122 Wash. App. 633 | Wash. Ct. App. | 2004
Steven Leyda used a stolen credit card four times at the Bon Marche. We hold that separate charges of identity theft for each use of the card did not violate double jeopardy because the unit of prosecution for identity theft is each use of stolen personal information, not each piece of stolen information. We also reject Leyda’s contentions about the adequacy of the charging documents and jury instructions and hold the merger doctrine did not apply. We therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
Steven Leyda and his girl friend Nikkoleen Cooley used a stolen Bon Marche credit card four times on three different days in October and November 2002. The fourth time, the cashier became suspicious. Leyda and Cooley were eventually arrested.
Leyda was charged with four counts of identity theft in the second degree, one count for each time he used the card. He was also charged with two counts of theft in the third degree, one count of theft in the second degree, and one count of possession of stolen property in the second degree, all arising from these transactions. Leyda was convicted by a jury on all counts, and this appeal followed.
Double Jeopardy. Leyda contends that multiple convictions for identity theft constitute double jeopardy
The first step is to analyze the language of the identity theft statute. The plain language of RCW 9.35.020 indicates the legislature intended to penalize the use of stolen information.
Leyda misreads the statute. “Aggregate total” refers to the combined sum of all of the various benefits the defendant obtains when he or she “uses the victim’s means of identification or financial information.”
Under Leyda’s reading of the statute, repeated use of a stolen credit card for weeks or months would be punished no more severely than a single use of the same card. One
Further, identity theft causes several different kinds of harm. A thief who steals money harms the victim only once, whether or not he later spends the money. But a thief who uses stolen personal information to make purchases steals the information, and the credit, and the goods. These are separate harms, identified by the legislature to be separately punished.
We hold that the unit of prosecution for identity theft is the use of the victim’s means of identification or financial information with intent to commit a crime. Leyda used the stolen credit card in four separate transactions. Double jeopardy was not violated when Leyda was convicted of four counts of second degree identity theft.
Merger. Leyda contends his possession of stolen property conviction should have merged into his convictions for second degree identity theft because proof that he possessed the stolen credit card was a necessary element of identity theft. But
the merger doctrine is a rule of statutory construction which only applies where the Legislature has clearly indicated that in order to prove a particular degree of crime (e.g., first degree rape) the State must prove not only that a defendant committed that crime (e.g., rape) but that the crime was accompanied by an act which is defined as a crime elsewhere in the criminal statutes (e.g., assault or kidnapping).[11 ]
Charging Document and Jury Instructions. To be constitutionally adequate, both charging documents and jury instructions must include all essential elements of the crimes charged.
Value is not an essential element unless there is a minimum threshold value that must be proved to establish the crime.
Affirmed.
Cox, C.J., and Coleman, J., concur.
Review granted at 153 Wn.2d 1023 (2005).
The United States Constitution provides that no person shall “be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” U.S. Const, amend. V. The Washington State Constitution provides that “[n]o person shall be... twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.” Wash. Const, art. I, § 9. Washington’s clause provides the same protection as the federal clause. In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 142 Wn.2d 165, 171, 12 P.3d 603 (2000).
State v. Adel, 136 Wn.2d 629, 634, 965 P.2d 1072 (1998).
Id. at 635 (quoting Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 169, 97 S. Ct. 2221, 53 L. Ed. 2d 187 (1977)).
Former RCW 9.35.020 (2002) provides:
(1) No person may knowingly obtain, possess, use, or transfer a means of identification or financial information of another person, living or dead, with the intent to commit, or to aid or abet, any crime.
(2) (a) Violation of this section when the accused or an accomplice uses the victim’s means of identification or financial information and obtains an aggregate total of credit, money, goods, services, or anything else of value in excess of one thousand five hundred dollars in value shall constitute identity theft in the first degree. Identity theft in the first degree is a class B felony.
(b) Violation of this section when the accused or an accomplice uses the victim’s means of identification or financial information and obtains an aggregate total of credit, money, goods, services, or anything else of value that is less than one thousand five hundred dollars in value, or when no credit, money, goods, services, or anything of value is obtained shall constitute identity theft in the second degree. Identity theft in the second degree is a class C felony.
(3) A person who violates this section is liable for civil damages of five hundred dollars or actual damages, whichever is greater, including costs to repair the victim’s credit record, and reasonable attorneys’ fees as determined by the court.
Former RCW 9.35.020(1) (emphasis added).
Former RCW 9.35.020(2)(a), (b).
Former RCW 9.35.020(2)(a).
Former RCW 9.35.020(2)(b).
Appellant’s Br. at 19-20.
Former RCW 9.35.020(2)(a), (b).
State v. Vladovic, 99 Wn.2d 413, 420-21, 662 P.2d 853 (1983). See also State v. Parmelee, 108 Wn. App. 702, 710, 32 P.3d 1029 (2001) (“The merger doctrine is relevant only when a crime is elevated to a higher degree by proof of another crime proscribed elsewhere in the criminal code.”).
State v. Hopper, 118 Wn.2d 151,156, 822 P.2d 775 (1992); State v. Miller, 131 Wn.2d 78, 90-91, 929 P.2d 372 (1997).
State v. Ward, 148 Wn.2d 803, 811, 64 P.3d 640 (2003) (citation omitted).
State v. Rogers, 30 Wn. App. 653, 655, 638 P.2d 89 (1981).
Former RCW 9.35.020(2)(b).
ROW 9A.56.050(1).
Leyda contends this conclusion is inconsistent with our Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Moavenzadeh, 135 Wn.2d 359, 956 P.2d 1097 (1998). There, the State charged Moavenzadeh with six counts of “Theft in the Second [or Third] Degree,” without alleging a value element for any of the charges. Id. at 361. There was no way for Moavenzadeh to distinguish between the two crimes with which he was charged. The court found the charges constitutionally defective because “the property value elements of these crimes do not appear in any form in the information.” Id. at 364. That case is factually distinguishable. Leyda was charged with second and third degree theft in separate counts; the State alleged the required value element in the second degree theft charge. Leyda was thus on notice that he was accused of second degree theft for wrongfully obtaining property belonging to Bon Marche and “that the value of such property did exceed $250.” Clerk’s Papers at 8. This distinguished that count from the lesser charges of third degree theft. A person of common understanding would comprehend that the lesser theft charge concerned value that did not exceed $250. See RCW 10.37.050(6).