State v. Long
237 S.E.2d 728
N.C.
1977
Check Treatment
MOORE, Justice.

Aрpellant’s first assignment of error is based on the contention that pretrial identification procedures were so impermissibly suggestive that admission of the in-court identification violated due process of law. This contention questions the admissibility of testimony concerning Mrs. Bost’s identification of the defendant at an unrelated district court рroceeding, as well as the admissibility of Mrs. Bost’s in-court identification of defendant. The defendant contends that the circumstances surrounding the extrajudicial identification procedures used by police to procure his identification were so unduly prejudicial and suggestive as fatally to taint his conviction. “This is a claim which must be evaluаted in light of the totality of surrounding circumstances.” Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 383, 19 L.Ed. 2d 1247, 1252-53, 88 S.Ct. 967, 970 (1968).

In Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 18 L.Ed. 2d 1199, 87 S.Ct. 1967 (1967), and in Simmons v. United States, supra, the United States Supreme Court set forth the standard for determining whether an in-court identification following an allegedly suggestive pretrial identification procedure satisfies the demands of due process: “[W]e hold that each case must be considered on its own facts, and that conviсtions based on eyewitness identification at trial following a pretrial identification ... will be set aside on that ground only if the . . . identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misiden-tification.” Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. at 384, 19 L.Ed. 2d at 1253, 88 S.Ct. at 971.

In State v. Henderson, 285 N.C. 1, 203 S.E. 2d 10 (1974), this Court set forth the standard as follows:

“. . . The test under the due process clause as to pretrial identification рrocedures is whether the totality of the circumstances reveals pretrial procedures so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identification as to offend fundamental standards of decency, fairness and justice. [Citations omitted.]”

*290 In present case, Mrs. Bost testified that on 5 May 1976 officers came to her house and requested her to come and sit in district court to see if there might be a man she could recognize as her assailant. The officers told her that they did not know who would be in court, and that she may have to come to court on two or more occasions before she could identify anyone. Mrs. Bost went to the courthouse on 10 May and talked with officers before entering the courtroom. Again, they made no suggestion to her that the defendant or anyone else in particular would be in the courtroom. They simply told her to sit in the courtroom and look around and see if she could recognize the man who raped her. Mrs. Bost entered the courtroom with her friend, a Mrs. Pfennell, and sat apart from the officers. There were as many as sixty people in the courtroom, and as many as a dozen black males. Mrs. Bost testified that when the judge called the name Ronnie Wallace Long, a name she had never heard before, a man she recognized as her assailant walkеd down the aisle past her. She testified that she immediately recognized him, and that, without prompting, she motioned to police that the defendant was the man. Having reviewed the totality of the circumstances surrounding the pretrial courtroom identification, we conclude that there was no constitutional violation in the manner in which it was conducted.

Mrs. Bost further testified on voir dire that after the courtroom identification the police took her to the station and showed her six or eight photographs, and once again, without prompting, she identified the defendant. She also testified that officers did not point out any particular picture to her, and that she recognized the defendant from seeing him at the time of the assault. Considering this testimony, we hold that there was nothing “impermissibly suggestive” surrounding the circumstances of the photographic identification of the defendant.

In Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 34 L.Ed. 2d 401, 93 S.Ct. 375 (1972), the United States Supreme Court set forth certain factors to be considered in evaluating the likelihood of mistaken identification. These are: (1) the oрportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, (2) the witness’s degree of attention, (3) the accuracy of the witness’s description of the criminal, (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation, and (5) the length of time between the crime and the confrontation. See also State v. Legette, 292 N.C. 44, 231 S.E. 2d 896 (1977); State v. Henderson, supra.

A review of the uncontradicted testimony of Mrs. Bost on voir dire in light of the factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, supra, in *291 dicates little likelihood of mistaken identification. On voir dire, Mrs. Bost positively identified the defendаnt as her assailant. She testified that lights were on in her deni bedroom and hall, and that she got a clear look at the defendant’s face in all three rooms. This testimony indicates that she had ample opportunity to view the criminal at the time of the crime, and that she carefully noted his appearance and the features оf his face. Her description of the defendant on the evening of the crime was similar to his actual appearance. At her initial confrontation with the defendant in district court, she recognized the defendant as soon as he walked by her to approach the bench. She did not identify another person as her assailant аnd did not fail to identify the defendant at her initial confrontation with him. The lapse of time between the crime and the confrontation was fifteen days. On voir dire she averred that she had “no doubt in her mind whatsoever” that Ronnie Long was the man who raped her, and she said that her “identification was.based on seeing him in my home.”

At the conclusion of the voir dire hearing, the trial judge found as a fаct: “[T]hat her [Mrs. Bost’s] identification here in this courtroom today is free and independent of her viewing of the defendant on May the 10th, in the courtroom on that occasion, and not tainted by her viewing the defendant on that occasion; that nor was it tainted by her viewing of the photographs on May the 10th, 1976.”

When the facts so found are suppоrted by competent evidence, they are conclusive on appellate courts. State v. Tuggle, 284 N.C. 515, 201 S.E. 2d 884 (1974). Here, the court’s findings were amply supported by competent ‍‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‍evidence and are therefore conclusive on this Court.

The competency of the testimony concerning Mrs. Bost’s pretrial courtroom identification and her photographic identification of defendant is a separate question. “[T]he introduction of testimony concerning an out-of-court . . . identification must be excluded where . . . the procedure used is impermissibly suggestive, even though that suggestiveness does not require exclusion of the in-court identification itself under the Simmons test. [Citations omitted.]” State v. Knight, 282 N.C. 220, 227, 192 S.E. 2d 283, 288 (1972). Since we have found thаt there was nothing “unnecessarily” or “impermissibly” suggestive about the pretrial identification procedures used in the present case, the evidence of the out-of-court identifications was properly admitted.

*292 We next turn to defendant’s contention that the search of his automobile at the police station was illegal and that the evidence relating to the discovery of the leather gloves and toboggan cap, and the gloves and toboggan cap themselves, were therefore erroneously admitted into evidence. Upon defendant’s objection to this evidence, the trial judge correctly excused the jury and conducted a voir dire hearing, fоund facts, entered conclusions of law and ruled on the admissibility of the evidence. State v. Harris, 290 N.C. 681, 228 S.E. 2d 437 (1976); State v. Vestal, 278 N.C. 561, 180 S.E. 2d 755, cert. denied, 414 U.S. 874, 38 L.Ed. 2d 114, 94 S.Ct. 157.

On voir dire, police officers Taylor and Lee testified that they went to defendant’s home on the evening of 10 May 1976 without an arrest warrant, and requested defendant to come to the police station to answer some questions. Defendant asked if he could drive his own car to the station, and the officers agreed. Defendant then drove to the station and parked his car in the parking lot. When defendant entered the station, Officer Taylor read him his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 16 L.Ed. 2d 694, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966), and informed him that he was a suspect in a rape case. Defendant signed a form waiving his Miranda rights and agreed to submit to questioning without the presence of a lawyer. After the questioning, Officers Taylor and Vogler asked defendant for consent to search his automobile. Defendant agreed to the search and gave Vogler the car keys. Upon search, Vogler found a green toboggan cap under the front seat, and a pair of black leather gloves over the sun visоr. At the time of his arrest, defendant was wearing a black leather jacket. Mrs. Bost described the jacket, the toboggan cap and the gloves as similar or identical to those worn by defendant at the time of the assault. Officers Taylor and Vogler further testified that defendant was not subjected to any pressure or threats by them and that Long еxpressed no hesitancy or uncertainty about allowing them to search the vehicle.

Defendant Long testified on voir dire that the officers came to his house on the evening of 10 May 1976 and told him to come down to the station to clear up a trespassing matter. He said that while at the police station Officer Vogler asked him to empty his pockets. He did so, and Vogler took his keys and left. Defendant testified that at no time did officers request permission to search his automobile, and that he did not give anyone permission to search the vehicle. He further testified there was no coercion or pressure used on him at any time by the officers.

*293 The trial judge found that the defendant “gave his permissiоn to Officers Vogler and Taylor to search his automobile ... that this search was made with his permission, and the Court concludes . . . that it is proper to allow that evidence to be introduced here before the jury; [the court] denies the motion of the defendant to suppress this evidence.”

Defendant recognizes that when a persоn voluntarily consents to a search by officers, he cannot later complain that his constitutional and statutory rights were violated, State v. Harris, 290 N.C. 681, 228 S.E. 2d 437 (1976), and that one who so consents waives ‍‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‍the necessity of a valid search warrant. State v. Vestal, supra. However, defendant contends that because he was in custody at the station-house, consent was not voluntarily givеn, and since there was no probable cause to search the vehicle, the warrantless search was unconstitutional and the evidence incompetent.

For a consent search to be valid, the State has the burden of proving that consent was freely and voluntarily given, without coercion, duress or fraud. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 36 L.Ed. 2d 854, 93 S.Ct. 2041 (1973); State v. Vestal, supra; State v. Little, 270 N.C. 234, 154 S.E. 2d 61 (1967). Although the State has thе burden of proving that consent was voluntarily given, the United States Supreme Court and this Court have held that Miranda is inapplicable to searches and seizures, and that it is not necessary to inform a suspect that he has the right to refuse consent. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra; State v. Frank, 284 N.C. 137, 200 S.E. 2d 169 (1973); State v. Vestal, supra.

In holding that advice as to the right to refuse consent to search is not necessary, the Court in Schneckloth said:

“The protections of the Fourth Amendment are of a wholly different order, and have nothing whatever to do with promoting the fair ascertainment of truth at a criminal trial. . . .
“. . . And, unlike those constitutional guarantees that protect a defendant at trial, it cannot be said every reasonable presumption ought to be indulged against voluntary relinquish-ment_” 412 U.S. at 242-43, 36 L.Ed. 2d at 871-72.

The defendant contends, however, that there is a difference between the non-custody consent given without advice of rights upheld in Schneckloth, and the in-custody consent involved in the present case. Defendant argues that the very facts and circumstances surrounding a suspect in custody are inherently coercive and tend to render any cоnsent given by him nonvoluntary.

*294 In Schneckloth, the Court noted that its holding applied to the limited facts of that case, a pre-custody consent search, and said that a determination of the proper standard for the validity of in-custody consent searches was not required by the facts of that case. 412 U.S. at 240, 36 L.Ed. 2d at 870-71, n. 29.

In a more recent case, United States v. Watson, 423 U.S. 411, 46 L.Ed. 2d 598, 96 S.Ct. 820 (1976), the United States Supreme ‍‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‍Court appears to have extended Schneckloth to consent searches when the suspect is both in custody and under arrest. There the Court said:

“. . . Moreover, the fact of custody, alone has never been enough in itself to demonstrate a coerced confession or consent to search. Similarly, under Schneckloth, the absence of proof that Watson knew he сould withhold his consent, though it may be a factor in the overall judgment, is not to be given controlling significance. ...
“[T]o hold that illegal coercion is made out from the fact of arrest and the failure to inform the arrestee that he could withhold consent would not be consistent with Schneckloth and would distort the voluntariness standard that we reaffirmed in that casе.” 423 U.S. at 424-25, 46 L.Ed. 2d at 609-10.

This Court held in State v. Frank, supra, that a specific warning as to Fourth Amendment rights is not necessary to validate consent to a search after the defendant is in custody, and that this is especially so where, as in the present case, a defendant has been warned of his right to remain silent and right to counsel under Miranda. See also United States v. Smith, 543 F. 2d 1141 (5th Cir. 1976); United States v. Green, 525 F. 2d 386 (8th Cir. 1975); United States v. Cage, 494 F. 2d 740 (10th Cir. 1974); United States v. Fike, 449 F. 2d 191 (5th Cir. 1971). Therefore, in accord with the United States Supreme Cоurt decision in Watson, we make no definitive distinction between pre-custody and in-custody consent searches. Rather, we hold that the added factor of custody is a circumstance to be taken into account with all other surrounding circumstances in determining whether consent was freely and voluntarily given in the absence of coerciоn. Upon the voir dire to determine the volun-tariness of defendant’s consent to a search of his property, the weight to be given the evidence is peculiarly a determination for the trial judge, and his findings are conclusive when supported by competent evidence. State v. Little, supra. In our opinion, the evidence in present case supports thе trial judge’s findings, and the findings *295 support the conclusions and rulings. This ‍‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‍assignment of error is overruled.

Defendant alleges that the trial court committed error by admitting evidence and testimony as to a shoe print lifted from the banister of the front porch of the victim’s home. On voir dire, Officer Van Isenhour testified that he lifted the shoe print from the banister the day after the crime. He further testified that there were numerous other scuff marks in the painted surface of the banister and on up the post leading to the roof of the house. Earlier, there was testimony by Mrs. Bost and officers that the defendant probably entered the house by way of an unlocked second story window above the front porch. The window wаs found opened by police the evening of the crime. Officer Isenhour testified on cross-examination that the shoe print could have been made as much as a month prior to the crime. During the trial, S.B.I. Agent Dennis Mooney, an expert on prints, testified that the shoe print could have been made by shoes worn by and taken from defendаnt at the time of his arrest.

At the conclusion of the voir dire, the trial judge found facts as follows:

“At this time, I find that these footprints, from the testimony of this officer on voir dire, were found on the corner of the bannister column which is eight and a half to ten feet above the ground; four and a half feet above the porch; one and a half feet to one and three quarter feet above the bannister on the corner of the porch post; that this is a place ordinarily where footprints would not appear on a house; that in addition, there were scuff marks on the post leading up to the corner of the roof of the porch, near the roof of the porch; that this roof is the roof from which the person who assaulted Mrs. Bost оn the 25th day of April . . . made the entry into the house. . . .”

The trial court then concluded that the evidence of the shoe print was admissible.

Defendant insists that since the shoe print could have been made as much as a month prior to the crime, its admission was error, and that under State v. Palmer, 230 N.C. 205, 52 S.E. 2d 908 (1949), it was nonprobative evidence which should not have been prеsented to the jury. Defendant’s reliance on Palmer is misplaced. Palmer dealt with the weight to be assigned the evidence of the shoe print in determining a motion for nonsuit, not its admissibility. The *296 admissibility of the evidence of the shoe print was not raised on appeal.

Evidence of shoe prints leading to or from the scene of the crime and corresponding with those оf the accused may be admitted into evidence as tending more or less strongly to connect the accused with the crime. Stansbury, North Carolina Evidence § 85, pp. 263-65 (Brandis rev. 1973); State v. Lewis, 281 N.C. 564, 189 S.E. 2d 216 (1972); State v. Pinyatello, 272 N.C. 312, 158 S.E. 2d 596 (1968); State v. Warren, 228 N.C. 22, 44 S.E. 2d 207 (1947). Although both Officers Van Isenhour and Mooney admitted on cross-examination that the shoe print could have been made a month prior to the crime, Officer Moоney’s testimony on direct examination that the shoe print corresponded with shoes taken from defendant at the time of his arrest was clearly competent as tending to connect the accused with the crime. The question whether the shoe print could have been impressed only at the time the crime was committed is a question of fact for the jury, not a question of law to be determined by the court prior to the admission of the evidence. State v. Irick, 291 N.C. 480, 231 S.E. 2d 833 (1977). We therefore hold that this ‍‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‍evidence was properly admitted.

Evidence of defendant’s guilt was clear. His convictions result from a trial free from prejudicial error. The verdicts and judgments of the trial court must therefore be upheld.

No error.