407 S.E.2d 218 | N.C. | 1991
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Oscar LLOYD.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
Lacy H. Thornburg, Atty. Gen. by William N. Farrell, Jr., Sp. Deputy Atty. Gen., Raleigh, for the State.
Ann B. Petersen, Chapel Hill, for defendant-appellant.
*219 EXUM, Chief Justice.
Defendant, after being convicted of the first degree murder of Burton Cornwell, was sentenced to death.[*] On defendant's appeal this Court found no error in either the guilt determination proceeding or the capital sentencing proceeding. State v. Lloyd, 321 N.C. 301, 364 S.E.2d 316 (1988) (Lloyd I).
On 3 October 1988 the Supreme Court of the United States vacated our judgment and remanded the case to us for further consideration in light of Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367, 108 S.Ct. 1860, 100 L.Ed.2d 384 (1988). Lloyd v. North Carolina, 488 U.S. 807, 109 S.Ct. 38, 102 L.Ed.2d 18 (1988). Subsequently, this Court, relying on State v. McKoy, 323 N.C. 1, 372 S.E.2d 12 (1988), vacated and remanded sub nom., McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. 433, 110 S.Ct. 1227, 108 L.Ed.2d 369 (1990), reinstated its earlier mandate. State v. Lloyd, 323 N.C. 622, 374 S.E.2d 277 (1988).
On 19 March 1990 the Supreme Court of the United States granted defendant's second petition for writ of certiorari, vacated our second judgment, and again remanded the case to us for further consideration in light of its decision in McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. 433, 110 S.Ct. 1227, 108 L.Ed.2d 369 (1990) (McKoy). Lloyd v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. ___, 110 S.Ct. 1463, 108 L.Ed.2d 601 (1990).
We again heard the case on supplemental briefs ordered by the Court and directed to the questions of whether under McKoy there was error in the sentencing proceeding and, if so, whether the error was harmless. We now conclude there was reversible McKoy error, entitling defendant to a new capital sentencing proceeding.
The evidence is adequately summarized in Lloyd I and will not be repeated here, except as necessary for our consideration of the McKoy issue.
In McKoy the United States Supreme Court held unconstitutional capital sentencing jury instructions which required the jury to find the existence of a mitigating circumstance unanimously in order for any individual juror to consider that circumstance or evidence supporting it when determining the defendant's sentence. Reasoning from earlier decisions in Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978), and Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367, 108 S.Ct. 1860, 100 L.Ed.2d 384 (1988), the McKoy Court concluded that under the eighth and fourteenth amendments, no individual juror can be precluded by such a unanimity requirement from taking into account in the jury's final sentencing decision any circumstance that the individual juror might conclude mitigates a defendant's capital crime.
As in McKoy, the instructions here, the State concedes, require the jury to find unanimously the existence of a mitigating circumstance before individual jurors could consider that circumstance or evidence supporting it in the final sentencing decision. The only issue needing discussion is whether this instructional error is harmless. Because of the constitutional dimensions of the error, the State has the burden of demonstrating that it is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. N.C.G.S. § 15A-1443(b) (1988); State v. McKoy, 327 N.C. 31, 44, 394 S.E.2d 426, 433 (1990). We conclude the State has failed to carry this burden.
The jury found unanimously as aggravating circumstances that the murder was committed while defendant was engaged in or was attempting to engage in a robbery with a dangerous weapon and that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel. N.C.G.S. § 15A-2000(e)(5) and (9) (1988). Eight mitigating circumstances were submitted to the jury. The jury found four to exist:
1. Since the arrest of the defendant for the offenses before you, the defendant has shown no tendencies of violence toward others.
2. Since the arrest of the defendant he has abided by the rules and regulations of the Cherokee County Jail.
*220 3. That the defendant has adapted well to life as a prisoner.
4. That the defendant has suffered from episodic alcohol abuse since 1973.
The jury did not find the following four proposed mitigating circumstances, the first of which is listed in the capital sentencing statute, N.C.G.S. § 15A-2000(f)(1):
1. The defendant has no significant history of prior criminal offenses;
2. That the defendant had been a loving and affectionate son to his mother;
3. That the defendant had been a loving and affectionate father to his son; [and]
4. Any other circumstances arising from the evidence which the jury deems to have mitigating value.
After balancing the two aggravating circumstances found against the mitigating circumstances found, the jury concluded that defendant should be sentenced to death.
Upon return of its sentencing verdict in open court, the jury was polled about each answer it entered on the verdict form, including the mitigating circumstances not found. The polling procedure as to each mitigating circumstance was:
THE COURT: Mr. Foreman, sir, how says the jury as to Issue Number One... "The defendant has no significant history of prior criminal offenses."
How says the jury, sir?
THE FOREMAN: No, your Honor.
THE COURT: Members of the jury, your foreman has returned in open court a verdict of "No" as to question number one ... was "No" your verdict and so say all of you?
(All indicated affirmatively.)
The jury answered similarly the trial court's questions about all four proposed mitigating circumstances not found.
The State contends the jury foreman's responses and the jury panel's affirmations during the polling process demonstrate that the jury unanimously rejected these four mitigating circumstances. Therefore, the State maintains, no juror was prevented during the final sentencing decision from considering evidence which he or she believed to have mitigating value, making the McKoy error harmless.
Where a post-verdict poll in a capital sentencing proceeding demonstrates that the jury unanimously rejected unfound mitigating circumstances, a McKoy error as to those circumstances is harmless. State v. Laws, 328 N.C. 550, 402 S.E.2d 573 (1991). In Laws the jury unanimously found the first four mitigating circumstances submitted to exist, but rejected the fifth and last, "catchall" circumstance. Upon return of the sentencing verdict in open court, the jurors were polled. As to the "catchall" circumstance, the court noted the following exchange:
THE CLERK: Number five, Any other circumstance or circumstances arising from the evidence which you, the jury, deem to have mitigating value. Your answer is no. Is this the unanimous verdict of the jury? [Emphasis added in Laws opinion.]
FOREMAN ROBERTSON: Yes ma'am.
Each individual juror was then polled as follows:
THE COURT: Madam Clerk, you'll need to poll each juror individually as to their answers to the issues....
....
THE CLERK: ....
Soundra Goings. In ... issue number two, yes; mitigating factor number one is yes; number two, yes; number three, yes; number four, yes; number five, no.... Your recommendation as to punishment is that the defendant ... be sentenced to death. Are these your answers and your recommendation as to punishment? [Emphasis added in Laws opinion.]
JUROR GOINGS: Yes, ma'am.
THE CLERK: And do you still assent thereto?
JUROR GOINGS: Yes, ma'am.
Id. at 554-55, 402 S.E.2d at 576. Each juror gave the same affirmative responses as juror Goings. Based on these facts, this Court reasoned:
*221 The record thus establishes that the foreman expressly informed the court the jury was unanimous in rejecting the catchall mitigating circumstance. In addition, each member of the jury, when polled individually, expressly affirmed that his or her individual answer to that circumstance was "no." Each juror had an opportunity to express his or her difference with the finding of the jury, yet none did so. Rather, each expressly verified his or her individual concurrence. Extrinsic evidence in the record thus clearly establishes that each juror's decision was consistent with that of the whole.
Although an erroneous McKoy instruction may preclude a juror or jurors from considering a defendant's mitigating evidence, here the jurors' responses to the polling establish that in fact no such preclusion occurred. Because the record clearly establishes that no juror individually found defendant's evidence sufficiently substantial to support a finding of [a proposed mitigating circumstance], we can conclude with confidence that the unconstitutional unanimity requirement did not preclude any juror from considering mitigating evidence.
Id. 328 N.C. at 555, 402 S.E.2d at 576-77 (emphasis added).
The polling in the case at bar differs from that in Laws. Here, as to the mitigating circumstances, the trial court polled the jury by asking questions only of its foreman and the jury panel as a whole. Only as to the final sentencing decision were questions addressed to individual jurors. More importantly, the polling questions did not inquire and neither the foreman's nor the panel's answers reveal whether the jury's rejection of the mitigating circumstances was unanimous. Under the trial court's jury instructions, which were erroneous under McKoy, the jury could have rejected a mitigating circumstance if it either (1) could not unanimously vote "yes," or (2) unanimously voted "no." The poll was not specific enough to distinguish between unanimous and nonunanimous "no" verdicts on the unfound mitigating circumstances. When the trial court asked, "Was `No' your verdict and so say you all?" on the mitigating circumstances, the panel's affirmative response acknowledged only that the negative verdict was a correct account of the jury's action on the issue, an action which itself was based on the erroneous unanimity instruction.
Because the jury's rejection of the mitigating circumstances was not shown to be unanimous by the post-verdict poll, the poll itself does not render the McKoy error harmless.
The State next argues that the McKoy error is harmless because even if one or more jurors had been permitted to find and consider the unfound mitigating circumstances, they would still have voted to sentence defendant to death, given the atrocity of the crime and the aggravating circumstances found. Any reasonable juror, the State contends, who balanced the aggravating circumstances found against all the mitigating evidence adduced would have concluded that death was the appropriate punishment. The McKoy instructional error, therefore, had no impact on the final sentencing decision and should be considered harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
This Court, in the McKoy error cases, has not inquired as to how individual jurors might have balanced the aggravating and mitigating evidence to resolve the harmlessness issue. On this issue, our only inquiry has been whether the evidence is such that one or more jurors could reasonably have found a statutory mitigating circumstance to exist. Where we have concluded there is such evidence, unless there is in the record something, such as a Laws poll, by which we can determine that the mitigating circumstance was unanimously rejected, we have consistently held McKoy error to be not harmless and the defendant entitled to a new capital sentencing proceeding. See, e.g., State v. Jones, 327 N.C. 439, 396 S.E.2d 309 (1990); State v. Sanderson, 327 N.C. 397, 394 S.E.2d 803 (1990); State v. McNeil, 327 N.C. 388, 395 S.E.2d 106 (1990), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 111 S.Ct. 1403, 113 L.Ed.2d 459 (1991); State v. *222 Sanders, 327 N.C. 319, 395 S.E.2d 412 (1990); State v. McKoy, 327 N.C. 31, 394 S.E.2d 426 (1990); State v. Brown, 327 N.C. 1, 394 S.E.2d 434 (1990). We have not thought it our function, in resolving the harmlessness issue, to surmise how one or more jurors might weigh the aggravating and mitigating evidence, which is capsulized in the form of individually submitted "circumstances." This function, we continue to believe, is solely for the trial jurors who hear the evidence and are properly instructed on the law.
We now turn to the evidence supporting those mitigating circumstances submitted but not found. There was evidence supporting the submitted but not found statutory mitigating circumstance that defendant had "no significant history of prior criminal activity." N.C.G.S. § 15A-2000. In our initial consideration of this case, Lloyd I, we held, after exhaustive analysis, that the trial court did not err in submitting over defendant's objection that mitigating circumstance to the jury. We concluded that the evidence of defendant's prior criminal activity was such that a jury could reasonably find this circumstance to exist.
Because the evidence here was such that one or more reasonable jurors could find that defendant had no significant history of prior criminal activity, a statutory mitigating circumstance, we conclude, in keeping with our precedents, that the State has not shown beyond a reasonable doubt that the McKoy error was harmless. We therefore vacate the sentence of death and remand to Superior Court, Cherokee County, for a new capital sentencing proceeding.
DEATH SENTENCE VACATED; REMANDED FOR NEW CAPITAL SENTENCING PROCEEDING.
NOTES
[*] Defendant was also convicted of the armed robbery of Cornwell and sentenced to fourteen years' imprisonment for this crime.