State v. LanierState v. Lanier
- Reporters:
- ,
- Before:
- Per Curiam (per curiam)
The state appeals the trial court‘s order granting a defendant‘s sworn motion to dismiss an information under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.190(c)(4). We affirm because the undisputed facts did not rise to the level of the criminal conduct charged.
The information in this case alleged that Anne Lanier, an elementary school teacher:
Count I [Child Abuse]
. . . did knowingly or willfully abuse a child by committing an intentional act that could reasonably be expected to result in physical or mental injury to S.Y., a child, by stomping on the foot of S.Y. with her foot without causing great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement to S.Y., contrary to
F.S. 827.03(1) .
Count II [Child Abuse]
. . . did knowingly or willfully abuse a child by committing an intentional act that could reasonably be expected to result in physical or mental injury to S.C., a child, by causing S.C. to be seated in a chair in very close proximity to descending steps knowing that S.C. suffered from an attention deficit disorder and developmental delays, and was experiencing behavioral difficulties, and/or did cause the chair in which S.C. was seated to fall down steps, without causing great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement to S.C., contrary to
F.S. 827.03(1) .
Count III [Child Neglect]
. . . while being a caregiver to S.C., a child, did willfully or by culpable negligence, neglect S.C. by failing or omitting to provide the care, supervision, and services necessary to maintain the physical and mental health of S.C., including, but not limited to, food, nutrition, clothing, shelter, supervision, medicine and medical services that a prudent person would consider essential for the well-being of S.C., without causing great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement to S.C., to wit: by causing S.C. to be seated in a chair in very close proximity to descending steps knowing that S.C. suffered from an attention deficit disorder and developmental delays, and was experiencing behavioral difficulties, contrary to
F.S. 827.03(3)(c) .
Lanier filed a sworn motion to dismiss each of the three counts under Rule 3.190(c)(4). The state‘s traverse did not deny any of the material facts contained in the sworn motion, but alleged several additional facts. Lanier accepted the state‘s additional factual allegations as true for purpose of the motion; the trial court properly considered all of these facts to rule on the motion. See State v. Kalogeropolous, 758 So.2d 110 (Fla.2000); State v. Teague, 452 So.2d 72 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984); Kuhn v. State, 439 So.2d 291 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983); State v. Holliday, 431 So.2d 309 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983), approved, 465 So.2d 524 (Fla. 1985).
Count I—Child Abuse Upon S.Y.: Undisputed Material Facts
1. S.Y. was four years old at the time of the incident;
2. While walking on school grounds, S.Y. stepped on the foot of another student;
3. Defendant then asked S.Y. if S.Y. would like to be stepped on, and then intentionally and forcefully stomped on S.Y.‘s foot;
4. At the time, S.Y. stood on a concrete surface and wore sneakers on his feet;
5. S.Y. had no lasting injuries, no bruises, and no physical trauma that required any treatment;
6. S.Y.‘s mother was unable to determine, even after he went home, whether or not he had sustained any injury whatsoever; and
7. The policy of the Broward County School Board provided that “corporal punishment shall not be used under any circumstances.”
Counts II and III—Child Abuse and Child Neglect Upon S.C.1
1. S.C. was four years old at the time of the incident;
2. S.C. suffered from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and autism or an autism-related disorder;
3. Defendant was fully aware S.C. suffered from these disorders;
4. S.C. was misbehaving and was difficult to manage or control in the classroom and Defendant acted to “punish” S.C. for disrupting nap time for other students;
5. Defendant placed S.C. unrestrained in a small chair outside of the classroom;
6. S.C. was within Defendant‘s sight and was a short distance outside the portable classroom.
7. The chair was positioned immediately at the top of and facing toward a descending set of three concrete or metal steps;
8. Defendant then pushed the chair, in which S.C. was seated, towards the steps with her foot;
9. S.C. fell down the steps and struck his head on some part of the stairway or ground, injuring his head and leg;
10. S.C.‘s injuries substantially cleared up in a relatively short amount of time; and
11. The policy of the Broward County School Board in effect at the time provided that “corporal punishment shall not be used under any circumstances.”
The trial court, relying primarily on King v. State, 903 So.2d 954 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005), dismissed the child abuse counts (Counts I and II). Following State v. Sammons, 889 So.2d 857 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004), the court dismissed the child neglect count (Count III). We review de novo the trial court‘s order of dismissal. See State v. Santiago, 938 So.2d 603 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006).
The function of a motion to dismiss is to test the legal sufficiency of the state‘s case. See Sammons, 889 So.2d at 858. A motion to dismiss “is well taken only if no material facts are in dispute and the most favorable construction of the undisputed facts in favor of the [s]tate would not establish a prima facie case of guilt.” Sammons, 889 So.2d at 858. “To make a
(a) Intentional infliction of physical or mental injury upon a child;
(b) An intentional act that could reasonably be expected to result in physical or mental injury to a child; or
(c) Active encouragement of any person to commit an act that results or could reasonably be expected to result in physical or mental injury to a child. A person who knowingly or willfully abuses a child without causing great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement to the child commits a felony of the third degree.
“Mental injury” under the statute is “an injury to the intellectual or psychological capacity of a child as evidenced by a discernable and substantial impairment in the ability to function within the normal range of performance and behavior.”
As to both S.Y and S.C., the state charged child abuse under
The circuit court correctly relied upon King to dismiss the charges based on
Lanier‘s conduct in this case is less egregious than that of the defendant in King. There was no intentional act that could “reasonably be expected to result in physical or mental injury to a child” under
We reject the state‘s contention that Lanier‘s violation of a school board
To permit local regulations to control the definition of a criminal statute runs afoul of Florida‘s policy that the criminal law be “uniform throughout the state.” State v. Lozano, 616 So.2d 73, 76 (Fla. 1st DCA 1993); State v. Oehling, 750 So.2d 109, 111 (Fla. 5th DCA 1999). The supreme court construed a provision of an earlier constitution to mean that laws for the punishment of crime must be “of uniform operation throughout the State.” City of Fort Lauderdale v. King, 222 So.2d 6, 7-8 (Fla.1969); see also Carlton v. Johnson, 61 Fla. 15, 55 So. 975 (1911). That policy was carried over into
Count III of the information charged a violation of
(3)(a) “Neglect of a child” means:
1. A caregiver‘s failure or omission to provide a child with the care, supervision, and services necessary to maintain the child‘s physical and mental health, including, but not limited to, food, nutrition, clothing, shelter, supervision, medicine, and medical services that a prudent person would consider essential for the well-being of the child;
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2.(c) A person who willfully or by culpable negligence neglects a child without causing great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement to the child commits a felony of the third degree.
The State argues that a prima facie case of child neglect was established because Lanier failed “to provide the supervision necessary to maintain his physical health when she seated him on the edge of the steps and pushed his chair . . . and caused S.C. to fall over the edge and tumble down the stairs. . . .” However, the episode consisted of a series of continuous events during which S.C. was within sight of the teacher, and just outside the portable classroom. The facts indicate that the teacher was “actually keeping an eye” on the child rather than ignoring him. Sammons, 889 So.2d at 859. As we held in similar circumstances in Sammons, Lanier‘s conduct did fail to provide the child
Affirmed.
KLEIN and GROSS, JJ.
EMAS, KEVIN, J., Associate Judge, concurs in part and dissents in part with opinion.
EMAS, KEVIN, J., Associate Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I agree with the majority that the undisputed facts fail to establish a prima facie case of child neglect (Count III). However, I disagree with the majority‘s holding that, as a matter of law, the undisputed facts fail to establish a prima facie case of child abuse. Counts I and II of the information allege that Defendant committed child abuse under
In Raford v. State, 828 So.2d 1012 (Fla. 2002), the Supreme Court reviewed the caselaw interpreting Florida‘s child abuse laws and their interplay of those laws with the common law parental privilege of corporal punishment. As the majority correctly notes, Raford recognized that, at common law, a parent or one standing in loco parentis (such as a teacher) had the right to reasonably discipline a child under his or her control and authority. Citing this language, the majority in the instant case concludes that “[n]othing in
However, the Raford court‘s reference to the common-law origins of the parental privilege was merely an historical acknowledgment; after noting this history and the subsequent legislation in the area of child abuse laws, Raford held that the parental privilege of corporal punishment is no longer a creature of common law:
To the extent [prior caselaw] relied upon any common law privilege for corporal punishment, that privilege is itself now defined and limited by the current statutory scheme.
828 So.2d at 1019 (quoting with approval State v. McDonald, 785 So.2d 640, 647 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001)).
Raford recognized that the difficult task of “delineating a precise line between permissible corporal punishment and prohibited child abuse” is “principally a legislative function, better left to the Legislature.” Id. at 1020-21. The Legislature has made that delineation by enacting a variety of laws relating to child abuse and the permissible use of corporal punishment. With regard to school officials, the Legislature in 2002 created
Subject to law and to the rules of the district school board, each teacher or other member of the staff of any school shall have such authority for the control and discipline of students as may be assigned to him or her by the principal or the principal‘s designated representative and shall keep good order in the classroom and in other places in which he or she is assigned to be in charge of students.
(1) In accordance with this section and within the framework of the district school board‘s code of student conduct, teachers and other instructional personnel shall have the authority to undertake any of the following actions in managing student behavior and ensuring the safety of all students in their classes and school and their opportunity to learn in an orderly and disciplined classroom:
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(k) Use corporal punishment according to school board policy. . . . 3
(Emphasis added).
By the plain language of the statute, the Legislature has granted individual school districts the authority to limit the manner and circumstances by which a teacher may impose corporal punishment.
Consistent with this statutory scheme, and pursuant to Raford, a defendant charged with child abuse under
1. defendant is the parent of the child or one who stands in loco parentis;
2. defendant‘s actions constitute corporal punishment; and
3. the corporal punishment utilized was “reasonable” or “nonexcessive.”
Although Defendant, as a school teacher, satisfies the first element of the defense, she cannot establish that her actions constitute corporal punishment, reasonable or otherwise. The parties in this case stipulated that the Broward County School Board expressly prohibits teachers from using any form of corporal punishment. Thus, when reading
By contrast, in King v. State, 903 So.2d 954 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005), a private school administrator was charged with felony child abuse for paddling an eight-year old student as punishment for cheating and lying. The student suffered significant welts and bruises, but did not require medical treatment. The school expressly approved the use of paddling as corporal punishment and the parents of each student signed a form consenting to the use of paddling as a disciplinary measure on their child. The second district held that, in the context of a teacher imposing authorized
King is necessarily limited to those situations in which a defendant can validly assert the affirmative defense of parental privilege to impose corporal punishment. King‘s conduct did not rise to the level of child abuse because the defendant stood in loco parentis, the punishment imposed was expressly authorized by the school and the parents, and the punishment was, as determined by the district court, “reasonable” corporal punishment. Unlike the defendant in King, the Defendant in this case was prohibited from imposing any corporal punishment. In the absence of a corporal punishment privilege, Defendant‘s actions must be assessed in the same manner as those of any other non-parental (or non-in loco parentis) defendant. Czapla v. State, 957 So.2d 676 (Fla. 1st DCA 2007). That is, Defendant‘s conduct is to be measured not in terms of whether her actions were “reasonable” (as the majority asserts) but whether those actions “could reasonably be expected to result in physical or mental injury to a child.”