Raymond Karl Lassen, 17 years of age, stands convicted of the murder of William R. Melvin, Jr., in the commission of a robbery. Such criminal action constitutes first-degree murder, § 565.003, RSMo 1978, and defendant’s punishment has been assessed at imprisonment for life. Defendant appeals, contending 1) that the jury was improperly selected; 2) the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict of the jury; 3) the trial court erred in failing to suppress certain items of personal property because the evidence was the product of an unlawful arrest, and 4) the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the defense of duress.
We consider first the argument that the evidence is not sufficient to support the verdict. In determining the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding of guilt, we do not weigh the evidence; rather, we accept as true all evidence and inferences which tend to support the verdict and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. The question is whether the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the State, is sufficient to support the verdict.
State v. Brown,
William R. Melvin, Jr., (Melvin or the victim), was about 40 years old at the time of his death. He was a resident of Indianapolis. He was employed to “transport” (drive) specially adapted vehicles from their place of modification to the place of use. At the time he was killed, the victim was delivering a school bus to Oklahoma. The bus was a 1981 Econoline Ford truck, adapted for use as an eight-passenger school bus. The yellow paint and the black striping and lettering on the bus were characteristic of a middlewestern school bus. The bus was distinctively marked “KIAMI-CHI VO-TECH.”
Melvin left home the morning of January 23,1982. He was dressed in street clothes, an ordinary government issue fatigue jacket and black combat boots. He also carried a “standard Buck knife” in a “holder” attached to his belt. The blade of the knife had “several little chips on it where [the victim had] cut electrical wire.” Melvin often picked up hitchhikers when he was delivering vehicles.
Shortly before noon on January 24, the victim’s corpse was discovered lying in a *366 shallow creek underneath a bridge in rural Greene County. The bridge is part of an unpaved road 7 or 8 miles west of Springfield, about ½ mile north of the westbound lane of Interstate 44. There was a great deal of blood on and around the bridge. Game cards, bearing the legend “McDonald’s” were also found. A sleeping bag, which the victim had when he left home, was in the creek with him. A duffel bag, in which he had packed a change of clothing, was not.
An autopsy was performed on the victim’s body about 4 p.m. on January 24. The pathologist who performed the autopsy had the opinion the victim had been dead 12 to 16 hours. The principal external injuries were several lacerations about the head. The main “laceration or lacerations” was a cut 6 inches in circular length; it extended “nearly the entire transverse diameter of the throat and [went] through the upper part of the larynx.” The extent and severity of this wound is demonstrated by State’s Exhibits 51 and 55. These autopsy photographs permit the inference that an effort was made not only to kill but also to dismember the victim. The victim had also been beaten about the forehead. The blows to the top of the head were severe enough to produce cerebral hemorrhage, but probably were not fatal. One carotid artery and both jugular veins had been cut. The pathologist was of the opinion that Melvin had bled to death within 5 minutes. The cause of the victim’s death was thus shown and the time of his death fixed between midnight and 4 a.m. on January 24.
The State, apparently convinced it would be obliged to prove its case circumstantially, traced the movements of the defendant and the victim southwesterly across Missouri and into Oklahoma along Interstate Route 44. About 5 p.m. on January 23, Melvin stopped at a service station near Pacific, in St. Louis County, to have a tire repaired. Both men were at the service station for about'an hour. The operator of the service station identified Melvin’s picture, and testified the defendant was with him.
Melvin and the defendant were next seen at a McDonald’s restaurant in Pacific. Christine Molitor, a waitress, remembered seeing the defendant and Melvin at the “drive-through window” about 6 p.m. on January 23. Although she did not look in the bus, this witness saw only the victim and the defendant. The two men were given “game cards.” This evidence placed the defendant and the victim on Interstate Route 44, about 170-180 miles northeast of Springfield shortly after 6 p.m.
The bus was next seen in Greene County. Jimmy Adams worked at a gas station located at the “intersection of 1-44, PP and K Highways.” That intersection is about 5½ miles west of the bridge where the body of the victim was found. Adams identified a picture of the bus Melvin was driving. Melvin bought about $20 worth of gas. Adams saw no one else on the bus at that time, about 2 a.m. on January 24. However, two hours later, “[a] younger guy, probably eighteen to twenty” with a gold earring in his left ear, drove the same bus back in the station and bought $3 worth of gas. This man, whose description matches that of the defendant, was alone.
The defendant was next seen at the Midway Restaurant near Yinita, Oklahoma, about 6:15 a.m. on January 24. An employee of a service station on the premises recalled and testified that he saw the defendant there, and upon trial identified the defendant as the man he saw. A man resembling the defendant was seen at a service station at Adrian, Texas, about 50 miles west of Amarillo between noon and 3 p.m. on January 24. The defendant was finally apprehended near the Texas-New Mexico border after he had abandoned the bus and had started hitchhiking west. When he was arrested, the defendant had Melvin’s duffel bag and Buck knife case in his possession. The knife itself was never found.
The defendant testified in his own behalf at the trial. As material here, defendant’s testimony was that there was a second hitchhiker on the bus as he and the victim *367 approached Springfield. Melvin got tired and pulled the bus off the road at a “large, very large” truck stop “somewhere about fifty miles from Springfield.” Melvin parked the bus; having brought a sleeping bag, he was going to get some sleep. The other hitchhiker, John, said he was also going to sleep.
The defendant went inside the truck stop about midnight, ate a sandwich and drank several cups of coffee and returned to the bus. When he stepped into the bus, John was standing at the front of the bus and Melvin was lying behind John “gagging and like bleeding out of his throat.”
John had a nickel-plated pistol. John told the defendant to sit down in the front seat and shut up or he, John, would blow the defendant’s head off. At gunpoint, the defendant drove the bus past Springfield, and at John’s order turned off onto an unpaved road. Defendant drove to a point where there was a bridge. John opened the emergency door at the back of the bus, and defendant could tell Melvin’s throat had been cut and that he had been struck on his head. John forced the defendant to drag Melvin's body out of the bus and drop it into the water. John thereafter remained on the bus until the two reached Amarillo, where he got off.
In this court, the defendant argues that the evidence of his guilt is wholly circumstantial, that part of the State’s case is “weak” and that the evidence at most establishes defendant’s presence at the scene and an opportunity to commit the crime. The cases cited are inapposite and need not be discussed nor differentiated. Perhaps, the State’s proof, taken alone, is insufficient to establish the defendant’s guilt, but in determining the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we consider any evidence offered by the defendant which tends to support a finding of guilt because the defendant, by putting on evidence, takes the chance of aiding the State’s case.
State v. Johnson,
The State’s evidence was that the defendant and the victim were together on the bus at Pacific, Missouri, about 6 p.m. That evidence also readily permits the inference that no other person was on the bus at the time. The proof also permits the inference that the two men were in the vicinity of a service station 12 or 13 miles west of Springfield about 2 a.m. on January 24. There was direct evidence that the victim’s death occurred about that time. Thereafter, the defendant was seen, alone, near Vinita about 6:15 a.m. by a service station attendant.
The defendant himself gave direct testimony concerning the manner in which the victim was slain, and described the place where his body was found with remarkable accuracy. When he was finally apprehended, defendant was in possession of a Buck knife case which was positively identified as having belonged to the victim. We do not expect a jury to know that the term “buck knife” is a proprietary name given utility knives because they are manufactured by Buck Knives, Inc., of El Cajon, California. It is, however, common knowledge that knives can be used as weapons.
State v. Baldwin,
That some of the State’s witnesses were less than certain is of no consequence in reviewing submissibility. The credibility and weight of the testimony were for the jury.
State v. Jackson,
While the defendant has challenged only the sufficiency of the evidence to prove a homicide, § 565.003 denounces an unlawful killing “in the perpetration of or in the attempt to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery, burglary, or kidnapping.” There must be proof of the underlying felony. In the case at hand, there was evidence from which it might have been inferred that the defendant had little or no money and needed transportation to Tulsa, where he intended to visit friends. There was evidence that the victim had borrowed cash—$150— to make the trip. There was also evidence permitting the inference that defendant knew or became aware that the victim had a considerable amount of cash. When the victim’s body was found in the creek, his pockets had been emptied. When the defendant was arrested in Texas, he had some personal items which belonged to the victim, $72 in cash, and had possession and control of the bus as well. It is robbery to take personalty entrusted to an employee in possession thereof,
State v. Kimball,
The defendant’s third assignment of error is that the trial court erred in failing to exclude certain personal property taken from him when he was apprehended by a city police officer from Logan, New Mexico, and another New Mexican peace officer in Texas at the request of Texas authorities. The substance of this convoluted argument is that the defendant was arrested ¼ mile inside Texas by New Mexican officers who had neither the authority nor probable cause to arrest him.
The point has been extensively briefed, but we agree with the State that the point has been waived. Prior to trial, a suppression hearing was held and the trial court denied the motion. After the pathologist who performed the autopsy on Melvin’s body had testified, the State offered the items which are now the subject of objection. The exhibits were listed and identified for defendant’s counsel. Counsel did not renew his objection, but stated to the court:
“Your Honor, the reporter has been kind enough to go over his list of the exhibits and numbers with us and we now recognize what the numbers represent. We have no objection. ” (Emphasis ours.)
The merits of this point are governed by
State v. Yowell,
*369
Another point advanced by the defendant is that the trial court should have given his instruction “A,” which is MAI-CR2d 3.26. MAI-CR2d 3.26 tenders the defense of coercion or duress. We assume that counsel is familiar with the argument that the defense of duress ought to be available as a defense to the underlying felony in felony-murder cases even though the statute, § 562.071.2(1), RSMo 1978, provides and the case law,
State v. St. Clair,
Perhaps an argument can be made that the defense of duress ought to be allowed as a defense to felony-murder when the defendant did not do the killing and joined others in their wrongdoing only to save his life or in the reasonable belief that serious bodily harm would be done to him if he did not join. Professor Perkins thought so, Perkins, Criminal Law 952 (2d ed. 1969), and the American Law Institute at one point concluded the defense should extend to all crimes. Model Penal Code § 2.09, Proposed Official Draft (1962). See also Model Penal Code, Tentative Draft No. 10, pp. 2-7 (1960). And, we suppose the current interpretation of § 565.003 adds some weight to the argument; it is the intent to commit the underlying felony, not the intent to commit the killing, which is the gravamen of the offense.
State v. Clark,
The difficulty with this argument, even assuming this court had the authority to read § 562.071.2(1) out of existence and to overrule our Supreme Court, is that under our felony-murder doctrine, the underlying felony and the killing are parts of one continuous transaction and “[ejscape with the loot was within the res gestae of the robbery; indeed, it was an ingredient of the crime.”
State v. Engberg,
As the law is, the General Assembly rejected the Institute’s idea that duress should be a defense to the crime of murder. Presumably the General Assembly was aware of the state of the law when it enacted § 562.071 and we must take the enactment of that statute as a deliberate legislative choice with which a court may not interfere. Cf.
People v. Gleckler,
The final ground advanced by the defendant is of the familiar “error by assertion” variety. On the morning of the trial, before voir dire was commenced, 10 additional jurors were added to the panel of 50 because the court thought a panel of 50 might be a number insufficient to provide a qualified, competent and unbiased jury for a murder trial. The names of the 10 additional veniremen (7 males, 3 females) were interspersed among jurors 38 through 50 (all females) in order to obtain a more even gender balance among the members of the panel. Asserting, without in any manner demonstrating, that the trial court did not substantially comply with the requirements *370 of §§ 495.060, 495.070 and 495.080, which prescribe the method of jury selection applicable to Greene County, counsel easily reaches the factitious conclusion that defendant was denied trial by a jury fairly representing a cross-section of the community. We have considered this point carefully, but consider it so strained and tenuous as to be unworthy of extended discussion.
We are convinced the evidence is sufficient to satisfy the due process requirement of
Jackson v. Virginia,