191 S.E.2d 674 | N.C. | 1972
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Lewis Burley FOUNTAIN.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
*678 Atty. Gen. Robert Morgan and Asst. Atty. Gen. Eugene Hafer, for the State.
Benjamin R. Wrenn, Reidsville, Court-Appointed Attorney, for defendant.
BRANCH, Justice.
Defendant assigns as error the failure of the trial court to grant his motion for mistrial.
In selecting the jury the original venire was exhausted, and Judge Long ordered *679 that ten additional jurors be selected from the jury list in the same manner as provided for the selection of regular jurors. Defendant objected to the drawing of the additional jurors and on the next day moved for a mistrial on the ground that the tales jurors were not called as members of the original venire prior to the seating of any jurors. Defendant relies on the provisions of G.S. § 9-21, which provides:
Peremptory challenges in criminal cases.(a) In all capital cases each defendant may challenge peremptorily without cause 14 jurors and no more. In all other criminal cases each defendant may challenge peremptorily six jurors without cause and no more. To enable defendants to exercise this right, the clerk shall read over the names of the jurors on the panel, in the presence and hearing of the defendants and their counsel, before the jury is impaneled. (Emphasis ours)
(b) In all capital cases the State may challenge peremptorily without cause six jurors for each defendant and no more. In all other criminal cases the State may challenge peremptorily without cause four jurors for each defendant and no more. The State's challenge, peremptory or for cause, must be made before the juror is tendered to the defendant. The State does not have the right to stand any jurors at the foot of the panel.
G.S. § 9-11 provides:
Supplemental jurors; special venire. (a) If necessary, the court may, without using the jury list, order the sheriff to summon from day to day additional jurors to supplement the original venire. Jurors so summoned shall have the same qualifications and be subject to the same challenges as jurors selected for the regular jury list. If the presiding judge finds that service of summons by the sheriff is not suitable because of his direct or indirect interest in the action to be tried, the judge may appoint some suitable person in place of the sheriff to summon supplemental jurors. The clerk of superior court shall furnish the register of deeds the names of those additional jurors who are so summoned and who report for jury service.
(b) The presiding judge may, in his discretion, at any time before or during a session direct that supplemental jurors or a special venire be selected from the jury list in the same manner as is provided for the selection of regular jurors. Jurors summoned under this subsection may be discharged by the court at any time during the session and are subject to the same challenges as regular jurors, and to no other challenges.
The language of G.S. § 9-11 is clear and unambiguous, and its provisions authorize the trial judge to order the summonsing of supplemental jurors in order to insure orderly, uninterrupted, and speedy trials.
This Court is without power to interpolate or superimpose provisions not contained in a clear and unambiguous statute, State ex rel. Utilities Comm. v. Lumbee River Electric Membership Corp., 275 N.C. 250, 166 S.E.2d 663; North Carolina Board of Architecture v. Lee, 264 N.C. 602, 142 S.E.2d 643.
In construing statutes dealing with similar subject matter, the statutes must be construed in pari materia and harmonized so as to give effect to each other. State ex rel. Utilities Comm. v. Lumbee River Electric Membership Corp., supra; Becker County Sand & Gravel Co. v. Taylor, 269 N.C. 617, 153 S.E.2d 19.
The procedure of impaneling a jury is not statutory but is an ancient rite still in general use in the courts of this State. It is the final procedure or ceremony in the formation of a jury.
The provisions of G.S. § 9-11 and G.S. § 9-21 are easily harmonized. The requirement in G.S. § 9-21 that the clerk *680 read the names of the jurors to enable defendants to exercise their rights of challenge before the jury is impaneled applies to original venires and additional venires with equal force, and relates to the time before the jury is finally formed. Clearly the purpose of this provision is to keep the defendant and his counsel informed as to the composition of the jury venires until the time the jury is impaneled.
We have been unable to find any authority in this jurisdiction as to the precise issue here presented. We do find authority from other jurisdictions supporting the general rule that an accused is not prejudiced because he is not furnished a list of persons called as supplemental jurors where it became necessary to summons them after the court had properly excluded jurors from the original venire. 47 Am.Jur.2d, Jury § 162; Demato v. People, 49 Colo. 147, 111 P. 703; State v. McKee, 170 La. 630, 128 So. 658; Makley v. State, 49 Ohio App. 359, 197 N.E. 339.
Instant record shows that defendant failed to move for a continuance in order to review the names of the additional jurors drawn upon order of the trial judge. The record does not reveal that the clerk failed to read over the names of the additional jurors in the presence and hearing of defendant and his counsel before the jury was impaneled. Further, defendant has failed to show any prejudice since the record does not reveal the acceptance of any juror after the exhaustion of his peremptory challenges. To follow defendant's contention would result in a procedure which would impede the orderly dispatch of court business and defeat the primary purpose of our court system: to afford defendants fair and speedy trials.
We find no merit in this assignment of error.
Defendant next assigns as error the action of the trial judge in sustaining the State's objection to cross-examination of Florence Parker and Deputy Sheriff Setliff concerning a shotgun and shotgun shell casing purportedly found at the scene of Vera Parker's death.
On cross-examination of the witness Florence Parker, the following occurred:
Q. Now you say that you don't know anything about a shotgun?
A. No, sir, but they said one was out there.
Q. Who is they?
SOLICITOR SCOTT: Objection to what somebody said, if she does not know about it.
COURT: Sustained.
EXCEPTION NO. 2.
The same type question was put to Deputy Sheriff Setliff concerning the shell casing. He had previously answered that he had no personal knowledge of the existence of a shell casing at the scene, but that someone had told him one was there.
Defendant in both instances attempted to establish the existence of the shotgun or shell casing through witnesses who stated they had no personal knowledge concerning the matter. Had the court allowed defendant to elicit this testimony as to what someone other than the witnesses personally knew about the shotgun or the shell casing, it would clearly have been hearsay evidence. 2 Strong's N.C. Index 2d, Criminal Law § 73, p. 572; Stansbury, N.C. Evidence 2d, Hearsay § 138, pp. 335-339.
In any event, the record on appeal does not show what the responses to these questions would have been.
It is well recognized that when a record fails to show what the witness would have testified had he been permitted to answer questions objected to, the exclusion of such testimony is not shown to be prejudicial. This rule applies to questions asked on direct and cross-examination. State v. Fletcher and State v. St. Arnold, 279 N.C. *681 85, 181 S.E.2d 405; State v. Kirby, 276 N.C. 123, 171 S.E.2d 416.
This assignment of error does not set out the excluded evidence but merely refers to the record page where the asserted error may be discovered. This is not sufficient. State v. Fox, 277 N.C. 1, 175 S.E.2d 561; Rule 19(3), Rules of Practice in the Supreme Court of North Carolina.
This assignment of error is overruled.
By his Fifth Assignment of Error defendant asserts that the trial court erred in allowing the solicitor to further cross-examine defendant concerning an alleged prior conviction after defendant denied having been convicted of the crime. We quote portions of the record pertinent to this contention:
Q. State to the court and the jury whether or not you were indicted and convicted for shooting into the home down there?
A. They say that I shot into it but I didn't.
Q. Were you convicted of that?
A. Er, no.
Q. Were you convicted or did you plead guilty?
A. I was not convicted of it.
Q. Did you plead guilty?
A. I don't remember.
Q. That was in Caswell County that I am talking about and you don't remember whether you were
ATTORNEY WRENN: Objection, the solicitor is bound by the answer of the defendant, your Honor.
COURT: Overruled.
EXCEPTION NO. 7.
I did not plead guilty of shooting into no house. The court made some sort of settlement or something. I do not know what kind of a settlement it was. It did not involve me. I don't know if I pleaded guilty in May, 1971 or shooting into the house of Vera Parker. I do not remember who the judge was. I was on probation at the time I killed Vera Parker. I was not at Vera Parker's home. One of the conditions of my probation was that I was not to go to Vera Parker's home or molest her.
Q. And I will ask you now even if you were not convicted, I will ask you if you did not actually shoot into the home of Vera Parker on the 20th day of February, 1971?
A. I did not.
ATTORNEY WRENN: Objection.
COURT: Overruled.
EXCEPTION NO. 8.
. . . . . .
Q. You pled guilty?
A. No, I did not plead guilty to shooting in no house.
Q. Can you read? You can write, can't you, look at that did you sign that?
A. I might have signed that but I have signed a lot of forms here that I don't really understand.
Q. Did you sign that?
A. That is my signature on that.
Q. Don't you know that is a transcript of a plea of guilty to the felony of discharging a firearm in an occupied dwelling wasn't it?
A. I signed a stack of forms here but I never read a line, they said signed it here.
Q. Didn't the judge read it over to you and ask you if you agreed to it or not?
A. I don't know.
Q. And you answered, "Yes, sir," didn't you?
*682 A. I signed some forms here and they were not read or nothing.
ATTORNEY WRENN: I object, he is asking the man what he was tried and convicted of for one purpose and I ask the Court to instruct the jury about that, but I renew my objection to this line of questioning.
SOLICITOR SCOTT: The State is trying to do several things among others, to show motive.
COURT: Overruled.
EXCEPTION NO. 9.
When a defendant in a criminal action elects to take the stand and testify, he is subject to impeachment as other witnesses, including impeachment by cross-examination concerning prior criminal convictions. State v. Williams, 279 N.C. 663, 185 S.E.2d 174; State v. Sheffield, 251 N.C. 309, 111 S.E.2d 195. However, cross-examination as to prior convictions must be made in good faith and be based on information. State v. Heard, 262 N.C. 599, 138 S.E.2d 243; State v. Sheffield, supra.
"It is a general rule of evidence in North Carolina `that answers made by a witness to collateral questions on cross-examination are conclusive, and that the party who draws out such answers will not be permitted to contradict them; which rule is subject to two exceptions, first, where the question put to the witness on cross-examination tends to connect him directly with the cause or the parties, and second, where the cross-examination is as to a matter tending to show motive, temper, disposition, conduct, or interest of the witness toward the cause or parties.' State v. Jordan, 207 N.C. 460, 177 S.E. 333 (1934)." State v. Long, 280 N.C. 633, 187 S.E.2d 47.
However, this does not preclude the solicitor from pressing or "sifting the witness" by further cross-examination. State v. Robinson, 272 N.C. 271, 158 S.E.2d 23; State v. King, 224 N.C. 329, 30 S.E.2d 230. The extent of cross-examination rests largely in the discretion of the trial judge. State v. Bumper, 275 N.C. 670, 170 S.E.2d 457; 7 Strong's N.C. Index 2d, Witnesses § 8, p. 703.
The record shows that the solicitor acted in good faith and had information concerning the crime to which his examination was directed. There was no abuse of dicretion on the part of the trial judge in allowing the solicitor to "sift the witness" in light of the evasive and equivocal answers given by the witness.
We note that, in most instances, the answers were given long before objection was interposed, and the objection was thereby waived. State v. Sanders, 276 N.C. 598, 174 S.E.2d 487.
Although we do not commend the use by the solicitor of defendant's signature on the purported transcript of the guilty plea during his cross-examination of defendant, we are unable to find anything in this assignment of error so material and prejudicial that a different result would likely have been reached had the solicitor not pursued this line of questioning. State v. Temple, 269 N.C. 57, 152 S.E.2d 206.
This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant assigns as error the denial of his motion for judgment as of nonsuit at the close of the State's evidence and at the close of all the evidence.
Defendant argues that the trial judge should have allowed his motion as to first degree murder since there was not sufficient evidence of premeditation or deliberation.
*683 First degree murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice and premeditation and deliberation. State v. Duboise, 279 N.C. 73, 181 S.E.2d 393; State v. Reams, 277 N.C. 391, 178 S.E.2d 65; State v. Moore, 275 N.C. 198, 166 S.E.2d 652. Thus, the question presented by this assignment of error is whether the State has presented such substantial evidence as would permit a jury to find that defendant, after premeditation and deliberation, formed a fixed purpose to kill and thereafter accomplished his purpose. State v. Reams, supra; State v. Walters, 275 N.C. 615, 170 S.E.2d 484; State v. Robbins, supra.
Premeditation means "thought beforehand for some length of time, however short." State v. Reams, supra; State v. Benson, 183 N.C. 795, 111 S.E. 869.
"Deliberation means that the act is done in cool state of blood. It does not mean brooding over it or reflecting upon it for a week, a day, or an hour, or any appreciable length of time, but it means an intention to kill, executed by the defendant in a cool state of the blood, in furtherance of a fixed design to gratify a feeling of revenge, or to accomplish some unlawful purpose, and not under the influence of a violent passion, suddenly aroused by some lawful or just cause or legal provocation." State v. Reams, supra; State v. Benson, supra.
The elements of premeditation and deliberation are not ordinarily susceptible to direct proof, but are inferred from various circumstances, such as ill will, previous difficulty between the parties, or evidence that the killing was done in a vicious and brutal manner. State v. Duboise, supra; State v. Reams, supra; State v. Hamby, 276 N.C. 674, 174 S.E.2d 385; State v. Stanley, 227 N.C. 650, 44 S.E.2d 196; State v. Watson, 222 N.C. 672, 24 S.E.2d 540.
This record is replete with evidence of previous difficulties between defendant and Vera Parker. It also clearly shows the existence of ill will between them. Defendant, who was 32 years old, weighed 216 pounds, and stood six feet two inches in height, savagely and brutually inflicted seventeen separate knife wounds upon the 45-year old Vera Parker. By his own statement. "he cut her until the blade came out of his knife."
There was sufficient substantial evidence to permit a jury to find that after premeditation and deliberation defendant formed a fixed purpose to kill Vera Parker. The trial judge correctly overruled defendant's motion for nonsuit.
Our examination of the entire record reveals nothing which would justify disturbing the verdict and judgment in this case.
No error.
