State v. LewisState v. Lewis
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Allegrucci
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Allegrucci, J.:
Deon Lewis appeals his convictions and sentences. Lewis was convicted by a jury of one count of aggravated kidnapping, seven counts of kidnapping, nine counts of aggravated robbery, and three counts of aggravated burglary. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for aggravated kidnapping, 10 years to life for each count of kidnapping and aggravated robbery, and 5 to 20 years for each count of aggravated burglary. The sentence for each kidnapping count runs concurrent with the sentence for the corresponding count of aggravated robbery; the sentences for the aggravated robbery counts run consecutive to one another and consecutive to the sentence for aggravated kidnapping; and the sentences for the aggravated burglary counts run concurrent with
Lewis raises three issues on appeal. He first argues that the district court should have instructed the jury on obtaining control over stolen property as a lesser included offense of aggravated robbery. He next argues that the district court should have instructed the jury on unlawful restraint as a lesser included offense of kidnapping and aggravated kidnapping. His final claim of error is that the district court abused its discretion in sentencing.
Deon Lewis was convicted of participating in four separate armed robberies in Kansas City, Kansas, during the evening and early morning hours of January 3-4, 1993. At approximately 6:45 in the evening of January 3, while Sidney Green was waiting in the drive-through line at a fast-food restaurant, two men, one with a handgun, got into the car with him. Following orders, Green pulled out of the fine and drove a short distance to an area behind a store where there were no other cars around. The two men took Green’s wallet, ordered him to get out of the car, and drove away. Green identified Lewis as the man who got in the back seat.
At approximately 11:00 p.m. on January 3, Tracy Lacy, her husband, Patrick Bracken, and his brother, Dennis Bracken, were watching television in the living room of Tracy and Patrick’s apartment. Their two-month-old son was sleeping in the bedroom. A man with a gun, later identified as Lewis, pushed open the front door and ordered the occupants to lie face down on the floor. Several more men entered the apartment, the occupants were threatened, and couch cushions were put over their heads. Lacy’s rings were removed, she was bound, and a sock was put in her mouth. At gunpoint, Dennis Bracken was taken by Lewis into another room to get his wallet and then returned to the living room floor. He was bound and a sock was put into his mouth. Patrick Bracken’s cash and wallet were removed from his pocket, he was bound, and a sock was put in his mouth. VCR equipment and tapes, stereo equipment, a radio, a telephone/answering machine, and other jewelry also were taken.
At about 11:40 p.m. of the same day, when Edward Freeman pulled his car into his garage and got out, he was confronted by
Sometime between midnight and 1:00 a.m. on January 4, Tim and Shannon Pierce were at home playing a word game with Tim’s sister, Brandi, and their neighbor, Steve Sterner. A man with a gun entered through the front door, and he was followed by two others. The occupants were told to get down on the floor, and coats from the coat rack were thrown over them. Brandi was pulled back up and taken into another room where the gunman took her rings off her hands. She was bound and a sock was put in her mouth. Tim was bound, a sock was put in his mouth, and his cash, wedding ring, and watch were taken off him; he was kicked in the back and knocked unconscious by three blows with the butt of a gun on the back of his head. Shannon was bound. Stemer’s wallet was taken out of his pocket while he was lying on the floor in the living room. When he was moved into a bedroom, his watch was taken, he was bound lying face down on the bed, and a sock was put in his mouth. The mattress with Sterner on it was put on the floor, and the covers were thrown over him. Lewis was later identified by the victims as the gunman. Items taken from the Pierces’ home included telephones, VCR’s, a CD player and CD’s, a shotgun, and jewelry.
At roll call before his patrol shift began at 9:30 p.m. on January 3, Officer Rasnik received information about a carjacking at a fast-food restaurant. At about 2:45 the next morning, he spotted the stolen vehicle sitting in front of a known drug house. The officer confirmed with the dispatcher that it was the stolen car and requested backup units. Officers went into the house through the back door. An elderly man opened the door. Three men and a woman were sitting in one room, and two men, including Lewis, were sitting in another room. When Lewis got out of his chair to lie on the floor as ordered, a revolver was revealed on the seat of the chair. In the area around the chair, police found jewelry, wallets, and watches. The other man in the room, Dale Smith, testified that when someone warned that police were coming in,
Lewis presented testimony of his girlfriend and aunt that placed him away from the robberies. He testified that he bought the stolen items from a friend.
Vanessa Powell, Lewis’ girlfriend, testified that she and Lewis were at his mother’s house from about 5:00 until about 8:00 the evening of January 3. At approximately 8:00 p.m., Deborah Duren, Lewis’ aunt, drove them to her house, where they talked and ate and played cards. At about 12:30 or 1:00 a.m., Powell and Lewis went to her house. Between 1:00 and 1:30 a.m., Lewis left with Terrance Poindexter.
Duren testified that she picked up Powell and Lewis at about 8:00 p.m. at Powell’s house. They went to a “get-together” at Duren’s house, where there were quite a few people playing cards, eating, and shooting dice. At about 12:45 a.m., Duren drove Powell and Lewis back to Powell’s house.
Lewis testified that he and Powell had been at his mother’s house about three hours when Duren picked them up and drove them to her house. At 12:30 a.m., Duren drove Powell and Lewis to Powell’s house. After about 15 minutes, he left with Terrance Poindexter. They drove to and from Leavenworth, and during the trip Lewis bought some jewelry from Poindexter for $280. About 2:25 a.m. they went to a house where Lewis bought more jeweliy, which he put in his pocket. The police came and took him into custody. Poindexter was shot and killed before the trial.
Lewis first argues that the district court erred in failing to instruct the jury on theft pursuant to
“(a) A lesser degree of the same crime;
(b) an attempt to commit the crime charged;
(c) an attempt to commit a lesser degree of the crime charged; or
(d) a crime necessarily proved if the crime charged were proved.”
Lewis contends that obtaining control over stolen property is a lesser degree of aggravated robbery. See
“Aggravated robbery is a robbery committed by a person who is armed with a dangerous weapon or who inflicts bodily harm upon any person in the course of such robbery.”
‘‘any of the following acts done with intent to deprive the owner permanently of the possession, use or benefit of the owner’s property:
(a) Obtaining or exerting unauthorized control over property; or
(b) obtaining by deception control over property; or
(c) obtaining by threat control over property; or
(d) obtaining control over stolen property knowing the property to have been stolen by another.”K.S.A. 21-3701 .
Where there is evidence upon which a conviction of a lesser included offense could be based, the district court has an affirmative duty to instruct the jury on an appropriate lesser included offense even if, as here, the defendant did not request the instruction. State v. Evans, 251 Kan. 132, 138, 834 P.2d 335 (1992). The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant and it may be inconclusive, unsatisfactory, and weak. State v. Dixon, 252 Kan. 39, Syl. ¶ 1, 843 P.2d 182 (1992). The instruction need not be given, however, if the evidence would not permit a rational factfinder to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the lesser included offense. See State v. Deavers, 252 Kan. 149, 151, 843 P.2d 695 (1992), cert. denied 125 L. Ed. 2d 676 (1993).
In State v. Bandt, 219 Kan. 816, 819, 549 P.2d 936 (1976), the court stated with regard to the offense of obtaining control over stolen property:
“The offense defined in 21-3701(d) simply requires proof by the state that the defendant at the time he received stolen property had a belief or a reasonable suspicion from all the circumstances known to him that the property was stolen and that the act was done with intent to deprive the owner permanently of the possession, use or benefit of his property.”
In State v. Hutton, 232 Kan. 545, 657 P.2d 567 (1983), the defendant was charged with first-degree murder. Hutton argued that the court had a duty to instruct on lesser degrees of homicide. As in the present case, the defendant relied on alibi as a defense. Further, the defendant implied that other persons had committed the murder. The court concluded that the evidence was insufficient to require a lesser included offenses instruction, stating:
“This court has previously considered the need for instructions on lesser included offenses where an alibi defense is raised. See State v. Reynolds, 230 Kan. at 538; State v. Cameron & Bentley, 216 Kan. 651. These cases recognize that an alibi defense does not refute the evidence establishing the elements of the crime charged and is insufficient, standing alone, to support a verdict on a lesser charge. An alibi defense does not dispute the evidence that the crime charged was committed in the manner alleged; rather, it merely challenges the identity of the perpetrator. As clearly pointed out in State v. Marks, [226 Kan. 704] there must be positive testimony presented for the express purpose of proving a version of how the homicide occurred which is contrary to the version presented by the State before instructions on lesser included offenses are required.
“Under tire facts of this case the defendant was guilty of either first-degree premeditated murder or felony murder, or he was not present and was not guilty of anything. The jury found that the defendant killed Mrs. Cherry with premeditation and deliberation and was guilty of first-degree premeditated murder. A verdict of guilty on any lesser included offense, i.e., second-degree murder or voluntary manslaughter, would not have been supported by the evidence.” 232 Kan. at 555.
In
State v. Long,
234 Kan. 580, 675 P.2d 832 (1984), the defendant appealed his conviction of robbery, contending that the trial court erred in not instructing on theft as a lesser included offense. The court agreed that under
“In this case the appellant denied taking the money at all, although he admitted he ‘brushed by’ Mrs. Wolf when he panicked and ran from the sale building. Based upon the evidence presented, the jury could either find the appellant did not take the money, in which event he would not be guilty of anything, or that he did take the money from the money box and used force to accomplish the taking, in which event he would be guilty as charged. This is not a situation where the defendant denies using force or threat of bodily harm to accomplish the taking. He denies that the money was actually taken by him. The appellant’s defense in this case was to challenge the identity of the perpetrator. The court has recognized in cases involving alibi defenses such a defense is insufficient, standing alone, to support an instruction on a lesser charge, where it does not refute the evidence establishing the elements of the crime. See State v. Hutton, 232 Kan. at 554-55; State v. Cameron & Bentley, 216 Kan. 644, 651, 533 P.2d 1255 (1975). No evidence was presented by the appellant upon his theory of defense which would reasonably have supported his conviction of the lesser crime of theft, and therefore the trial court did not err in failing to instruct the jury on the crime of theft.” 234 Kan. at 593.
In the present case, the defense evidence was that Lewis was with his girlfriend and family members rather than participating in the robberies, but that later he bought items which had been taken by others in the robberies. Lewis contends that a reasonable jury might have convicted him of theft, as defined in
Lewis next contends that the district court should have instructed the jury on unlawful restraint as a lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping and kidnapping.
Here, as discussed in the preceding issue, an alibi defense is insufficient to support an instruction on a lesser included offense. Lewis’ evidence was that he did not participate in the robberies and that he later bought jewelry taken in the robberies from Poindexter. His own defense theory precluded conviction of unlawful restraint. If the jury had believed his account of the events, it necessarily would have found he was not there and not guilty as charged. Because the district court’s duty to instruct on a lesser included offense is triggered only where there is evidence upon which the defendant might reasonably be convicted of the lesser offense, there was no error in the district court’s not instructing the jury on unlawful restraint.
Finally, Lewis contends that the district court abused its discretion in sentencing. The district court initially sentenced Lewis to a controlling term of 160 years consecutive to life imprisonment. On Lewis’ motion for modification, the district court reduced the controlling term to 90 years consecutive to life imprisonment. On appeal, Lewis complains that the sentencing judge “did not adequately consider the individual characteristics, circumstances, needs, and potentialities as they applied to Mr. Lewis (see
In
Richard,
the court stated that the sentencing judge’s failing to place on the record a detailed statement of considered facts and factors “does not always indicate the sentencing court abused its discretion. Each case is to be considered on its facts.” 252 Kan. at 881. In addition, “[a] sentencing court may be found to have substantially complied with
“[H]e is given double the minimum because of his prior criminal history. And . . . the reason he is not receiving any minimum sentence on all — on the ones where I don’t apply the minimum is because of the particular nature of this crime and how it occurred wherever one or almost all of these victims were in their private home minding their own business where they should be allowed to privacy and sanctity of that particular region were invaded by these gentlemen, among whom was the defendant .... He came in there unannounced, terrified and horrified these people in a nature that I haven’t seen.”
When announcing the sentences for aggravated burglary, the court explained that, in general, sentences for offenses which could be said to have been committed in an unbroken act would run concurrently while sentences for discrete acts would run consecutively.
The presentence investigation (PSI) report does not expressly address the
Lewis’ argument on appeal relies heavily on the proposition that the sentencing court should have considered personal information about him which is contained in his Topeka Correctional Facility (TCF) evaluation report. That information was not available at the time of sentencing, but it was considered by the court later when the sentences were modified. Sentencing occurred on August 20, 1993. The TCF report is dated September 30, 1993. On November 4, 1993, a hearing was conducted in which Lewis’ counsel requested modification of the sentences based on information in die TCF report. Lewis’ counsel underscored the TCF contents which might tend to excuse or minimize the criminal conduct. The court then modified the sentences so that the kidnapping and aggravated robbexy terms would run concurrendy. The district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Lewis.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.