State v. LeeState v. Lee
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{1} Defendant challenges his convictions for forgery and attempted fraud over $250 stemming from the same conduct as violative of double jeopardy. We reverse Defendant’s conviction for attempted fraud.
BACKGROUND
{2} Defendant was charged in October 2005 and, following a jury trial, was convicted of forgery in violation of
{3} Defendant’s uncle and aunt own Del-ton’s Plumbing and, up until April 2005, Defendant had “come and gone several times.” Defendant’s aunt told Detective Miguel Lopez that the person in the driver’s license picture was her nephew. On that same day, she also noticed that about eight checks were missing from the business, including the one
{4} Before sentencing, Defendant moved to merge the forgery count and the attempted fraud over $250 count. He asserted that because passing the check was a single act and both convictions stemmed from the same unitary act, sentencing for both counts violated the double jeopardy clauses of the United States and New Mexico Constitutions. After a hearing on the motion, the district court determined that different acts were involved in presenting the check to try to get money for it and in forging the check with the intent to deceive or injure, and the court denied Defendant’s motion. On appeal, Defendant challenges his forgery and attempted fraud convictions on double jeopardy grounds. We discuss the offenses in more detail in our double jeopardy analysis.
DISCUSSION
{5} The United States Constitution and the New Mexico Constitution protect criminal defendants against multiple punishments for the same offense. U.S. Const, amends. V, XIV;
Multiple Punishments
{6} We analyze this multiple punishment, double-description, double-jeopardy challenge pursuant to Swafford v. State, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d 1223 (1991). Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 6, 143 N.M. 792, 182 P.3d 775; State v. Schackow, 2006-NMCA-123, ¶ 16, 140 N.M. 506, 143 P.3d 745.
1. Unitary Conduct
{7} First, we determine if Defendant’s conduct underlying the offenses was unitary. Swafford, 112 N.M. at 13, 810 P.2d at 1233. To make this determination, we evaluate “whether Defendant’s acts are separated by sufficient indicia of distinctness,” including any separation “in time and space, the quality and nature of the acts, and the objectives and results of the acts.” Schackow, 2006-NMCA-123, ¶ 18, 140 N.M. 506, 143 P.3d 745 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “If sufficient indicia of distinctness exist and a defendant’s behavior may be viewed as two distinct acts, the inquiry ends because double jeopardy does not bar multiple convictions when the conduct is non-unitary.” Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 7, 143 N.M. 792, 182 P.3d 775.
{8} The State argues that the acts we are to consider are forgery of the cheek and attempted fraud by presenting the check to the Bank and argues that these were distinct acts because Defendant presented the cheek after it had already been forged. We disagree. The facts in this ease appear to be similar to those in Caldwell, where the defendant presented a forged check to a retail store to be cashed, carried away the proceeds, and was charged with both forgery and fraud. Id. ¶ 9. This Court concluded that the defendant’s convictions were based on “a discrete act, not separated by time or space, and not distinguishable based on the nature, quality, or result of the act, or [the d]efendant’s objective in performing the act” and determined that the conduct was unitary. Id. We conclude that Defendant’s conduct in this case was unitary. As we discuss in more detail later in this opinion, Defendant’s forgery conviction was based on giving or delivering a cheek knowing it to have a false signature and with the intent to deceive the Bank. Defendant’s attempted fraud conviction was based on his attempt to misrepresent
2. Legislative Intent
{9} “The sole limitation on multiple punishments is legislative intent.” Id. ¶ 10 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Absent a clear expression of legislative intent, a court first must apply the Blockburger [v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932),] test to the elements of each statute.” Swafford, 112 N.M. at 14, 810 P.2d at 1234. In applying the Blockburger test, this Court compares the elements of each crime with the elements of the other to determine whether the Legislature intended separate punishments under each statute. Swafford, 112 N.M. at 14, 810 P.2d at 1234. If this test “establishes that one statute is subsumed within the other, the inquiry is over and the statutes are the same for double jeopardy purposes — punishment cannot be had for both.” Id. However, “if we conclude that each statute requires proof of an element that the other does not, then a presumption arises that our [Legislature intended for the conduct to result in separately punishable offenses.” Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 11, 143 N.M. 792, 182 P.3d 775. That presumption, nevertheless, can be rebutted by other indicia of legislative intent such as language, history, subject of the statutes, and the quantum of punishment. Swafford, 112 N.M. at 14-15, 810 P.2d at 1234-35.
3. Applying the Blockburger Test
{10} We see no clear expression of legislative intent as to imposing multiple punishments for forgery and attempted fraud. See Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 11, 143 N.M. 792, 182 P.3d 775 (stating that there are no clear legislative expressions in either the forgery or fraud statute as to whether to impose multiple punishments). Therefore we apply the Blockburger test. Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 11, 143 N.M. 792, 182 P.3d 775.
{11} The forgery offense contained in the criminal information filed against Defendant set out the elements of forgery contained in
{12} As to the attempted fraud charge, the jury was instructed that for it to find Defendant guilty of attempt to commit fraud over $250, it had to find that Defendant “began to do an act which constituted a substantial part of the crime of fraud over $250 but failed to commit the crime.” The jury was also instructed on what it must find as to fraud, namely, that “[t]he [Defendant, by any words or conduct, misrepresented a fact to [the] Bank ..., intending to deceive or cheat [the] Bank” and “[b]ecause of the misrepresentation and [the] Bank[’s] ... reliance on it, [Defendant obtained $1000.”
{14} In this case, in order for the false-writing element of forgery to be met, the element of attempted fraud using a false writing was also necessarily met. See Schackow, 2006-NMCA-123, ¶23, 140 N.M. 506, 143 P.3d 745 (concluding that in order for the elements of assault with intent to commit criminal sexual penetration to be met, the elements of attempted criminal sexual penetration in the third degree must also necessarily be met). Thus, looking at the elements of the offenses as given to the jury, the forgery offense was subsumed within the attempted fraud offense. Where one offense is subsumed within another, “the inquiry is over and the statutes are the same for double jeopardy purposes.” Swafford, 112 N.M. at 14, 810 P.2d at 1234.
{15} We recognize that the attempted fraud offense as given to the jury contained an element not required in the forgery offense, namely, that the writing had a value over $250. However, we are hard pressed to determine that the $250 value element in the fraud offense is a sufficiently material element to preclude a conclusion that the forgery offense is subsumed within the attempted fraud offense. The primary elements of fraud are an intentional misappropriation or taking of anything of value.
{16} Forgery carries the greater punishment and attempted fraud carries the lesser punishment. When double jeopardy exists, the offense carrying the lesser punishment is to be vacated. See Schackow, 2006-NMCA-123, ¶ 25, 140 N.M. 506, 143 P.3d 745 (reading Santillanes, 2001-NMSC-018, ¶ 28, to require that the “lesser” offense in terms of the level of punishment be vacated). Therefore, Defendant’s conviction for attempted fraud must be vacated.
CONCLUSION
{17} We hold that Defendant’s convictions violated double jeopardy and reverse his attempted fraud conviction. We remand to the district court and instruct the court to vacate Defendant’s conviction and sentence for attempted fraud.
{18} IT IS SO ORDERED.
WE CONCUR: CELIA FOY CASTILLO and LINDA M. VANZI, Judges.