. The first assignment of error that relates to the charge is that the whole charge was contrary to law and injurious to the interests of the' defendants. This assignment is so vague as plainly to violate the spirit of sections 140, 141 and 142 of the Criminal Procedure act already mentioned, and exhibits no ground for reversal. State v. MacQueen, ante p. 476.
Another assignment, however, deals with the refusal of the judge to charge as requested upon the question of alibi. He was asked to charge that if, upon the whole case, the testimony raised a reasonable doubt that the defendants were present when the alleged- crimes took place, they should be
As MacQueen admitted his presence, these requests were pertinent only to the case of Grossmann. Both requests were refused, with comments that gave the jury to understand that while a defendant asserting an alibi was not bound to prove it beyond a reasonable doubt, he must establish it by a clear preponderance of evidence. The impression left upon the jury must have been that the evidence tending to show the absence of Grossmann was to be disregarded, unless it outweighed that which tended to prove his presence at the scene of the riot. But whatever goes towards proving an alibi (although it falls short of establishing it), at the same time tends to throw doubt upon the commission of the crime, where the presence of the defendant is essential to guilt. And if a reasonable doubt of guilt is raised, even by inconclusive evidence of an alibi, the defendant is entitled to the benefit of that doubt. Sherlock v. State, 31 Vroom, 31. The same principle applies where a defendant introduces evidence tending to establish his good character, in order to show the improbability of his guilt. Baker v. State, 24 Id. 45.
The instructions to the jury upon the question of alibi were erroneous.
The eighth and last exception discloses that, when the jury was about to retire, counsel for -the defendants objected to their talcing with them into the jury-room the newspaper article written by the defendant MacQueen, and already referred to. No ground was suggested as a basis for the objection, and so, for reasons already given, the objection was futile. Under section 182 of the Practice act (Gen. Stat., ■p. 2563) papers read in evidence, though not under seal, may be carried from the bar by the jury. The provision originated in an act passed November 10th, 1797, entitled' “An act' relating to juries and verdicts.’? Pat. L., ¶. 26L This court has already decided that the transfer of the enactment
It will thus be seen that the only error appearing in the record is one that occurred in the instructions to the jury respecting the alibi—a question with which the defendant Grossmann was alone concerned. The indictment charges that these defendants, with one hundred and more other persons unknown, committed the riot. Although the agency of several persons is essential to the crime of riot, it needs not that all named in the indictment be shown to have participated, if it be charged that other persons unknown, sufficient to constitute the requisite number, took part. Under the present indictment either of the plaintiffs in error might have been convicted while the other was acquitted.
The legal ascertainment of the guilt of Grossmann is therefore not essential to the guilt of MacQueen. Wliart. Or. L., §§ 431, 434, 435. The record shows that the jury found them severally guilty, and that they were severally sentenced.
There being no error in the record by which MacQueen is aggrieved, his conviction should be affirmed. As to Grossmann, there should be a reversal, with award of a venire de novo.