169 Ohio App. 3d 167 | Ohio Ct. App. | 2006
Lead Opinion
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *169 {¶ 1} Following a trial to the bench, appellant and cross-appellee, the state of Ohio, appeals from that part of the trial court's order that dismissed the first count of the indictment against appellee and cross-appellant, Joseph Kvasne. The court found that in light of the Ohio Constitution's new Article XV, Section 11 ("Issue I"), the state could not pursue a conviction against Kvasne for the offense of domestic violence.
{¶ 2} The state argues that the trial court wrongly dismissed the first count of the indictment, because R.C.
{¶ 3} Kvasne has filed a cross-appeal to challenge the state's appeal and, further, to challenge both his conviction on the second count of the indictment for abduction and the sentence imposed therefor.
{¶ 4} He initially asserts that the state's appeal should be dismissed. Moreover, he claims in his five cross-assignments of error that his abduction conviction should be reversed because it is sustained by neither sufficient evidence nor the weight of the evidence in that abduction is not a lesser included offense of the crime alleged in the indictment, kidnapping. He also claims that the trial court failed to permit him to present the testimony of one of his defense witnesses. He additionally claims that his sentence of more than the minimum term is unsupported in the record. *170
{¶ 5} After a review of the record, this court agrees with the state's argument. This court previously has held that R.C.
{¶ 6} Kvasne's assertions and claims lack merit. His conviction for abduction and the sentence imposed for that conviction, therefore, are affirmed.
{¶ 7} This case results from an altercation that occurred between Kvasne and the victim, D.J.1 D.J. testified that beginning in the summer of 2003, she and Kvasne shared a romantic relationship as "boyfriend"2 and girlfriend. Although Kvasne worked most weekdays at a job in Michigan, he returned to Cleveland on weekends to live with her in her home.
{¶ 8} The romantic portion of the relationship ended in December 2004, but Kvasne continued to live there. D.J. indicated that pursuant to their usual living arrangement, she continued to pay most of the expenses, but he contributed to the household by giving her money for incidentals and by making home repairs.
{¶ 9} In February 2005, D.J. asked Kvasne to find another place to live "by springtime." She testified that on the evening of February 5, he arrived at home angry. Apparently, he had been thinking about her request but "couldn't accept that." He indicated that he believed she "had taken advantage of him because he put the furnace in," which had cost him a significant amount of money.
{¶ 10} D.J. testified that although she attempted to walk away from the argument, Kvasne started to "push [her] around." After she nearly fell into a piece of furniture, he grabbed her arms and shoved her onto her knees. She retaliated by "grabb[ing] him by the crotch of his pants." He "jumped back-wards" to avoid her hands, then forcefully "poked" her with all the fingers of his hand, jamming them as a unit into the side of her face in the area of her jaw.
{¶ 11} When she indicated that his action hurt, he stated that it "was just a poke"; he proceeded to demonstrate that he could have done more damage if he wished by throwing her down, straddling her, and with his left hand, pinning her arms to the floor over her head. He then "slapped [her] in the side of [her] face with his right hand."
{¶ 12} D.J. threatened to call the police. Kvasne responded that he would remain where he was until she withdrew her threat. After about a minute, she *171 relented. At that point, he permitted her to stand. In order to keep peace with him thereafter, she acted as if the argument was over.
{¶ 13} A few days later, when Kvasne resumed working, she removed his personal belongings from her home and changed the locks so that he could not use his key. Furthermore, she decided to file a criminal complaint against him so that he would not seek to return.
{¶ 14} Kvasne eventually was indicted on two counts. Count one charged him with domestic violence in violation of R.C.
{¶ 15} Kvasne entered a written waiver of his right to a jury trial; therefore, the trial court acted as the trier-of-fact. Kvasne stipulated to the fact of his prior conviction. At the conclusion of the proceeding, the trial court dismissed count one, finding that under the circumstances of the facts proved in the case, Ohio's "new constitutional amendment" precluded a conviction of Kvasne pursuant to R.C.
{¶ 16} The court ultimately sentenced Kvasne on his conviction for abduction to a two-year prison term.
{¶ 17} Pursuant to R.C.
{¶ 18} In its appeal, the state presents the following assignment of error:
{¶ 19} "I. The trial court erred when it dismissed Count One of the indictment based on Ohio Constitution Section XV, Article 11 [sic], Issue I."
{¶ 20} Kvasne counters the state's assignment of error as follows:
{¶ 21} "A. This court should dismiss the state's appeal because the State of Ohio has not properly appealed the trial court's decision as the state does not have an appeal as of right."
{¶ 22} The state argues that the trial court erred in dismissing the charge of domestic violence based upon its belief that under the facts of this case, R.C.
{¶ 23} In Burk,
{¶ 24} In this court's view, the domestic-violence statute does not "create or recognize a legal status for relationships of unmarried individuals"; rather, thelegal status remains the same, i.e., one is the witness to a crime and one is the defendant. Burk,
{¶ 25} The same conduct had been proscribed prior to the enactment of the domestic-violence statute. The Ohio legislature simply has determined with the passage of the domestic-violence statute that the state has a legitimate interest in protecting the "family," which consists of persons who share a life in the same household. This is a constitutional exercise of its authority.
{¶ 26} Kvasne counters with the assertion that the trial court in this case did not simply dismiss the charge, but, rather, acquitted him of it. The record read in its entirety, however, does not support his assertion.
{¶ 27} In considering Kvasne's motion for acquittal at the close of the evidence, the trial court stated that "[p]rior to announcing [its] verdict on count two" of the indictment, it wanted the record to reflect that in its view, the state provided evidence in its case-in-chief that only barely met the elements to prove the crime of domestic violence.3 Nevertheless, acquittal was not the appropriate action; instead, "under the Court's reading of the law, [it could]n't do that" because "as far as the Court [was] concerned," an acquittal of Kvasne was "the easy way out."
{¶ 28} The court explained its reasoning at some length, indicating that because the evidence demonstrated that Kvasne and the victim were unmarried, "given that the voters of the [S]tate of Ohio have chosen" not to "recognize" such a relationship pursuant to the "new constitutional amendment," * * * count one *173 [was] dismissed, prior to [the] announcement of the] verdict."4 (Emphasis added.)
{¶ 29} At one point during the court's foregoing discourse, it misspoke, using the words that it was "ordering an acquittal." The court clearly intended, however, to dismiss the charge of domestic violence on the basis of its view that the offense could not be supported under the new constitutional amendment. This is further evidenced by the court's journal entry, which states that count one was "nolled," a word that connotes the intent to dismiss rather than to acquit. Since the court speaks only through its journal entry, Kvasne's counter-argument is rejected.
{¶ 30} Based upon the foregoing, the state's assignment of error is sustained.
{¶ 31} Kvasne presents the following cross-assignments of error:
{¶ 32} "I. The state failed to present sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction.
{¶ 33} "II. Appellee's conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 34} "III. The trial court erred by finding appellee guilty of abduction as a lesser-included [sic] of kidnapping.
{¶ 35} "IV. The trial court erred by not enforcing appellee's subpoena of the police officer as a defense witness after he appeared the previous day with his subpoena.
{¶ 36} "V. The trial court erred in sentencing appellee to more than the minimum prison sentence when he had not previously served a prison term."
{¶ 37} In his first four cross-assignments of error, Kvasne claims that his conviction for abduction should be reversed for four reasons, which will be addressed in logical order.
{¶ 38} Initially, he argues that the trial court violated his right to present a defense when it refused to issue a bench warrant in order to compel the presence at trial of a police officer who received a subpoena from Kvasne to testify.5 This argument lacks merit.
{¶ 39} The record reflects that the officer appeared in response to Kvasne's subpoena, but his testimony was not required that day; therefore, Kvasne's trial counsel released him. Moreover, when defense counsel brought the matter to the *174 trial court's attention, counsel further admitted that the subpoena had not been personally served on the officer.
{¶ 40} The trial court correctly noted that personal service of the original subpoena is required in order for the court to issue a bench warrant. State v. Wilcox
(June 11, 1992), Cuyahoga App. Nos. 60851 and 60886,
{¶ 41} Under these circumstances, the trial court neither abused its discretion nor denied Kvasne his right to present a defense. Id. Accordingly, his fourth cross-assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 42} Kvasne next argues in his first, second, and third cross-assignments of error that his conviction for abduction was improper because it is neither a lesser included offense of kidnapping nor supported by sufficient evidence and the weight of the evidence. These arguments are unpersuasive.
{¶ 43} This court recently acknowledged that "there is a conflict as to whether abduction is a lesser included offense of kidnapping." State v. Breeden, Cuyahoga App. No. 84663,
{¶ 44} It must first be noted that none of the more recent appellate decisions has recognized that the Ohio Supreme Court previously determined the issue. In State v.Maurer (1984),
{¶ 45} The more recent cases from this court that have considered the question of whether abduction is a lesser included offense of the crime of kidnapping not only failed to cite Maurer, but focused instead on "abstract" comparisons of the elements of the offenses. This came about because the test set forth in State v. Rance (1999),
{¶ 46} In Deem, the Supreme Court set forth the definitive test for determining whether, in the context of Crim.R. 31(C) and R.C.
{¶ 47} As set forth in Deem, an offense "may be a lesser included offense of another" if the following requirements are met: (1) the offense carries a lesser penalty than the indicted offense; (2) the "greater" offense cannot, asstatutorily defined, ever be committed without having committed the lesser offense, as statutorily defined; and, (3) some element of the greater offense is not required to prove the commission of the lesser offense. (Emphasis added.) Id., paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶ 48} Despite the wording emphasized above, it must be noted that Deem specifically adopted the test set forth earlier in State v. Wilkins (1980),
{¶ 49} Indeed, the Supreme Court indicated in both Deem and Wilkins that in making a decision as to whether an offense constitutes a lesser included offense of the offense for which the defendant was indicted, a consideration of the evidence presented in the case is crucial. Id. at 388, 18 O.O.3d 528,
{¶ 50} The foregoing quote is significant. Although the tests presented in Rance and Deem seem alike, the aims of the two statutes that the opinions considered are different. Preventing multiple punishments for the same offense clearly is a separate statutory issue from the issue of whether the offense gives *176 notice to the accused and is counted a "lesser included" offense of the indicted offense.
{¶ 51} This court is cognizant that the Ohio Supreme Court has expressed a contrary viewpoint in State v.Barnes (2002),
{¶ 52} Furthermore, a method of analysis that divorces "the underlying facts of the crimes" in "completing" the analysis "beget[s] illogical results * * *. Decisionmaking in the abstract leaves trial courts to struggle with a test thatallows criminal defendants to walk away from theircrimes, despite the fact that [the crimes] fit all of the elements of the lesser included offense, unless the state indicts them separately on each potential offense." (Emphasis added.) Id. at 30-31,
{¶ 53} Justice Lundberg Stratton provided a logical solution to the dilemma caused by too strict an application of the second step of the Deem test: return to the basic premise. Rather than "continue on the path of examining cases in a vacuum," an offense should be considered a lesser included offense "depending on the facts and circumstances of each case." Id. Thus, "in determining whether one offense is a lesser included offense of the charged offense, the potential relationship of the two offenses must be considered not only in the abstract terms of the defining statutes, but must also be considered in light of theparticular facts of each case." (Emphasis sic.) Id.
{¶ 54} It is only when the defendant is alleged to have acted by "deception" that the "statutorily defined" elements diverge. The elements should not be "lumped" together as one in order to notify the defendant of the criminal act of which he is accused. Otherwise, the statutory purpose of R.C.
{¶ 55} In an effort to distinguish Rance from Deem, it might be helpful to return to the beginning; to the "New Ohio Criminal code," as it was called when enacted by Am. Sub. H.B. No. 511 in 1972. It is clear from the legislative commission's commentary published in June 1973 that abduction was intended to *177 be a lesser included offense of kidnapping, distinguished mainly by the lesser degree of potential harm to the victim.
{¶ 56} The commentary begins, "Chapter 2905. combines a number of former kidnapping offenses into one section, although the conduct which may constitute kidnapping is expanded over former law. Lesser offenses of abduction and unlawful restraint are defined, with lawful restraint amounting to false arrest and imprisonment. The chapter retains a child stealing offense, which provides a lesser penalty when the offender is the parent of the child involved." (Emphasis added.)
{¶ 57} "Kidnapping and Related Offenses" thus include R.C.
{¶ 58} The second part of R.C.
{¶ 59} Indeed, abduction and kidnapping have been bound together since the early common law. Blackstone defined abduction as the "taking away of a wife, child or ward, byfraud or open violence," and kidnapping as the "forcible abduction of a person from his own country to another." (Emphasis added.) 3 Blackstone Commentaries 139-141. Legal history thus describes kidnapping as the most serious of the abduction offenses. What has been bound together in law for centuries, therefore, should not be rent asunder by a too-literal application of Deem as conflated withRance.
{¶ 60} As stated in the 1974 Committee Note, R.C.
{¶ 61} The language used in Maurer, which was decided only ten years later, therefore, reflected the original legislative intent. Moreover, it is worth noting that since Barnes was decided, it has been cited by the Supreme Court as authority almost exclusively with reference to Crim.R. 52 — i.e., "plain error"; the *178 Barnes majority was reluctant to permit the defendant to escape criminal accountability. Thus, for similar reasons,Barnes is less persuasive than Maurer on the question of the relationship of abduction to kidnapping.
{¶ 62} Even so, R.C.
{¶ 63} In the instant case, as indicted, Kvasne was alleged to have committed the offense by threat or force. One of the statutorily defined elements of kidnapping — i.e., deception, was not named, and, therefore, wasnot required to prove the offense of abduction.Ogletree, 2002-Ohio-4070,
{¶ 64} D.J. testified that Kvasne pushed her onto the floor, straddled her, and pinned her arms above her head. She stated that her struggles to escape were in vain; she felt "absolutely helpless" to prevent him from beating her badly, and being aware of Kvasne's angry disposition, she was afraid for her safety during the incident. She further stated that he refused to permit her to escape until she promised that she would not do anything else to defend herself. Her testimony proved that Kvasne's use of force and threat during the restraint placed her in fear, thereby violating R.C.
{¶ 65} Since defense counsel was unable to impeach her credibility on these points, Kvasne's guilt of the offense of abduction was supported by both sufficient evidence and the weight of the evidence. State v. Kleybort, Cuyahoga App. No. 81350, 2003-Ohio-1162,
{¶ 66} Finally, Kvasne argues that his sentence is unsupported because the trial court failed specifically to find that he "previously served a prison term," as required by R.C.
{¶ 67} The record reflects that Kvasne stipulated to his prior conviction in CR196438. His 1985 conviction was for the crime of voluntary manslaughter, a first-degree felony. R.C.
{¶ 68} Moreover, the record in this case reflects that in sentencing Kvasne, the trial court did not rely upon any sentencing statutes that have since been declared unconstitutional in State v. Foster,
{¶ 69} Accordingly, Kvasne's fifth cross-assignment of error also is overruled.
{¶ 70} Pursuant to this court's disposition of the state's assignment of error in the first case, the dismissal of count one of Kvasne's indictment is reversed, and this cause is remanded for further proceedings.
{¶ 71} In the second case, Kvasne's conviction and sentence are affirmed.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part, and cause remanded.
GALLAGHER, P.J., and KILBANE, J., concur.
Concurrence Opinion
{¶ 72} I concur fully with the majority opinion and analysis with respect to Kvasne's five cross-assignments of error. I concur in judgment only with respect to the state's sole assignment of error concerning the trial court's dismissal of count one of the indictment based on Section XV, Article
{¶ 73} I concur in judgment only because I believe that the passage of Issue I collaterally damaged Ohio's domestic-violence statute under the rule of unintended consequences; however, I am compelled to concur in judgment only because of the fact, as the majority notes, that the Eighth District has previously addressed and decided this issue inState v. Burk,
*180KILBANE, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.