65 N.C. App. 75 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1983
Defendant was convicted under G.S. 20-138(b), which makes it a crime to operate a vehicle when the amount of alcohol in the blood is .10 percent or more by weight. Defendant now contends that nothing in the Record shows that his blood alcohol level was measured by weight.
The trial judge instructed the jury that the results from the breathalyzer indicated that the amount of alcohol in defendant’s blood was ten one hundredths of one percent by weight. Defendant contends that this instruction was unsupported by the evidence and that the charge against him should be dismissed as a matter of law. We disagree.
The breathalyzer test in the instant case was administered by a trained, licensed breathalyzer operator. The results from such test, showing the amount of alcohol in defendant’s blood to be .10 percent were competent and admissible. G.S. 20-139.1; State v. Cooke, 270 N.C. 644, 155 S.E. 2d 165 (1967).
Defendant cites cases from Missouri and Wisconsin holding that tests measuring alcohol in the blood by volume, rather than by weight, are inadmissible evidence. See State v. Carwile, 441 S.W. 2d 763 (Mo. Ct. App. 1969); State v. Corsiglia, 435 S.W. 2d 430 (Mo. Ct. App. 1968); State v. Rodell, 17 Wis. 2d 451, 117 N.W. 2d 278 (1962). The holdings in the Corsiglia and Carwile cases, which defendant relies on, were based on a Missouri statute, since amended, that provided that the percent of alcohol in the blood was based on milligrams of alcohol per milligrams of blood. The
In this country, we measure samples of blood alcohol by volume, and not by weight, and the results of blood alcohol tests are usually given as weight/volume and not weight/weight. Commonwealth v. Brooks, 366 Mass. 423, 431, 319 N.E. 2d 901, 906 (1974), citing Harger, Medicolegal Aspects of Chemical Tests of Alcoholic Intoxication, 39 J. Crim. L. and Criminology, 402 (1948). All the widely used testing instruments that report in terms of ‘percentage’ or ‘percentage by weight’ of alcohol in the blood actually use weight/volume percentage qualification. Id. at 431, 319 N.E. 2d at 907.
In light of G.S. 20-139.1, which adopts the generally accepted method for measuring alcohol in a person’s blood, the trial judge was correct in admitting into evidence the results of a breathalyzer test, properly administered, and in instructing the jury in regard to such evidence.
In his second Assignment of Error, defendant contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that they could return a possible verdict finding defendant guilty of operating a motor vehicle with a .10 percent or more blood alcohol level.
G.S. 20-138 states, in pertinent part:
(a) It is unlawful ... for any person who is under the influence of alcoholic beverages to drive or operate any vehicle
(b) It is unlawful for any person to operate any vehicle . . . when the amount of alcohol in such person’s blood is 0.10 percent or more by weight ... An offense under this subsection shall be treated as a lesser included offense of the offense of driving under the influence.
It is well-recognized in North Carolina that when a defendant is indicted for a criminal offense, he may be convicted of the charged offense or of a lesser included offense when the greater offense charged contains all the essential elements of the lesser offense. See, e.g., State v. Richardson, 279 N.C. 621, 185 S.E. 2d 102 (1971); State v. Riera, 276 N.C. 361, 172 S.E. 2d 535 (1970). Although driving with a blood alcohol level of .10 percent or more is not necessarily included in the offense of driving under the influence, nevertheless, the General Assembly has expressly declared that it be treated as a lesser included offense. This Court has held that G.S. 20438(b) is a constitutional exercise of police power by the General Assembly. State v. Luckey, 54 N.C. App. 178, 282 S.E. 2d 490 (1981), appeal dismissed, 304 N.C. 731, 288 S.E. 2d 381 (1982); State v. Basinger, 30 N.C. App. 45, 226 S.E. 2d 216 (1976). We see no reason to part from such holding.
In State v. Basinger, supra, we explained that even though evidence of blood alcohol level, necessary under G.S. 20438(b), was not required to convict under G.S. 20438(a), such evidence was, nevertheless, competent and could lead to a conviction under subsection (a). When the State produces evidence of a defendant’s breath or blood, a defendant is thereby put on notice by statute that he may be convicted of either G.S. 20438(a) or (b). See id.
Defendant, in this case, was charged with operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcoholic beverages in violation of G.S. 20-138. By such charge and by the evidence produced at trial, defendant received notice that he could be convicted under subsection (b) of the named statute. The judge was correct in instructing the jury on the possibility of such a verdict.
Defendant lastly contends that the trial court erred in its definition of reasonable doubt. As part of his charge to the jury, the judge instructed:
The State must prove to you that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
*80 [Now, this does not mean satisfied beyond any doubt, nor satisfied beyond all doubt, nor does it mean satisfied beyond a shadow of a doubt, or some vain, imaginary, or fanciful doubt. A reasonable doubt is not a doubt suggested by the ingenuity of counsel or by your own ingenuity not legitimately warranted by the evidence. A reasonable doubt is not a mere possible doubt for most things that relate to human affairs or ultimately some possible or imaginary doubt. A reasonable doubt is one based on common sense and reason generated by the insufficiency of proof.]
Absent a request, the trial judge is not required to define reasonable doubt and if he undertakes to give such definition, the law does not require any set formula. See State v. Wells, 290 N.C. 485, 226 S.E. 2d 325 (1976); State v. Hammonds, 241 N.C. 226, 85 S.E. 2d 133 (1954). The jury instruction in the instant case was in substantial accord with instructions on reasonable doubt approved by this Court and the Supreme Court in prior cases. See State v. Faircloth, 297 N.C. 100, 253 S.E. 2d 890, cert. denied, 444 U.S. 874, 100 S.Ct. 156, 62 L.Ed. 2d 102 (1979); State v. Brackett, 218 N.C. 369, 11 S.E. 2d 146 (1940). We do not think the jury was misled or confused by such instruction. See State v. Ward, 286 N.C. 304, 210 S.E. 2d 407 (1974), modified, 428 U.S. 903, 96 S.Ct. 3206, 49 L.Ed. 2d 1207 (1976); State v. Hammonds, supra.
Defendant also argues that the trial judge erred in instructing that a reasonable doubt is generated by “insufficiency of proof’ and in failing to instruct that such doubt could arise “out of the evidence.” While it is error to instruct that a reasonable doubt arises from the evidence without also instructing that such doubt can arise from lack of evidence, an instruction such as the one in this case includes both propositions. See State v. Swift, 290 N.C. 383, 226 S.E. 2d 652 (1976); State v. Hammonds, supra. “Insufficiency of proof’ refers to an insufficiency arising from the evidence or from insufficiency of the evidence. 290 N.C. at 399, 226 S.E. 2d at 664. Defendant was not prejudiced by such instruction.
No error.
