State v. Langley

34 N.H. 529 | N.H. | 1857

Sawyer, J.

When an indictment contains an allegation which is descriptive of some matter material to be charged, the allegation can never be rejected as surplusage, but must be proved as laid. If, in describing any person or thing necessary to be set forth in the indictment, it is done with circumstances of more minuteness and particularity than is required, those circumstances all become material, and must be proved as laid, otherwise the person or thing shown by the proof will not appear to be identical with that alleged.

If a recovery is to be had, it must be secundum allegata et probata ; and the rule is one of entire inflexibility in respect to all such descriptive averments of material matters. The cases upon this point, many of which are collected in the case of State v. Copp, 15 N. H. 215, are quite uniform. The rule admits of no question. Its application is sometimes a matter of doubt. A familiar illustration of it is the case of an averment, in an indictment for resisting an officer in the execution of his duty, that he was duly appointed and qualified. It is sufficient to allege that the officer was sheriff, constable, &c., for his county or town, and parol evidence, showing that he was acting as such officer, in the discharge of the duties of the office, would be sufficient to sustain the indictment without proof of his appointment and qualification. But when it is alleged that he was duly appointed and qualified ■— this averment being of a character to define and describe his official authority — the material matter to be charged must be proved by the production of the proper evidence to show his legal appointment, and the taking of the oath of office, where that is required by law. Whenever the allegation is one which thus describes, qualifies, defines, or limits the thing material to be averred, it becomes an essential part of the legal claim or charge set out, and is a descriptive averment, to be proved.

The indictment in this case alleges that the defendant made oath to the deposition in which is contained the perjury assigned, on the twenty-eighth of November, 1854, and that the oath was taken before Charles H. Bell, Esq. In order to set forth the crime of perjury, it was necessary to aver in the indictment that Mr. Bell had competent authority to administer the oath. By the provisions of sec. 4, chap. 217, Rev. Stat., it is sufficient for this purpose, to allege the matter in those general terms, without setting forth the official character of the magistrate administering the oath, or otherwise specifying the particular authority under which he acted. The allegation which the statute pronounces sufficient, is made by the averment, “ he then having sufficient and competent power and authority, and being duly authorized by law to administer said oath.” The indictment, however, contains the further allegation that the justices of the Superior Court, at the term thereof held on the second Tuesday of December, 1854, appointed Mr. Bell a commissioner to take the testimony in the case in which the deposition was to be used. If this is an averment descriptive of any material matter charged, then it is itself material, and must be proved, although unnecessary to have been alleged. It is contended by the counsel for the respondent that it defines and qualifies the authority of Mr. Bell to administer the oath. If it has this operation, then it is clear, according to the allegations of the indictment, the oath was taken prior to the existence of the authority under which it is alleged to have been administered, and upon this view the indictment fails to set forth the crime of perjury. We think, however, this view cannot be sustained. By the rule of court, testimony taken in a libel for divorce must be taken by a commissioner appointed by the court for that purpose. The appointment, however, does not confer upon the commissioner authority to administer the oath to the deponents. It is merely a designation by the court from among the multitude who have that authority by virtue of their official character, of one deemed suitable and proper for that service in the particular case. If the indictment merely alleged that the oath was administered by Mr. Bell, he being a commissioner appointed by the court to take the testimony in the case, there can be no doubt it would be defective, because it would not set forth any legal authority to administer the oath. The authority must exist by virtue of the official character of the commissioner, independent of the appointment. That adds nothing to his authority in reference to his power to administer the oath. It merely selects him as a proper magistrate already qualified to administer it, for ■ the exercise of the power in that case. The rule of court may exclude the deposition, when not taken by a commissioner so appointed, from being used in the case, as a defective caption or the interest or consanguinity of the magistrate may exclude one taken to be used before the jury. To constitute perjury it is necessary that the false testimony be in relation to matters material to the issue, but it is not material to the perjury that the testimony is in such form or comes from such sources, or through such channels that it is competent to be used at the hearing for which it was taken. The whole of the allegation relative to the appointment of the commissioner is immaterial, and may be rejected as surplusage, and the motion to quash should be denied.