276 S.E.2d 365 | N.C. | 1981
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Danny Lee LOREN (aka Lucas Lee Parrish; aka Lee Loren).
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
*367 Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Sp. Deputy Atty. Gen. Edwin M. Speas, Jr., and Asst. Atty. Gen. Tiare B. Smiley, Raleigh, for the state.
H. Paul Averette, Jr., Brevard, for defendant-appellant.
BRITT, Justice.
By his first assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting a police officer to testify that defendant "was acting like he was trying to hide something". This assignment has no merit.
The challenged testimony was offered by Deputy Sheriff Hank Whitmire. He testified that he was on duty during the early morning hours of 6 May 1980; that after a warrant was issued for defendant's arrest, he passed a car which he recognized as defendant's car; that after some difficulty, he succeeded in getting defendant's car to stop; that he approached the car and told defendant to step out with his hands up; that defendant would not get out; and "that he sat there and he acted like he was doing something, like he was trying to hide something, and I told him". At that point defendant objected and moved to strike. The court overruled the motion.
The record discloses that immediately thereafter, the following transpired:
Q. (By Mr. Leonard): What exactly did you see him do? Demonstrate to the members of the jury what you saw him do.
A. I had my headlights on and my spotlight on him in the driver's seat and I could see him moving around like he was trying to do something, hide something or do something.
I told him three times to step out of the car. He wouldn't get out. I pulled my service revolver and advised him that I had a felony warrant, for him to step out of the car with both hands in the air.
So, he opened the door, he kicked it open with his foot, and he still continued to shuffle around. So, I told him I wasn't going to tell him again, he was going to have to step out of the car.
So he stuck his hands out and says, okay, and he stood up. I walked up to the car and made him put his hands on the car and spread his feet. At that time, Officer Carter (I believe it was, I'm not sure) arrived on the scene.
Officer Whitmire then testified that after defendant got out of the car, leaving the door open, he saw in plain view a knife pouch with a knife in it, lying under the edge of the driver's seat.
Defendant argues that the testimony to the effect that he looked like he was trying to hide something amounted to opinion evidence which was inadmissible. We reject this argument.
In 1 Stansbury's North Carolina Evidence § 125 at 389-92 (Brandis Rev. 1973) we find:
Opinion evidence is always admissible when the facts on which the opinion or conclusion is based cannot be so described that the jury will understand them sufficiently to be able to draw their own inferences. Even when it might be possible to describe the facts in detail, it may still be impracticable to do so because of the limitations of customary speech, or the relative unimportance of the subject testified about, or the difficulty of analyzing the thought processes by which the witness reaches his conclusion, or because the inference drawn is such a natural and well understood one that it would be a waste of time for him to elaborate the facts, or perhaps for some other reason.
It is neither possible nor desirable to lay down a hard and fast rule to cover *368 the infinite variety of situations that may arise, but the admissibility of opinion evidence under the circumstances suggested above is thoroughly established. The idea is variously expressed by saying that `instantaneous conclusions of the mind,' or `natural and instinctive inferences,' or the `evidence of common observers testifying to the results of their observation' are admissible, or by characterizing the witness's statement as a `shorthand statement of the fact' or as `the statement of a physical fact rather than the expression of a theoretical opinion.'
[1] While it might have been possible for the officer to have described defendant's actions in order for the jury to infer that defendant appeared to be looking for something, it was impracticable to do so. We conclude that the testimony about which defendant complains was merely a shorthand statement of fact. See generally State v. Brower, 289 N.C. 644, 224 S.E.2d 551 (1976); State v. Spaulding, 288 N.C. 397, 219 S.E.2d 178 (1975), death sentence vacated, 428 U.S. 904, 96 S.Ct. 3210, 49 L.Ed.2d 1210 (1976); State v. Goines, 273 N.C. 509, 160 S.E.2d 469 (1968).
There is an additional reason why the court did not commit error in admitting the testimony. As indicated above, after defendant's motion to strike was denied, the witness testified again, without any objection, that he could see defendant "moving around like he was trying to do something, hide something or do something." When evidence is admitted over objection, but evidence of like import is thereafter admitted without objection, the benefit of the objection is ordinarily lost. 4 Strong's N.C. Index, Criminal Law, § 162.
Defendant's second assignment of error relates to his cross-examination by the prosecuting attorney. During the course of the cross-examination, defendant was asked several questions about his criminal record in Florida. Thereafter, in the absence of the jury, defendant's attorney moved for a mistrial because of alleged improper conduct by the prosecuting attorney. Defendant's counsel stated that during the cross-examination of defendant, the prosecuting attorney placed a document 8½ inches by 11 inches in size, on a table in full view of the jury; that the document contained a picture of and what purported to be a criminal record of defendant in Florida; and that "each and every juror upon leaving the courtroom had an opportunity to look at that photograph, and, in fact, several of them did".
The trial judge, after examining the document in question, concluded: "... upon examining the photograph and considering the distance of the jurors and one of the jurors closest to the photograph and the writing underneath, the Court finds it virtually impossible for the jury to have read the handwriting on the photograph." The court refused to examine the jury regarding the matter and denied defendant's motion for a mistrial. We find no error in the conduct of the trial court.
Defendant argues that the only purpose that could have been served by placing the document on the table in the view of the jurors was to convey to them the impression that defendant was a criminal and had a criminal record; and that such conduct, without any precautionary instruction by the court, was so highly improper and unfair that it deprived him of his fundamental right to due process as guaranteed by law.
A mistrial is appropriately ordered when a party shows the occurrence of serious improprieties which render a fair and impartial verdict impossible. State v. Chapman, 294 N.C. 407, 241 S.E.2d 667 (1978). In a criminal case, the allowance or refusal of a motion for a mistrial rests largely in the discretion of the trial court and its ruling is not reviewable absent a showing of an abuse of discretion. E. g., State v. Yancey, 291 N.C. 656, 231 S.E.2d 637 (1977).
The record indicates that defendant was reluctant to admit any criminal record in Florida. Thereupon, the assistant district attorney showed him the document in question and asked if that was his picture on it. Without objection, he stated that it *369 was. As we indicated above, the trial court found that it was virtually impossible for any member of the jury to have read the writing on the document. We are unable to perceive any prejudice to defendant and hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant's motion for a mistrial.
On recross-examination defendant was asked if his appearance had changed any between the time of his arrest and the time of his trial. Over objection, he testified that he had obtained a haircut and a shave during that interval. This is the basis of defendant's final assignment of error.
Defendant argues that since there was no question of identity raised in the trial, the testimony was irrelevant; and that the only possible inference that the jury could draw from the evidence was that defendant had changed his appearance in order to create a more favorable impression with the jury.
Assuming, arguendo, that the evidence was irrelevant, we can perceive no prejudice to defendant. Common sense would suggest that any party to a lawsuit, particularly a defendant in a criminal action, should "put his best foot forward" and attempt to make the best impression possible on the court and jury that hear his case. In order to obtain a new trial it is incumbent on a defendant to not only show error but also to show that the error was so prejudicial that without the error it is likely that a different result would have been reached. G.S. § 15A-1443(a) (1978); State v. Sparks, 297 N.C. 314, 255 S.E.2d 373 (1979). The assignment of error is overruled.
We conclude that defendant received a fair trial free from prejudicial error.
No error.