State v. LocksState v. Locks
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Udall
In the second count of a two count direct information defendant Locks was charged with “wilfully and unlawfully” keeping for sale, selling and exhibiting obscene and indecent pictures and written materials in violation of
“A person is guilty of a misdemeanor who:
“1. Writes, composes, prints, publishes, sells, distributes, keeps for sale, gives, loans or exhibits an obscene or indecent writing, paper or book to any person, or designs, copies, draws, engraves, paints or otherwise prepares an obscene or indecent picture or print. .* * *»
Defendant’s motion to quash this count was granted by the trial court on the ground that
In Smith the Court reviewed the conviction of a Los Angeles bookstore proprietor for violation of a local ordinance which made “it unlawful ‘for any person to have in his possession any obscene or indecent writing, [or] book * * * [i]n any place of business where * * * books * * * are sold or kept for sale.’ ” 361 U.S. at 148, 80 S.Ct. at 216. The court noted that the California appellate court, in affirming the conviction, had construed the ordinance as “ * * * imposing a ‘strict’ or ‘absolute’ criminal liability” i. e., that “ * * * no element of scienter — knowledge by appellant of the contents of the book * * * ” was required. 3 Accepting the state court’s construction of the ordinance the Court observed that:
“By dispensing with any requirement of knowledge of the contents of the book on the part of the seller, the ordinance tends to impose a severe limitation on the public’s access to constitutionally protected matter.” 361 U.S. at 153, 80 S.Ct. at 218.
and that:
“The bookseller’s self-censorship, compelled by the State, would be a censorship affecting the whole public, hardly less virulent for being privately administered. Through it, the distribution of all books, both obscene and not obscene, would be impeded.” 361 U.S. at 154, 80 S.Ct. at 219.
Accordingly, the ordinance was adjudged unconstitutional and the conviction reversed.
If, as defendant here contends, the Arizona obscenity statute is in fact without the scienter requirement, then the statute
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must fall by force of the Smith holding. However, the Supreme Court of the United States has often recognized “ * * * the basic constitutional principle that the construction of state laws is the exclusive responsibility of the state courts.” Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513, 523 n. 7, 78 S.Ct. 1332, 2 L.Ed.2d 1460 (1958). And for the reasons given below we construe
Since Smith was handed down in 1959 the highest courts of twelve states have been presented with the problem herein involved —i. e. the construction to be given an obscenity statute which on its face does not require scienter. In nine of these jurisdictions the statutes have been upheld as impliedly containing the scienter requirement. Cohen v. State, 125 So.2d 560 (Fla.1960); State v. Roufa, 241 La. 474, 129 So.2d 743 (1961); Demetropolos v. Commonwealth, 342 Mass. 658, 175 N.E.2d 259 (1961); State v. Oman, 261 Minn. 10, 110 N.W.2d 514 (1961); State v. Hudson County News Co., 35 N.J. 284, 173 A.2d 20 (1961); People v. Finkelstein, 9 N.Y.2d 342, 214 N.Y.S.2d 363, 174 N.E.2d 470 (1961); State v. Jackson, 224 Or. 337, 356 P.2d 495 (1960); State v. Miller, W.Va., 112 S.E.2d 472 (1960) (by implication) ; State v. Chobot, 12 Wis.2d 110, 106 N.W.2d 286 (1960), appeal dismissed, 368 U.S. 15, 82 S.Ct. 136, 7 L.Ed.2d 85 (1961) (by implication).
The principal device employed by the above courts in saving the statutes involved has been the rule that whenever possible a statute should be construed as to render it constitutional. 4 Representative of this approach is the opinion in Demetropolos wherein the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, after acknowledging that the legislature had amended a companion obscenity statute (dealing with pamphlets) to include the word “knowingly” but had failed to do so in the case of the obscene book statute under consideration, said:
“In an ordinary case this factor might be persuasive. It cannot, however, be allowed to prevail over the principle that where a statute may be construed as either constitutional or unconstitutional, a construction will be adopted which avoids an unconstitutional interpretation.” 175 N.E.2d at 261.
On the other hand the Supreme Courts of Indiana, Missouri, and Washington have struck down statutes similar to
We choose to follow the lead of the majority of those courts which have ruled on this question and construe
Accordingly, we hold that the element of scienter is implicit in the Arizona obscenity statute; thát
Reversed.
BERNSTEIN, C. J., and STRUCK-MEYER, JENNINGS and LOCKWOOD, JJ-, concur.
Notes
. Sections 4 and 6 of Article 2 of the Arizona Constitution, A.R.S. provide as follows:
“Section 4. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”
“Section 6. Every person may freely speak, write, and publish on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right.”
. See Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 45 S.Ct. 625, 69 L.Ed. 1138 (1925).
. 361 U.S. at 149, 80 S.Ct. at 216. So construed by the California appellate court the “strict liability” ordinance withstood the California constitutional prohibition against local laws in conflict with the general laws of the state. “The city ordinance is more restrictive than the Penal Code section 311. Under the Penal Code section scienter is required.” People v. Smith, 161 Cal.App.2d Supp. 860, 865, 327 P.2d 636, 639 (1958). (Emphasis original.)
. In Oman and Miller, however, the Minnesota and West Virginia courts construed statutes similar to