State v. Lawry

4 Nev. 161 | Nev. | 1868

By the Court,

Lewis, J.

The defendant was indicted, tried, and convicted for an assault with a deadly weapon, under Section 47 of the Act “ concerning crimes and punishments,” (Laws of 1861, page 64) which provides that “ An assault with a deadly weapon, instrument or other, thing, with an intent to inflict upon the person of another a bodily injury, where no considerable provocation appears, or where the circumstances of the assault show an abandoned and malignant heart, shall subject the offender to imprisonment in the Territorial prison not less than one year nor exceeding two years, or to a fine not less than one thousand dollars nor exceeding five thousand dollars, or to both such fine and imprisonment.”

Many errors are assigned by the defendant upon which a reversal of the judgment is claimed, the first of which is, that the grand jury which found the indictment was not drawn ten days before the term at which it was found, as required by Section 7 of. the “ Act concerning Jurors.” (Laws of 1866, page 192.) But Section 8 of the same Act authorizes the selection and impannelment of a grand jury after the commencement of the term; hence, this objection is not well taken. (State v. McNamara, 3 Nev. 70.)

It is also argued that the Court erred in overruling the demurrer to the indictment. We think the Court ruled very properly. It is impossible to understand why the charge of striking and stabbing should vitiate an indictment in other respects good. The assault is properly charged, but counsel seem to labor under the impression that the further charge that the defendant did “strike and stab” possesses the peculiar power of vitiating an indictment otherwise sufficient. But those words are simply surplusage, and therefore do not vitiate what is good. The assault without the striking or stabbing rvould have completed the offense, but as every battery includes an assault we apprehend the indictment in this case would have been sufficient if it did not charge the assault, but only the striking and stabbing. However, the charge of a battery cannot vitiate the indictment.

The third assignment is,'that the Court erred in discharging the jury who were impanneled on the 30th of November, and continuing the trial for that term. The counsel had on the day before moved for a continuance of the cause, but the motion being overruled by the Court the cause proceeded, but a jury ivas not obtained until about eleven o’clock A. M. of the 80th, which was the last day of the term. The jury were not charged with, or sworn ■in the case when they were discharged, and hence, if there were ■ any good reason for it, the Court had the right to discharge them and continue the cause. The reason for. this action of the Court doubtless was a belief that the trial could not be finished before the expiration of the term. But if there were no good reason for it, we do not see how at this time any such action of the Court can aid the defendant. It is not claimed that the jury who subsequently tried him was not a fair and impartial one, and the discharge of a jury before they are charged with the cause is certainly no defense. to'a subsequent prosecution. Had they been sworn to try the cause it is probable their discharge by the Court would have operated ás a bar to any subsequent trial. Not so, however, where they are not charged with the case. (See State v. Kelley, 1 Nev. 224)

As to the ruling upon the motion for a change of venue, the Court was clearly correct. The affidavit did not sufficiently show that a fair and impartial trial could not' be had in the County of Douglas. The showing of prejudice is certainly not as strong as that made out in the case of the State v. Millain, (3 Nev, 409) in which a change of venue was refused. It is also claimed that the verdict finds the defendant guilty only of a simple assault, and hence that the judgment of imprisonment was not authorized. In support of this proposition it is argued that the jury should have stated in their verdict that they found the defendant guilty, “ as charged in the indictment.” But a general verdict of guilty is in'effect such a finding. Such was the old rule, and the statute of this State expressly declares that, “ a general verdict upon a plea of not guilty, is either e guilty,’ or ‘ not guilty,’ which imports a conviction or acquittal on every material allegation in the indictment.”

Upon the trial, the defendant offered to prove that a day or two prior to the time of the assault he was in the actual occupation of certain land in the County of Douglas, and had taken steps to secure a title thereto from the Government of the United States; that the prosecuting witness ha‘d forcibly ejected him and taken possession of it, and threatened to kill him if he went upon it, and that these threats were communicated to him prior to the assault, and after satisfying himself by inquiry at the Land office that Murphy, the prosecuting witness, had taken steps to pre-empt the land in question, he sought and found him, and demanded of him to abandon his proceedings in the Land office. •

All the evidence offered by the defendant, with respect to .the possession of the land and the proceeding to pre-empt by Murphy, was ruled out, and this is assigned as error: counsel for the prisoner arguing that it should have been admitted, because tending to establish a provocation sufficient under the statute to constitute defense.

We are of the opinion, however, that the Court below ruled correctly in excluding it. It appears from the record that the acts which the defendant sought to rely on as a provocation for the assault made upon Murphy occurred, and were known to him, a day or two prior to the assault. It would seem, therefore, that the' attack resulted rather from a spirit of revenge or vengeance, than from an immediate and instantaneous impulse to resent an injury. Whilst the law in some measure excuses the rash, instinctive impulse of retaliation or defense, which sometimes impels man to action before his reason has an opportunity to interpose, it shows no indulgence to that spirit of vengeance or revenge which commits crime upon deliberate reflection.

In this case, it is evident the assault was not the result of that sudden passion aroused by an injury, but of a deliberate desire for revenge., It would be almost dangerous and pernicious to bold that at any length of time after some real or imaginary injury a man may assault another with a deadly weapon, and then shield himself from the penalties of this statute by proving such injury. If an injury and provocation which occurred two .days prior to the assault may be relied on, why may not a provocation which occurred two months prior ? Indeed, we can see no reason why a provocation once given would not, if the ar*gument of counsel for the prisoner be correct, be a license for an endless number of assaults with a deadly weapon.

The language of the statute is peculiar, and might bear the construction placed upon it by counsel; but it is the general rule, in cases where a provocation either mitigates or justifies an act of violence, that such act must be the immediate result of, and closely follow the provocation, and such would seem to be the safest and most rational construction to be placed on the statute under consideration. Thus, an insult or a blow given one day, would in no wise justify or mitigate an assault on the day following. And although a blow might reduce an instant killing from murder to manslaughter, it would constitute no defense whatever to a killing, after the lapse of a sufficient time for deliberation. So in this case, had the assault taken place in so short a timé after the injury complained of came to the knowledge of the defendant as to make it probable that it was committed under the immediate influence of the passion aroused by such injuries, proof of the injury would be competent ; but after the lapse of a day or two, the assault can only have been the result of a deliberate and cool determination. It is clear that, had the wounds received by Murphy proved fatal, and the defendant been indicted for murder, the ■ evidence ruled out by the Court would not in that case be admissible to reduce the grade of the offense, because it would not tend to establish such provocation as the law recognizes as sufficient to constitute any excuse whatever for'a homicide. If not admissible in such a case to prove provocation and to reduce the grade of the crime, why should it be in a case of this kind, where it is relied on as a defense ?

It is a well settled rule that evidence of provocation is admissible in mitigation of damages in actions for assault and battery. But all the courts hold that it is only immediate provocation which is available for that purpose. Thus, in the case of Avery v. Ray et als., (1 Miss. 12) therp was an offer to prove in mitigation of damages that the plaintiff had slandered the defendant’s sister; that wh'en the defendant heard of it he called on the plaintiff to ascertain whether such were the case, but failing to obtain any satisfactory answer, the defendant chastised the'plaintiff, and the action was brought to recover damages for the assault and battery. The Court ruled out all the evidence of provocation, holding that immediate provocations are admitted in evidence in mitigation of damages, but that when time for reflection has intervened so as to give the blood time to cool, they are inadmissible. So also it was held in Fullerton v. Warrick, (3 Blackford, 219) the Court using this language in the. opinion : “ The law, in tenderness to human frailties, distinguishes between an act done deliberately and an act proceeding from a sudden heat. As if upon a sudden quarrel two persons fight and the one kills the other, this has been adjudged only manslaughter. So if a man be greatly provoked, as by pulling his nose, or other great indignity, and immediately kills the-aggressor, though this is not excusable, the offence is mitigated; homicide. But in every case of homicide upon provocation, .if, there be any time intervening between the assault and the killing-.;, sufficient for passion to subside and reason to interpose, the offense-becomes murder. In analogy to this principle, evidence in civil actions for assault and battery is admitted in mitigation of damages to show a provocation on the part of the person complaining of the injury. But the provocation must be so recent as to induce-a fair, presumption that the violence done was committed during the continuance of the feelings and passions excited by it, before ■ the blood has had time to cool. A different rule would greatly encourage broaches of the peace, rencounters and brutal force.”

See also Lee v. Woolsey, 19 John. 318; Thrall v. Knapp, 17 Iowa, 470 ; Rochester v. Anderson, 1 Bibb, 428. This being the rule in civil cases when damage is claimed for an assault and battery, we see no reason why the same rule should not hold good in cases of this character. The simple question in both character of cases is, whether there is a fair presumption that the violence was committed under the immediate influence of the passion aroused by the provocation, or by a feeling of revenge. It is true that it is often a difficult matter to determine what length of time must intervene between the provocation and the commission of the crime, and hence, as a general rule, it is well .to leave the determination of that fact to the jury, when the provocation is not so far distant as to leave no doubt.

. We cannot, however, sanction the doctrine that a person who assaults another with a deadly- weapon may prove some insult or injury which occurred two days before, in mitigation of his offense. Such holding would be giving judicial sanction to the worst feelings of human nature. Nor is the lapse of time the onl^ circumstance rendering the evidence in question inadmissible in the case. The defendant, by his own testimony, shows • clearly that he was not at the time of the assault acting- under the influence of any uncontrollable passion, for he deliberately called Murphy to some distance from where he was sitting, conversed with him for some time, saying nothing about the possession of the land, and it was only upon the refusal of Murphy to comply with this demand that the assault was made. “ My intention,” said the defendant, in conclusion of his testimony, “ in seeking an interview with Murphy at Sheridan, was to make him abandon his proceedings in the Land office.” And this doubtless explains the cause for the assault. But the proceedings to pre-empt by the prosecuting witness were the exercise of a right which the law gave him, and therefore cannot be considered a provocation in any legal sense of the word. The simple exercise of a legal right, no matter how offensive to another, is never in law deemed a provocation sufficient to justify ■or mitigate an act of violence; hence, as it is perfectly apparent from the defendant’s own testimony that the taking possession of the land by Murphy was not the cause of the assault, any evidence respecting that fact was irrelevant; and as the proceedings to pre-empt would not, if established, constitute any legal provocation or defense, all evidence with respect to them was properly ruled out. This disposes of all the questions-raised upon the rejection of the evidence respecting the possession of the land, and-thus any special consideration of them is rendered unnecessary. We agree with counsel for the prisoner, however, that the Court below had no authority to impose a fine of five hundred dollars, which it did in addition to the imprisonment. The statute is explicit that .the fine shall not be less than one thousand dollars. In such case the Court has no more right to impose a-less fine than that required by statute, than it has to impose one greater. The law, however, authorizes fine and imprisonment, or either; hence the judgment, so far as it subjects the defendant to imprisonment, is correct, and must be affirmed, whilst so much of it as imposes a fine is stricken out.