166 Mo. 287 | Mo. | 1901
Defendant was convicted in the circuit court of Moniteau county of robbery in the first degree and his punishment fixed at five years’ imprisonment in the penitentiary, under an information filed by the prosecuting attorney of said county in the office of clerk of the circuit court in vacation. He appeals.
On the evening of November 15, 1900, M. L. Moad, a farmer residing in said county, made his appearance in California very much under the influence of liquor, and with thirteen dollars and sixty-five cents in his pocketbook made his way into the barn of Mr. Swillum which was in the rear of a saloon kept by him. Moad finally got into an alley a few feet in the rear of the saloon. The rear of the residence of Swillum abutted close upon the alley. The daughter of Swillum and another young lady, being attracted by noise made by Moad, directed the defendant, who was about the saloon, to
The defendant said he helped Moad up and aided him to a wheelbarrow near by and Moad tumbled into it and defendant left, but the defendant denied having taken any money from Moad. The testimony showed Moad had two five-dollar bills and the rest in silver. A few minutes after this occurrence the defendant went to Conrad’s meatshop and bought some meat and paid for it with a five-dollar bill and received the change. The defendant admitted this, but testified that he got it from his wife. She testified he came home that
When Moad came into tbe saloon tbe second time he took a seat and stayed until about 11 o’clock, and on leaving complained to Swillum that he had been robbed.
Tbe counsel for the defendant moved to quash tbe information, alleging various reasons, and among others that the information was not properly signed by the prosecuting attorney, and because it was-filed in vacation of tbe court, and because the offense was a felony and when it was committed the Constitution required all felonies to be prosecuted by indictment, and because tbe information was not sworn to by the officers, and because it was not supported by tbe affidavit of any citizen.
Tbe information, leaving off the style of tbe cause, is as follows:
“In the Circuit Court of Moniteau County, Missouri, Jan- " uary Term, 1901.
“N. S. Hickcox, prosecuting attorney within and for tbe county of Moniteau in tbe State of Missouri, under his oath of office, and upon his best knowledge, information and belief, informs tbe court that Charles Ryle, on tbe sixteenth day of November, 1900, at tbe county of Moniteau and State of Missouri, in and upon one M. L. Moad, unlawfully and feloniously did make an assault, and fourteen dollars of tbe lawful mon,ev
“N. O. IIickcox, Prosecuting Attorney.”
“By the law of England, informations by the Attorney General, without the intervention of a grand jury, were not allowed for capital crimes, nor for any felony, by which was understood any offense which at common law occasioned a total forfeiture of the offender’s lands, or goods, or both. [4 Black Com. 94, 95, 310.] The question whether the prosecution must be by indictment, or might be by information, thus depended upon the consequences to the convict himself.” [Ex Parte Wilson, 114 U. S. 417; 1 Bishop’s New Criminal Procedure, secs. 141, 142.]
And not until the amendment of section 12 of article 2 of the State Constitution, adopted at the general election held on November 8, 1900, by which it is provided that “no person shall be prosecuted criminally for felony or misdemeanor otherwise than by indictment or information, which shall be concurrent remedies,” could a person be prosecuted criminally in this State for a felony otherwise than by indictment, “except in cases arising in the land and naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger,” but since that time they have been and are now concurrent remedies.
The offense charged in the information was committed on the sixteenth day of November, 1900, and it becomes important in the outset to determine when the constitutional amendment took effect, whether before or after the commission of the offense.
“See. 2. General Assembly ma/y propose amendments submitted to vote. The General Assembly may, at any time, propose such amendments to this Constitution as a majority of the members elected to each house shall deem expedient; and the vote thereon shall be taken by yeas and nays, and entered in full on the journals. The proposed amendments shall be published with the laws of that session, and also shall be published weekly in some newspaper, if such there be, within each county in the State, for four consecutive weeks next preceding the general election then next ensuing. The proposed amendments shall be submitted to a vote of the people, each amendment separately, at the next general election-thereafter, in such manner as the General Assembly may provide. If a majority of the qualified voters of the State, voting for and against any one of said amendments, shall vote for such amendment, the same shall be deemed and taken to have been ratified by the people, 'and shall be valid and binding, to all intents and purposes, as a part of this Constitution.”
As a general rule a constitutional amendment takes effect from the day of its ratification by the voters to whom it is submitted for that purpose [In re Deckert, 2 Hughes (U. S.), 183], but an exception to this rule is when a different provision is made by law.
It will be observed that section 2, supra, provides that, “If a majority of the qualified voters of the State, voting for and against any one of said amendments, shall vote for such amendment, the same shall be deemed and taken to have been ratified by the people, and shall be valid and binding, to all intents and purposes, as a part of this Constitution,” which, when taken by itself is so clear that the amendment was in force and effect from the time it was ratified by the vote of the people as to leave no room for construction. “The rule of the common law is, that every law takes effect immediately
In 1894, there was submitted to the qualified voters of the State of Florida for ratification an amendment to section 9 of article 16 of the Constitution of that State, and the question as to the time when it took effect and become operative as part of the State Constitution, was before the Supreme Court for an advisory opinion to the Governor. [34 Florida, 500.] Section 1 of article 17, of the Constitution, prescribed the manner in which amendments to that instrument should thereafter be made as follows: “Either branch of the Legislature, at a regular session thereof, may propose amendments to this Constitution; and if the same be agreed to by three-fifths of all the members elected to each house, such proposed amendments shall be entered upon their respective journals with the yeas and nays, and published in one newspaper in each county where a newspaper is published, for three months immediately preceding the next general election of representatives, at which election the same shall be submitted to the electors of the State, for approval or rejection. If a majority of the electors voting upon the amendments at such election shall adopt the amendments, the same shall become a part of the Constitution. The proposed amendments shall be so submitted as to enable the electors to vote on each amendment separately.”
The court said: “Under this provision of the organic law there seems to us to be no room for doubt but that any amendment thereto if proposed, approved and adopted in the manner therein pointed out, becomes operative and of full force and effect as part of the Constitution eo instanti upon its approval and adoption by the majority vote of the electors of the State. ...... The effect of the approval and adoption of said amendment by a majority of the electors voting upon the same at the general election held in October, A. D. 1894, under its submission to the electors of the State for their ap
So in the case of The Seneca Mining Company v. Osmun, Secretary of State, 82 Mich. 573, it was held that under section 1 of article 20 of the Constitution of that State, which provides for the submission of proposed constitutional amendments at the next spring election, such amendments took effect from the time of their ratification by the popular vote.
So in Illinois, the schedule of the Constitution of that State of 1870, section 8, provided “that the Constitution should be submitted to the people for adoption or rejection at the election to be held on July 3, 1870, that so much of the Constitution as was not separately submitted to be voted on by articles and sections should be the supreme law of the State on and after the eighth day of August, 1870;” and it was held that one of the articles which was submitted separately became a part of the organic law of the State from and after the day on which the Constitution was voted upon, to-wit, July 2, 1870. [Schall v. Bowman, 62 Ill. 321.] That case was followed in Wade v. Town of LaMoille, 112 Ill. 79, and in Wade v. Walnut, 105 U. S. 1.
Upon the other hand, in the case of Sewell v. The State, 15 Tex. App. 56, was involved the question as to the term when an amendment to the Constitution of that date, which had been adopted by the people, took effect. The amendment was one “proposing an amendment to article 5, of the State Constitution, diminishing the number of terms of the county courts,” and declaring that, “until otherwise provided, the terms of the county court shall be held on the first Mondays in February, May, August and November, and may remain in
The Constitution of Texas, article 17, section 1, provides that, if it shall appear from the election returns that a majority of the votes have been cast in favor of any constitutional amendment, it shall become a part of the Constitution, and proclamation shall be made by the Governor thereof. By Re
Section 1, article 14, of the Constitution of Minnesota, relating to amendments to that instrument, provides that, “If it shall appear in a manner to be provided by law, that a majority of voters present and voting shall have ratified such alterations or amendments, the same shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of the Constitution.” The manner in which the result was to be ascertained was left to be provided by law, which was as follows: “A proposed amendment should be submitted to the people of said State for their approval or rejection at the next general election for the year A. D. eighteen hundred and eighty-one, and each of the legal voters of said State may at such election vote by poll for or against said amendment and the returns thereof shall be made and certified and such votes canvassed and the result thereof declared in the manner provided by law for returning, certifying and canvassing votes for general elections for State officers and declaring the result thereof, and if it shall appear that a majority of the voters present. and voting at said election upon said amendment, have voted in favor of the same, then immediately after the result shall have been ascertained, the Governor shall make proclamation thereof and said amendment shall thereupon take effect and be in full force as part of the Constitution of the State of Minnesota.” It was held that the amendment did not take effect, at least until the result was ascertained by the canvass of the vote. [City of Duluth v. Duluth St. Ry. Co., 60 Minn. 178.]
Section 7121, Revised Statutes 1899, provides that: “If, upon such returns so made to the Secretary of State, it is found that there is a majority of the qualified voters of the State voting for and against any one of said amendments, in favor of such amendments, the same shall be deemed and taken to have been ratified by the people, and the Secretary of State shall certify the result of such vote to the Governor, who shall thereupon, without unnecessary delay, issue his proclamation declaring such amendment ratified by a majority of the qualified voters of this State, and valid and binding to all intents and purposes as a part of the Constitution of the State of Missouri.”
It will be noted that our statute with respect to the result of the vote on constitutional amendments, and the ascertainment thereof, is in almost the exact language of the Constitution of Texas, and law of Minnesota, that is, if upon the returns made of the vote by the several county clerks to the Secretary of State, it bé found that there is a majority of the qualified voters of the State voting for any particular amendment, the same shall be deemed and taken to have been ratified by the people, and the Secretary of State shall certify the result of such vote to the Governor who shall thereupon issue his proclamation, etc., in which States it is held that the amendment takes effect and is in force from the day of the canvass of the vote, but not before.
As was said by the Court of Appeals in New York in passing upon a similar subject: “The result of the election showing the adoption of this article by a majority of the votes cast, must, within the meaning of the rule, be deemed its passage.
The deduction to be drawn from these authorities is, that the amendment in question became a part of the Constitution of this State when adopted by the vote of the people at the election held on November 8, 1900, and took effect and went into operation upon the canvass of the vote on the nineteenth day of December next thereafter, and not before.
These observations find support in the fact that at the same election there was submitted to the vote of the people of the State and adopted by them another amendment to the Constitution (Laws 1899, p. 382), by which it was provided that, “Llereafter a grand jury shall consist of twelve men, any nine of whom concurring may find an indictment or a true bill; Provided, however, that no grand-jury shall be convened except upon an order of a judge of a court having the power to try and determine felonies.” Now, in the absence of a canvass of the vote upon these amendments, courts having criminal jurisdiction had no means of ascertaining the result of the vote of the people upon them whether adopted or not and were simply groping in the dark as to whether or not felonies might be prosecuted by information as well as by indictment, or whether as the Constitution was before the amendment,
The next question is was the amendment in question self-operating from the time it took effect ? It pertains to criminal procedure and is prohibitory in character, and it is well settled that all such clauses in a Constitution are self-enforcing. [St. Joseph Board of Public Schools v. Patten, 62 Mo. 444; Householder v. City of Kansas, 83 Mo. 488; Hickman v. City of Kansas, 120 Mo. 110.]
There are a number of provisions in the Constitution of this State, that are unquestionably self-executing, and require no legislation to put them in operation. The test in such cases is, can the Constitution as amended be enforced without the aid of legislation ? “The question in every case is whether the language of a constitutional provision is addressed to the courts or the Legislature; does it indicate that it was intended as a present enactment, complete in itself as definitive legislation, or does it contemplate subsequent legislation to carry it into effect ? This is to be determined from a consideration both of the language used and of the intrinsic nature of the provision itself. If the nature and extent of the right conferred and of the liability imposed are fixed by the' provision itself, so that they can be determined by the examination and construction of its own terms, and there is no language used indicating that the subject is referred to the Legislature for action, then the provision should be construed as self-executing, and its 'language as addressed to the courts.” [Willis v. Mabon, 48 Minn. 140.]
There is nothing in the language used in the amendment
The terms “information” and “indictment” as used in the Constitution, are to be understood in their common-law sense. [Ex Parte Slater, 72 Mo. 102; State v. Kelm, 79 Mo. 515.] In the Kelm case it was held that the term “information” as used in article 2, of section 12 of the State Constitution of 1875, was to be understood in its common-law sense, that is_, a criminal charge which at common law is presented by the Attorney-General, or if that office is vacant, then by the Solicitor-General of England and in this State by the prosecuting attorneys of the respective counties who exercise the same powers as are exercised by the Attorney-General or Solicitor-General of England, that is, the power to present informations under their official oaths.
The question then arises as to whether or not the amendment authorizes the prosecution of felonies by information, it having gone into operation after the commission of the offense with which defendant stands charged, or is it as to such •offense an ex post facto law. By the Constitution of the United States, section 10, article 1, and by the Constitution of this State, section 15, article 2, ex post facto laws are prohibited.
In Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. 386, ex post facto laws are said
Under this definition of an ex post facto law, the amendment, although providing for another mode of procedure for the prosecution of felonies than by indictment does not fall within the meaning of an ex post facto law as thus defined, for it does not make an action done before its adoption criminal, nor does it aggravate the crime, or in any way affect it, nor change the punishment nor alter the legal rule of evidence; but,.as has been said, goes merely to the mode of procedure. The mode of investigating the facts remain as before, and this through a trial by a jury of defendant’s own choosing, surrounded, by certain safeguards guaranteed to him by the laws of the land, which can not be dispensed with.
In Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations (6 Ed.), p. 326, it is said: “But so far as mere modes of procedure are concerned, a party has no more right, in a criminal than in a civil action, to insist that his case shall be disposed of under the law in force when the act to be investigated is charged to have taken place. Bemedies must always be under the control of the Legislature, and it would create endless confusion in legal proceedings if every case was to be conducted only in accordance with the rules of practice, and heard only by the courts, in existence when its facts arose. The Legislature may abolish courts and create new ones, and it may prescribe altogether different modes of procedure in its discretion, though it can not lawfully, we think, in so doing, dispense with any of those substantial protections with which the existing law surrounds the person accused of crime. Statutes giving the Government additional challenges, and others which authorized the amendment of indictments, have been sustained and applied to past transactions, as doubtless would be any similar statute, calcu
In re Wright, 3 Wyoming 478, it was ruled that a law changing the mode of procedure from indictment to information in cases of felonies already committed, is not ex post facto, and does not infringe 'any substantial right of the offender. The same rule is announced in State v. Thompson, 141 Mo. 408; Duncan v. Missouri, 152 U. S. 377.
Prom these considerations it must follow that the amendment was not ex post facto.
As there was no statute in this State at the time the constitutional amendment went into effect prescribing the mode of procedure by information in the prosecution of felonies in the courts of record in this State, and as the information therein meant is to be understood in its common-law sense, that is, a criminal charge exhibited by the Attorney-General or other proper officer, we must look to that law for light upon the subject.
The common-law information was an accusation of a criminal character exhibited against a person charging him or her with a criminal offense by Attorney-General or the Solicitor-General, and under his oath of office. Bishop says: “The criminal information should be deemed to be such, and such only, as, in England, is presented by the Attorney- or Solicitor-General. This jpart of the English common law has plainly become ours. And as, with us, the powers which in England are exercised by the Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General are largely distributed among our district attorneys, whose office does not exist in England, they would seem to be entitled, under our common law, to prosecute by information, as a right adhering to their office, and without leave of court.” [1 Bishop’s New Criminal Procedure (4 Ed.), sec. 144.] Nor was it necessary at common law for an officer authorized to file information to ask leave of court to do so.
It is insisted that the court erred in permitting one John Swillum, a witness for the State, to testify to what the prosecuting witness Moad said to him some five and one-half hours after the robbery, but this seems to be a misapprehension of the facts as disclosed by the record, from which it does not appear that any such evidence was admitted.
All of the instructions are criticised by defendant, but we think without any ground therefor. They covered all the 'facts of the case, and were exceedingly fair to the defendant. In fact, some of them more so than the law warranted. Binding no reversible error in the record, we affirm the judgment.