By chapter 35, (Pr.) Laws 1905, there was created a special court in Asheville to be styled the “Police Court,” to be presided over by a police justice, providing for bis election, term of office, qualification and compensation. Section 4 of said act confers upon said court “all the jurisdiction and powers in all criminal offenses occurring within the corporate limits of the City of Asheville, wbicb are now or may hereafter be given justices of the peace,” and also “exclusive original jurisdiction to bear and determine all offenses and misdemeanors consisting of a violation of an •ordinance of said city.” Section 5 provides that “said police court shall, in addition to the jurisdiction conferred by section 4 of this act, have exclusive original jurisdiction of all •other criminal offenses committed within the corporate limits •of said city, below the grade of felony as now defined by law, ¦and all such offenses committed within said city are hereby declared to be petty misdemeanors.” By section 13 the right of appeal to the Superior Court of Buncombe County is given in all cases.
The defendant who was indicted in the Superior Court for retailing spirituous liquor without license, contrary to the general law of this State, pleaded former conviction and relied upon the record of his trial, conviction and sentence in
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the police court for retailing spirituous liquor in violation of the town ordinance. It does not appear that it was the same sale, but, even if it were, the plea of former conviction was invalid, as was held in
State v. Stevens, 114
N. C., 878, where it is pointed out that while a town ordinance cannot make punishable an offense made punishable by the State law, yet when a tax or license is required by the State, and another tax or license is exacted by the town, selling the same glass of liquor may be a violation of the town ordinance and also a violation of the State law, if license has not been obtained from both; and, further, the same act may be punishable by the Federal Government if in violation of its statutes, and indeed if the purchaser is a minor the same single act may constitute a fourth distinct offense of selling spirituous liquor to á minor, and even a fifth if the sale is on Sunday. Though there is a single act, it may be thus a violation of five statutes, and when in such case “each statute requires proof of an additional fact, which the other does not, an acquittal or conviction under either statute does not exempt the defendant from prosecution under the other.”
Burwell, J.,
in
State v. Stevens, supra,
at p. 877, citing
Arrington v. Commonwealth,
The defendant further moved to quash the indictment and also in arrest of judgment upon the ground that by virtue of the above recited Act of 1905, the Superior Court had no original jurisdiction. This presents the real point in the case, which is the constitutionality of section 5 of the act. There can be no question as to the validity of so much of section 4 as gives the police court concurrent original jurisdiction of
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offenses cognizable by justices of the peace, for the Constitution does not make the jurisdiction of the latter exclusive.
Rhyne v. Lipscombs,
The Constitution, Article IV., section 14, authorized the General Assembly to establish “Special Courts for the trial of misdemeanors in cities and towns.” By virtue of this provision such courts were formerly established in Wilmington and New Bern. By the constitutional amendments of 1875, Article IV., sections 2 and 12, the General Assembly was authorized to establish “such other courts inferior to the Supreme Court,” and “allot and distribute” the jurisdiction of the courts below the Supreme Court as it saw fit. Under this, criminal courts and circuits were established, until finally these courts were, by statute, given the same jurisdiction, civil and criminal, as the Superior Courts, with the right of appeal therefrom direct to tbis court. In
Rhyne v. Lipscombs,
The objection to section 5 is therefore founded upon the Constitution, Article I., section 12: “No person shall be put to answer any criminal charge, except as hereinafter allowed, by indictment, presentment or impeachment;” and section 13: “No person shall be convicted of any crime but by the unanimous verdict of a jury of good and lawful men in open court. The Legislature may, however, provide other means of trial for petty misdemeanors, with the right of appeal.” In the police court there is no jury nor grand jury.
The guarantee of a jury trial is fully met by the right of .appeal which is given from this police court, in all cases, to the Superior Court, but the objection is urged that there is no provision for a grand jury. The General Assembly might have provided for this also by enacting that upon appeal the action should be quashed unless an indictment is found. It sought, however, to attain the same end by providing that “all offenses less than felony, as now defined by law, committed within said city are hereby -declared to be petty misdemeanors.”
Laws 1876, chapter 154 (Code 1883, ch. 21), established a general system of Inferior Courts and gave them jurisdiction (Code, sec. 808), “of all crimes and misdemeanors except those whereof exclusive jurisdiction is given to courts of justices of the peace and except the crimes of murder,” etc., and section 11 of said act (Code, sec. 810), provided that “in all issues of fact founded upon trials of petty misdemeanors the parties may * * * waive their right to have the same determined by a jury.” As these courts had no jurisdiction, either original or appellate, of any offense within the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, it is clear that “petty misde *743 meanors” was not a term restricted to offenses cognizable by a justice of tbe peace.
When the Constitution of 1868 was created, there was no distinct classification known as “petty misdemeanors.” At that time “misdemeanor” was a broader term than now, and embraced many crimes that were infamous and done in secrecy and malice or with deceit and intent to defraud, which formerly were punishable corporally, and after .1868 by imprisonment in the State’s prison. Among these, as enumerated in Revised Code, chapter 34, were accessories to felony (section 54) ; certain grades of arson (section 30) ; bribery of jurors (section 34) ; mismarking cattle, larceny (section 57) ; concealing birth of child (section 28) ; false pretense (section 67) ; forgeries (section 64, 65 and 66) ; certain larcenies (section 31 and 32) ; receiving stolen goods.(section 56), and perjury (section 49). By Revised Code, chapter 34, section 120, misdemeanors were to be punished as at common law, “but the punishment of the pillory shall be used only ^ for crimes that are infamous, or done in secrecy and malice, or done with deceit and intent to defraud.”
Thus, misdemeanors were practically divided into two classes: (1) Those which, by reason of their heinous nature, might be punished corporally; and (2) Those that could not' be so punished. The first class, those that could be punished corporally, were not petty. The others, it would not be unreasonable to term petty. The Act of 1891, chapter 205, by defining felony, as all offenses “punishable by death or imprisonment in the State’s prison,” transferred all of the first class, the misdemeanors formerly punishable corporally, into the class of felonies. It was competent for the Legislature to do this and make those crimes felonies. It was equally competent for it, in the act before us to syle the misdemeanors in the second class above as “petty misdemeanors.” The punishment to be inflicted for any crime is left entirely to the General Assembly, which can in its discretion affix lesser punish *744 ments, even for the four crimes now visited witb capital punishment. Const., Art. XI., sec. 2. As it can fix the punishment and can change at will the dividing line between felonies and misdemeanors, there is no constitutional inhibition upon its defining any class of lesser crimes as petty misdemeanors.
The object of the statute, creating the police court, is. to relieve the Superior Courts of petty business, to relieve the tax-payers, and defendants also, of heavy costs, and to give a speedy trial, lightening jail expenses and dispensing often with long imprisonment on detention till a term of court comes around with its jury and judge. Tiñere is no harm done, since an appeal always lies open to a convicted defendant to the Superior Court where he has the right of trial by jury; whereas to the acquitted defendant or to one who takes no exception to his punishment, there is a relief from unnecessary delay and costs as well as diminution of court expenses to the public. Indictment by Grand Jury is still required for other than “petty misdemeanors.” . -
The Constitution not having defined “petty misdemeanors” and there being no well settled line of demarcation when that instrument was adopted, it was competent for the General Assembly to define and mark the offenses which should be so classified. We see no force in the argument that another Legislature may denominate all felonies as “petty misdemeanors,” and thus even murderers may be tried without the intervention of a grand jury. Certainly the General Assembly can reduce the punishment of any and all offenses and leave no offense above the grade of petty misdemeanors, but the punishment must not be that of felony, for the punishment controls the definition.
State v. Fesperman,
The State Constitution contemplated a diversity of procedure in this particular, when it provided in Article IV., section 14, that “the General Assembly shall provide for the establishment of special courts for the trial of misdemeanors in cities and towns where the same may be necessary.” Sections 12 and 13, of Article I., are to be construed together.
State v. Crook,
Reversed.