141 Wash. 2d 373 | Wash. | 2000
Lead Opinion
— Petitioner Loreal Monique Kinzy seeks re
QUESTION PRESENTED
The question presented in this case is whether, under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the “community caretaking function” exception permits police officers to lawfully “seize” a 16-year-old minor without a warrant when the officers have no reason to believe the minor has committed a criminal offense, but the minor is standing on a public sidewalk in a high narcotics trafficking area on a school night with several others, including an older person believed by the officers to be associated with narcotics.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Petitioner Loreal Monique Kinzy, a minor born May 2, 1981, was charged by information in the Juvenile Department of the King County Superior Court on March 6, 1998 with possession of cocaine in violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act under RCW 69.50.401(d).
I. THE UNDISPUTED FACTS:
1. On [Tuesday] March 3, 1998, Seattle Police Officers M.B. Jennings and D.K. Kim were working as uniformed bicycle patrol officers. At 2210 hours (10:10 p.m.) the officers encountered [Ms. Loreal Monique Kinzy] at the Northwest [sic] corner of Third Avenue and Stewart Street in downtown Seattle. It was a school night. This area is known to the officers as a high narcotics trafficking area. [Ms. Kinzy] appeared to the officers to be between 11 and 13 years old. [She] was in the company of two other girls and an older male. The older male was familiar to the officers due to previous narcotics contacts.
2. When the officers hailed [Ms. Kinzy], she put her head down and continued to walk away. [She] was restrained by the officers and asked her age and name. At some point in time [Ms. Kinzy] told the officers that she was 16 years old. The officers did not believe that [she] was 16 due to her very youthful appearance. [Ms. Kinzy] acted nervous and kept putting her hands into her coat. She was patted down for weapons by Officer Jennings.
3. Officer [sic] felt a hard object in [Ms. Kinzy’s] coat. When it was examined it turned out to be a comb/brush. Officer Jennings had [Ms. Kinzy] keep her coat open after discovering the comb, again for officer safety.
4. Officer Jennings saw what he suspected to be white/creme flecks of rock cocaine on the black lining of [Ms. Kinzy’s] coat.
5. This suspicion was based on the officers [sic] experience with narcotics and his many narcotics related arrests.
6. Officer Jennings testified that the flecks were not “lint’ [sic] nor crumbs of food. By color and consistency, Officer Jennings identified the flecks as being possible rock cocaine.
7. The flecks field tested positive for cocaine.
8. Officer[s] Jennings and Kim testified that they perceived*379 [Ms. Kinzy] to be a “youth at risk” when they approached her.
9. Because of the high drug area, the hour, the fact that it was a school night, that [Ms. Kinzy] appeared so young in age, and due to one of her companions being associated with narcotics, [Ms. Kinzy] stood out.
10. After the field test came back positive for cocaine, [Ms. Kinzy] admitted she had more cocaine in her “bra.”
11. After Miranda and arrest, additional cocaine was recovered from [Ms. Kinzy’s] “bra” when she was searched by Officer Kim at the SPD West Precinct.
II. REASONS FOR THE ADMISSIBILITY OF THE EVIDENCE SOUGHT TO BE SUPPRESSED:
1. The court finds that the Officers had a reasonable basis for approaching and questioning [Ms. Kinzy] to determine her age and whether she [sic] a youth at risk.
2. The court finds that due to [Ms. Kinzy’s] perceived height of 4’9” (verified as 5’1” at fact finding), perceived age of between 11 and 13, the late hour, her presence in a high narcotics area, the fact that she was in the company of a person associated with narcotics, all added to provide the officers with proper grounds to approach [Ms. Kinzy] as a youth at risk.
3. The court finds that due to her furtive movements, bulky clothing and refusal to keep her hands in view, there was a reasonable and grounded concern for officer safety which prompts and justifies a pat-down for weapons.
4. The court finds that Officer Jennings acted reasonably when he requested [Ms. Kinzy] to keep her jacket open so he could see where her hands were.
5. The court finds that the Officers were lawfully engaging [Ms. Kinzy] based on their concerns for her safety as a potential youth at risk.
6. The court finds that [0]fficer Jennings saw, in plain view, what he thought to be particles of rock cocaine on the black fining of [Ms. Kinzy’s] coat.
7. The court finds that Officer Jennings could differentiate between the suspected narcotics and other items such as lint or food crumbs because of his experience, both on the street and formal training, in the area of narcotics.
8. Relevant factors considered by the court, were taken in*380 light of the circumstances at hand and the officers [sic] training and experience.
9. The court finds the testimony of the officers credible.
In addition to the above-written findings and conclusions, the Court incorporates by reference its oral findings and conclusions.[6 ]
Officer M.B. Jennings testified on direct and cross-examination consistent with the written findings of fact:
A. I approached and we stopped and said, you know: Could you come here. She ignored us. We talked directly to her and said, you know: Young lady, could you please stop and come here. And she kept her hand [sic] down with her hands in her pockets and attempted to walk away. The rest of the group stopped. She was the only one that continued to walk away from us.
Q. Did she ever stop walking?
A. We actually had to hold her arm. to stop her from walking.
Q. Well, what did you ask her, what questions?
A. At that point we wanted to identify her. She looked young. We wanted to find out how old she was and to do a check for her safety and question her why she was downtown, what her purpose was, who she was with, was she with family, was she by herself, does she know these people, those kind of questions.
Q. Did you have any suspicions of drug activity regarding her?
A. Regarding her, no. We stopped her for her safety.
Q. So your initial reason for contacting Loreal was not because you suspected her of any criminal activity; is that correct?
*381 A. That’s correct.
Q. If she were to say to you: I’m 16, I’m fine, I don’t need your help, would that have been sufficient for you to let her go?
A. No.
Q. So you wanted very specific details about her plans?
A. No, I wanted proof of her age. Because of her visual appearance, she did not look to be 16 years old.[7 ]
After hearing further testimony, Judge Tuai on May 7, 1998 found Petitioner “guilty” of violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act under RCW 69.50.401(d).
The Court of Appeals, Division One, the Honorable Susan R. Agid writing, in a majority opinion affirmed Petitioner’s conviction and the order denying her motion to suppress evidence of cocaine.
Petitioner then sought review in this Court. In her supplemental brief and petition for review, she raised only the issue of the validity of her “seizure” under the community caretaking function exception.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
On May 7, 1998, Petitioner filed in the King County Superior Court, Juvenile Division, a motion to suppress evidence of cocaine. The court denied the motion and on July 30, 1998 signed findings of fact and conclusions of law to comply with CrR 3.6. “[I]n reviewing findings of fact entered following a motion to suppress, [this Court] will review only those facts to which error has been assigned.”
The findings of fact provide a chronology of five significant events on March 3, 1998, the date of Petitioner’s arrest. First, Seattle Police Officers M.B. Jennings and D.K. Kim observed Petitioner in company with several others at 10:10 p.m., decided to approach her and then “hailed” her.
[[Image here]]
Figure 1. Sequence of Events
Petitioner does not challenge the validity of the pat-down frisk, which the Court of Appeals concluded was reasonably “based on ‘specific and articulable facts’. . . that [Petitioner was] ‘armed and presently dangerous.’ ”
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
“As a general rule, warrantless searches and seizures are per se unreasonable” under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The sole issue before this Court involves the further question whether one of these carefully drawn exceptions applies to the two events occurring prior to the pat-down frisk.
In this case, the findings of fact do not support justification for a Terry stop because the first two sequential events of March 3, 1998 provide no indication of criminal activity by Petitioner. Indeed, Officer Jennings testified his reason for initiating contact with Petitioner was simply concern for her safety and not suspicion of criminal activity.
“Community Caretaking Function” Exception
The community caretaking function exception was first announced in Cady v. Dombrowski, which observed with respect to the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution that
Local police officers, unlike federal officers, frequently investigate vehicle accidents in which there is no claim of criminal liability and engage in what, for want of a better term, may be described as community caretaking functions, totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute.[36 ]
AlS noted in Cady, the community caretaking function exception is totally divorced from a criminal investigation.
The community caretaking function exception recognizes that a person may encounter police officers in situations involving not only emergency aid, but also involving a routine check on health and safety. In Kalmas v. Wagner, this Court concluded the exception applied when one of the parties “called 911 asking for police assistance.”
Because this Court has not rendered any pertinent decision directly applicable to the principal issue in this case, we may consider some decisions of the Court of Appeals. If a person has not been “seized,” balancing the interests usually results in favoring the action by police. The person’s interest in being free from police intrusion is “minimal” in the absence of a “seizure.”
When a person has been seized, balancing the interests does not necessarily favor an encounter by police. “A person is ‘seized’ within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution only when restrained by means of physical force or a show of authority.”
In this case, the first event at 10:10 p.m. was the starting point of a preseizure encounter, albeit a brief one. Officers Jennings and Kim observed Petitioner, decided to approach her and then hailed her. Their decision, based on good intentions, was supported by (1) their perception and erro
The officers testified the encounter was initiated by their concern for Petitioner’s safety as a potential youth at risk. The public interest without question comports with increasing the safety of children, especially those considered “at-risk youth.”
The record does not support justification for detaining Petitioner under the Family Reconciliation Act
Petitioner, however, did not welcome the preseizure encounter with police officers. She began to walk away. The officers not then suspecting she had committed a crime, Petitioner should have been able to walk away and terminate the encounter.
The second event — the officer grabbing Petitioner by the arm — raised the encounter to the level of a “seizure” without a warrant.
Counterbalancing Petitioner’s substantial interest in freedom from police intrusion is the public’s interest in the safety of children. When weighing the public’s interest, this Court must cautiously apply the community caretaking function exception because of the potential for abuse. The findings of fact indicate the police officers relied upon the following subjective and objective facts: (1) Petitioner’s perceived age of between 11 and 13; (2) the late hour beyond 10:10 p.m. on Tuesday, March 3, 1998; (3) her presence in a high narcotics area on the corner of Third Avenue and Stewart Street in downtown Seattle; and (4) the fact she was in the company of a person known by the officers to be associated with narcotics. The actions by the officers were suggestive of enforcement of a juvenile curfew law. But Seattle does not have such a law.
It is at least subject to question whether juvenile curfew laws impermissibly infringe upon a minor’s constitutional freedoms of association, expression and movement.
[[Image here]]
When the judicial scales are used to balance the governmental interest against a citizen’s privacy interest in freedom from police intrusion and freedoms of association, expression and movement, “the balance ought to be struck on the side of privacy” because “[t]he policy of the Fourth Amendment is to minimize governmental confrontations with the individual.”
Motion To Suppress
“When an unconstitutional search or seizure occurs, all subsequently uncovered evidence becomes fruit of the poisonous tree and must be suppressed.”
Conviction Under RCW 69.50.401(d)
RCW 69.50.401(d) provides:
It is unlawful for any person to possess a controlled substance unless the substance was obtained directly from, or pursuant to, a valid prescription or order of a practitioner while acting in the course of his or her professional practice, or except as otherwise authorized by this chapter. Any person who violates this subsection is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may be imprisoned for not more than five years, fined not more than ten thousand dollars, or both, except as provided for in subsection (e) of this section.
Conviction under RCW 69.50.401(d) requires possession of a “controlled substance,” which by statutory definition
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a “seizure” by police officers without a warrant is per se unreasonable. One exception to the warrant requirement arises when police are serving in their role as community caretakers. The community caretaking function exception may not be used as a pretext for a criminal investigation. It normally applies to police encounters involving emergency aid and routine checks on health and safety.
Where, as in this case, an encounter involves a routine check on health and safety, its reasonableness depends upon a balancing of a citizen’s privacy interest in freedom from police intrusion against the public’s interest in having police perform a “community caretaking function.” A person’s interest in freedom from police intrusion increases when an encounter is elevated to the level of a “seizure.” When a person has not been seized, balancing the interests usually favors the action by police. Police officers must be able to approach citizens and permissively inquire whether they will answer questions. This intrusion is minimal and reasonable in light of citizens’ expectations that police will assist them in a variety of circumstances.
When a person is seized, however, the intrusion no longer remains minimal. Balancing the interests will not necessarily favor action by police. When in doubt, the balance should be struck on the side of privacy because the policy of the Fourth Amendment is to minimize governmental intru
In this case, the findings of fact reveal two significant events on March 3,1998: (1) police observation of Petitioner and the decision to approach her at 10:10 p.m. and (2) Officer Jennings’ restraint of Petitioner as she began to walk away.
The first event was the starting point for a preseizure encounter, albeit a brief one. Balancing the interests leads to a conclusion that that encounter was reasonable. Petitioner’s privacy interest in being free from police intrusion was minimal as long as there was no “seizure.” Rendering aid or assistance through a health or safety check is a hallmark of the community caretaking function exception. Under the second event, the police officers had no articulable suspicion that Petitioner had committed a criminal offense. She was entitled to walk away and terminate the encounter with the police officers. Petitioner chose to walk away from the two police officers. Officer Jennings grabbed Petitioner by her arm, thus elevating the encounter to a constitutional seizure. After this, Petitioner’s privacy interest in being free from police interference was no longer minimal. The officer was no longer permissively inquiring whether Petitioner would answer questions. Petitioner was compelled to answer questions to the satisfaction of the police officers. Otherwise, they would not have allowed her to leave, even when she answered their questions truthfully. In addition, Respondent’s detention of Petitioner was based upon facts which suggested imposition of a juvenile curfew law. Seattle has no such law. Curfew laws have not been favored because of criticism they impermissibly infringe upon a citizen’s constitutional
The community caretaking function exception did not justify seizure of Petitioner by Respondent. Under these circumstances, this was an unconstitutional seizure which tainted all police activity which followed. The trial court should have granted Petitioner’s motion to suppress evidence. With suppression of the cocaine, there would be no evidence to support the charged criminal offense under RCW 69.50.401(d).
We reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals, Division One, which affirmed both the conviction of Petitioner Loreal Monique Kinzy and the order of the Ring County Superior Court denying her motion to suppress.
Johnson, Alexander, and Sanders, JJ., concur.
State v. L.K., 95 Wn. App. 686, 977 P.2d 39 (1999).
Id. at 691-95.
Clerk’s Papers at 1.
Report of Proceedings (May 7, 1998) at 3.
Clerk’s Papers at 7; Report of Proceedings (May 7, 1998) at 70-72.
Petitioner’s motion to suppress evidence was denied on May 7, 1998. Respondent then prepared a document captioned “Written Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law to Comply with CrR 3.6,” which the trial court signed on July 30, 1998. Respondent filed the document with the King County Superior Court under an erroneous cause number. Because of this error, Respondent filed a motion with this Court to supplement Clerk’s Papers with the document. The motion was granted on December 9, 1999.
Report of Proceedings (May 7, 1998) at 15-16, 25, 30 (emphasis added).
Hearings, Findings and Decision on Information, Clerk’s Papers at 6; Report of Proceedings (May 7, 1998) at 103.
Order of Disposition, Clerk’s Papers at 9; Report of Proceedings (June 4,1998) at 28; see also RCW 13.40.160(2).
Clerk’s Papers at 10.
State v. L.K., 95 Wn. App. at 697.
Br. of Appellant at 18.
392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).
State v. L.K., 95 Wn. App. at 694-97.
Compare Pet. for Review at 1 with Supplemental Br. of Pet’r at 1-17.
Order Granting Discretionary Review.
State v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d 641, 647, 870 P.2d 313 (1994).
See Supplemental Br. of Pet’r.
See State v. Hill, 123 Wn.2d at 644.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law to Comply with CrR 3.6, Findings of Fact 1. 2. 8 and 9.
Id. Finding of Fact 2.
Id. Findings of Fact 2 and 3.
Id. Findings of Fact 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Id. Findings of Fact 10 and 11.
Compare Supplemental Br. of Pet’r with Br. of Appellant at 18-23; State v. L.K., 95 Wn. App. at 695-96.
Compare Supplemental Br. of Pet’r with Br. of Appellant at 23-24; State v. L.K., 95 Wn. App. at 697 .
See Supplemental Br. of Pet’r.
Id. at 3 (citing State v. Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d 1, 4, 726 P.2d 445 (1986) and Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S. Ct. 407, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441 (1963)).
Id.
State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d 143, 149, 622 P.2d 1218 (1980) (citing Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S. Ct. 2022, 29 L. Ed. 2d 564 (1971)).
Id. (citing Arkansas v. Sanders, 442 U.S. 753, 759, 99 S. Ct. 2586, 61 L. Ed. 2d 235 (1979)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Id.
Petitioner also raised an issue concerning the validity of her seizure under article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution. Pet. for Review at 1. However, she presented no arguments on this issue other than merely stating: “This Court has consistently held that article I, § 7 of the Washington Constitution is
Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 120 S. Ct. 673, 675, 145 L. Ed. 2d 570 (2000).
Report of Proceedings (May 7, 1998) at 25.
413 U.S. 433, 441, 93 S. Ct. 2523, 37 L. Ed. 2d 706 (1973) (emphasis added).
See State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d at 151.
State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d 143, 151, 622 P.2d 1218 (1980). While countenancing the community caretaking function exception announced in Cady, this Court has not explicitly stated the exception applies to article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution. Cf. State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 356-57 (characterizing State v. Houser as “an article I, section 7, case” which “explained that the police may validly exercise the community caretaking function of removing an abandoned vehicle but may not use that authority as a pretext to conduct unrelated criminal investigation”). In Ladson, this Court correctly explained the holding of State v. Houser, but somewhat mischaracterized it as “an article I, section 7, case.” In Houser, all citations concerning the community caretaking function exception refer to federal cases interpreting the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and not to article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution.
See, e.g., State v. Loewen, 97 Wn.2d 562, 567-68, 647 P.2d 489 (1982); State v. Angelos, 86 Wn. App. 253, 255-56, 936 P.2d 52 (1997) (Division One), review denied, 133 Wn.2d 1034, 950 P.2d 478 (1998). The emergency aid doctrine is different from the “exigent circumstances” exception to the warrant requirement. Both involve situations in which police officers must act immediately, but for distinctly different purposes. Unlike the exigent circumstances exception, “the emergency [aid] doctrine does not involve officers investigating a crime but arises from a police officer’s community caretaking responsibility to come to the aid of persons believed to be in danger of death or physical harm.” State v. Leupp, 96 Wn. App. 324, 330, 980 P.2d 765 (1999) (Division Two).
See, e.g., State v. Villarreal, 97 Wn. App. 636, 643-44, 984 P.2d 1064 (1999) (Division Three) (community caretaking function exception applied to stop and identification inquiry of defendant found urinating in public).
State v. Hutchison, 56 Wn. App. 863, 865, 785 P.2d 1154 (1990) (Division Two).
Mary Elisabeth Naumann, Note, The Community Caretaker Doctrine: Yet Another Fourth Amendment Exception, 26 Am. J. Crim. L. 325, 333-34 (1999); compare State v. Dempsey, 88 Wn. App. 918, 947 P.2d 265 (1997) (Division Three) (search did not exceed scope of emergency involuntary civil commitment) with State v. Villarreal, 97 Wn. App. at 643-44.
State v. Menz, 75 Wn. App. 351, 354, 880 P.2d 48 (1994) (Division Two), review denied, 125 Wn.2d 1021, 890 P.2d 463 (1995).
133 Wn.2d 210, 216-17, 943 P.2d 1369 (1997).
Id.
State v. Markgraf, 59 Wn. App. 509, 512, 798 P.2d 1180 (1990) (Division Three).
Hudson v. City of Wenatchee, 94 Wn. App. 990, 996, 974 P.2d 342 (1999) (Division Three).
State v. Nettles, 70 Wn. App. 706, 712, 855 P.2d 699 (1993) (Division One), review denied, 123 Wn.2d 1010, 869 P.2d 1085 (1994) (emphasis added).
State v. Thorn, 129 Wn.2d 347, 351-52, 917 P.2d 108 (1996) (citing United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 64 L. Ed. 2d 497 (1980)).
Id. at 352 (citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 436, 111 S. Ct. 2382, 115 L. Ed. 2d 389 (1991)).
State v. DeArman, 54 Wn. App. 621, 626, 774 P.2d 1247 (1989) (Division One) (citing United States v. Dunbar, 470 F. Supp. 704, 708 (D. Conn.), aff'd, 610 F.2d 807 (2d Cir. 1979)); State v. Hutchison, 56 Wn. App. at 866 (Division Two).
See State v. Gleason, 70 Wn. App. 13, 17-18, 851 P.2d 731 (1993) (Division Three); State v. Markgraf, 59 Wn. App. at 513 (Division Three) (“The purpose of the stop must be related to an investigation focused on the detainee.”).
State v. DeArman, 54 Wn. App. at 626-27 (Division One); see State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d at 155 (“As a further protection against abuse, the scope of the search should be limited to those areas necessary to fulfill its purpose.”).
RCW 13.32A.010. “ ‘At-risk youth’ means a juvenile: (a) Who is absent from home for at least seventy-two consecutive hours without consent of his or her parent; (b) Who is beyond the control of his or her parents such that the child’s behavior endangers the health, safety, or welfare of the child or any other person; or (c) Who has a substance abuse problem for which there are no pending criminal charges related to the substance abuse.” RCW 13.32A.030(3). A child is an “unemancipated individual who is under the chronological age of eighteen years.” RCW 13.32A.030(4).
Chapter 13.32ARCW.
State v. Gocken, 71 Wn. App. 267, 276, 857 P.2d 1074 (1993) (Division One), review denied, 123 Wn.2d 1024, 875 P.2d 635 (1994).
See State v. Thorn, 129 Wn.2d at 352; see also State v. Mennegar, 114 Wn.2d 304, 313, 787 P.2d 1347 (1990) (“When the officer asked the passenger for his driver’s license, the passenger was free to refuse. He also was free to refuse the invitation to drive his intoxicated companion’s vehicle.”).
Written Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law to Comply with CrR 3.6 at 1-2.
See State v. L.K., 95 Wn. App. at 691.
Report of Proceedings (May 7, 1998) at 16.
See State v. Pullman, 82 Wn.2d 794, 795 n.1, 514 P.2d 1059 (1973); State v. J.D., 86 Wn. App. 501, 511, 937 P.2d 630 (1997), review granted, 134 Wn.2d 1006, 954 P.2d 277 (1998). This Court initially granted review but then dismissed it as improvidently granted on May 12, 1998.
United States v. Dunbar, 470 F. Supp. 704, 708 (D. Conn.), aff'd, 610 F.2d 807 (2d Cir. 1979).
State v. L.K., 95 Wn. App. at 695.
See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. at 30.
State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 359.
RCW 69.50.101(d) (defining “controlled substance” as “a drug, substance, or immediate precursor included in Schedules I through V as set forth in federal or state laws, or federal or board rules”); RCW 69.50.206(b)(5) (listing “[mlethylbenzoylecgonine (cocaine — its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers)” under Schedule II).
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring) — I agree with the majority that the seizure here was an unlawful detention. I also agree with Judge Baker’s dissent that applying the community caretaking exception in this case would expand the exception far beyond it limits. State v. L.K., 95 Wn. App. 686, 697, 977 P.2d 39 (1999) (Baker, J., dissenting). Moreover, because this exception defies precise definition, its potential for abuse is high.
The police were justified in their initial contact with L.K. if they were legitimately attempting to determine if she was in need of assistance, but once they determined that she was not, their contact should have ended. The community caretaking function exception serves as a vehicle allowing police to check on persons who appear to be in need of aid. She did not appear to be in distress or in need of medical aid, and, despite her proximity to an area where drug
Also, although I agree that the community caretaking function is a valid exception, the majority unfortunately states that abuse of the exception will not occur “so long as police officers have a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity before undertaking a stop which leads to detention, search and seizure.” Majority at 393. If the exception for community caretaking applies in a given case, it will allow the police to check on those appearing to be in need of aid without meeting the standards for a Terry stop. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). In some cases, carrying out the community caretaking function will lead to detention, search, and arrest, such as in Hutchison, where the search for identification led to the discovery of controlled substances.
I concur in the majority.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) — I dissent because the majority turns every encounter between the police and the public into a latent criminal investigation, thereby doing untold damage to law enforcement’s traditional community caretaking function. As the majority would have it, police can no longer detain children at risk, runaways, mentally ill and intoxicated persons, and others in distress unless they have a warrant. Requiring a warrant before a person may be detained by police officers exercising their community caretaking responsibilities will have an immediate and devastating effect upon a variety of essential law enforcement functions necessary to preserve the social order and to
Modern law enforcement is not confined to criminal investigation. Police officers have numerous civil functions unrelated to criminal investigations, ranging from serving civil warrants to picking up runaway children to detaining mentally ill or intoxicated people for appropriate treatment. In fact, “ ‘Most police work involves noncriminal events. Order maintenance or peacekeeping activities comprise an estimated two-thirds of all calls to the police [.]’ ” Samuel Walker, The Police in America 112 (McGraw Hill 2d ed. 1992), quoted in Debra Livingston, Police, Community Caretaking, and the Fourth Amendment, 1998 U. Chi. Legal F. 261, 263 n.9. Professor LaFave made this point well when he wrote:
The policeman, as a jack-of-all-emergencies, has “complex and multiple tasks to perform in addition to identifying and apprehending persons committing serious criminal offenses”; by default or design he is expected to “aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm,” “assist those who cannot care for themselves,” and “to provide other services on an emergency basis.” If a reasonable and good faith search is made of a person for such a purpose, then the better view is that evidence of crime discovered thereby is admissible in court.
3 Wayne R. Lafave, Search and Seizure § 5.4(c), at 163 (3d ed. 1996) (footnotes omitted). Another commentator wrote:
Communities have always looked to police to perform social services unrelated or at best partially related to enforcing criminal law. “Community caretaking” denotes a wide range of everyday police activities undertaken to aid those in danger of physical harm, to preserve property, or “to create and maintain a feeling of security in the community.” It includes things like the mediation of noise disputes, the response to complaints about stray and injured animals, and the provision of assistance to the ill or injured. Police must frequently “care for those*399 who cannot care for themselves: the destitute, the inebriated, the addicted . . . and the very young.” They are often charged with taking lost property into their possession; they not infrequently see to the removal of abandoned property. In those places where social disorganization is at its highest, police are even called upon “to serve as surrogate parent or other relative, and to fill in for social workers, housing inspectors, attorneys, physicians, and psychiatrists.” Community caretaking, then, is an essential part of the functioning of local police. It in fact occupies such a high proportion of police time that one can even question “the value of viewing the police primarily as a part of the criminal justice system.”
Livingston, supra, at 271-72 (footnotes omitted).
The United States Supreme Court in Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 93 S. Ct. 2523, 37 L. Ed. 2d 706 (1973), first described the broad array of noncriminal noninvestigative police duties as “community caretaking functions.” In Cady, the Court noted: “Local police officers, unlike federal officers, frequently investigate vehicle accidents in which there is no claim of criminal liability and engage in what, for want of a better term, may be described as community caretaking functions, totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute.” Cady, 413 U.S. at 441.
The community caretaker function is a social responsibility demanded by communities of their police officers. People want police to assist at traffic accidents, handle emergencies, aid people in distress, and generally render assistance when needed. The law does not require a warrant for such activities unless the police intend a search or an arrest, and community caretaking functions, by definition, do not fit into either category.
Washington courts have long discussed the noncriminal, noninvestigative duties of law enforcement. Our cases may be properly divided into four distinct categories:
The very first Washington case to use the term “community caretaking” is instructive. In State v. Lund, 10 Wn. App. 709, 519 P.2d 1325 (1974), police stopped Lund’s vehicle because it was making excessive noise. They discovered Lund was driving while his license was suspended and arrested him. While Lund was being patted down, he told
The Court of Appeals relied on the community caretaking doctrine in holding the search was legal. Because it was within the public safety function of the police to remove the gun from the vehicle, and since they were performing a lawful function when they discovered the marijuana, the marijuana was properly admitted into evidence at Lund’s trial. Id. at 712.
In a subsequent case, the Court of Appeals held an inventory search of a car reasonably impounded comes under the community caretaking doctrine, stating:
Such warrantless inventory searches, when not intended to discover evidence of a crime, have been justified by the “benign purposes” of protection of public safety, protection of the driver’s property, protection of the police from danger or from liability for claimed thefts, or protection of temporary storage bailees against false charges.
State v. Hardman, 17 Wn. App. 910, 912, 567 P.2d 238 (1977) (citing South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 367, 96 S. Ct. 3092, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1000 (1976)), review denied, 89 Wn.2d 1020 (1978).
In State v. Chisholm, 39 Wn. App. 864, 696 P.2d 41 (1985), officers stopped a vehicle to warn defendant his hat was in jeopardy of blowing out of the bed of his pickup truck. When one officer approached the cab of the truck, he noticed an
First, we note that a vehicle stop, even for a benign purpose, must be made in harmony with the Fourth Amendment proscription against unreasonable searches and seizures. Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 59 L. Ed. 2d 660, 99 S. Ct. 1391 (1979). Whether a given stop is unreasonable “depends on a balance between the public interest and the individual’s right to personal security free from arbitrary interference by law officers.” United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 878, 45 L. Ed. 2d 607, 95 S. Ct. 2574 (1975). See also Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 18 L. Ed. 2d 930, 87 S. Ct. 1727 (1967).
Ordinarily, the balance between public and individual interests is accurately measured by the presence or absence of “probable cause.” On occasion, the less demanding “reasonable suspicion” standard is employed. Here, the trial court concluded that the absence of reasonable suspicion to believe criminal activity was afoot rendered the stop unlawful. We disagree. Neither “probable cause” nor “reasonable suspicion” is an appropriate yardstick where the stop was made for noncriminal noninvestigatory purposes. In that context, whether a particular stop is reasonable depends not on the presence or absence of “probable cause” or “reasonable suspicion,” but rather on a balancing of the competing interests involved in light of all the surrounding facts and circumstances. See South Dakota v. Opperman, 428 U.S. 364, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1000, 96 S. Ct. 3092 (1976). Here, an individual’s interest in proceeding about his business unfettered by police interference must be balanced against the public’s interest in having police officers perform services in addition to the traditional enforcement of penal and regulatory laws. United States v. Dunbar, 470 F. Supp. 704 (D. Conn.), aff'd, 610 F.2d 807 (2d Cir. 1979). This latter interest is sometimes characterized as*403 “community caretaking functions.” Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441, 37 L. Ed. 2d 706, 93 S. Ct. 2523 (1973).
One might argue that permitting police officers to make stops without “probable cause” or at least “reasonable suspicion” is so fraught with the potential for abuse that a blanket proscription is necessary. We believe that such an approach is an unnecessarily harsh remedy in light of the safeguards offered by a suppression hearing. We trust that the trial judge will discern a legitimate stop from one based on subterfuge.[71 ] Accordingly, we hold that, in appropriate circumstances, a police officer may stop a vehicle momentarily to warn the occupants that an item of their property is endangered. Such a momentary seizure, being “reasonable,” does not require the suppression of contraband or other evidence of crime thereafter discovered merely because the officer lacked probable cause or reasonable suspicion to believe the vehicle’s occupants were involved in criminal activity.
Id. at 866-67 (footnotes omitted). The Chisholm court noted some examples of the community caretaking function in areas not dealing with automobiles: “Many communities look to their officers to assist citizens or render aid under a variety of circumstances. For example, officers often deliver emergency messages, give directions, search for lost children, assist stranded motorists and render first aid.” Id. at 867 n.3.
In State v. Hutchison, 56 Wn. App. 863, 785 P.2d 1154 (1990), police encountered Hutchison lying unconscious on his back in a parking lot and searched his person for identification and information on his condition. In the course of the search, the officer discovered a controlled substance. Hutchison was charged with two counts of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. At the pretrial suppression hearing, the trial court suppressed the evidence on the ground no medical emergency or exigent circumstances existed to justify the warrantless search. The Court of Appeals reversed, saying:
It has been recognized and accepted in numerous federal and*404 state court decisions that police officers modernly are expected to render aid and assistance on a regular basis to persons who, although perhaps not in need of immediate professional medical treatment, are in danger and in need of help. Searches performed as a part of providing such aid, if reasonable and in good faith, are generally allowed.
In this instance, it is undisputed that at the time of the search, Hutchison was in need of aid and assistance. Officer Blair had a reasonable and legitimate concern that Hutchison would be in danger if abandoned in the parking lot. The trial court found that the officer did not search Hutchison for criminal investigatory purposes but in an effort to determine what should be done with him.
Id. at 865, 867.
State v. Menz, 75 Wn. App. 351, 880 P.2d 48 (1994), review denied, 125 Wn.2d 1021, 890 P.2d 463 (1995), is a more recent example of the public safety category. Police responded to an anonymous domestic violence call. When they reached the residence, they found the front door open five or six inches. The lights were on and a television was playing, but no one responded to their knocks and announcements of their presence. Concerned for the safety of the occupants, they entered the house and began searching for persons that might be hiding or incapable of responding. Entering a bedroom, they discovered marijuana plants. They left, obtained a search warrant, and returned to seize the plants.
At the suppression hearing, Menz argued the warrant-less search of his home was illegal. The trial court denied the motion to suppress, and the Court of Appeals affirmed, employing the public safety branch of the community caretaking doctrine as justification for the search:
[T]he police in this case were told that domestic violence was*405 occurring. They had reason to believe people were home because the front door was open on a winter night, the lights were on, and the TV was playing. Yet they could not get anyone to answer the front door. As we have already explained, these circumstances generated a reasonable concern for the well-being of the home’s occupants [.]
Id. at 355.
We, too, have long recognized officers may detain individuals without a warrant if one of the categories of community caretaking is involved. See State v. Loewen, 97 Wn.2d 562, 647 P.2d 489 (1982) (search of auto accident victims for identification); State v. Jordan, 79 Wn.2d 480, 487 P.2d 617 (1971) (warrantless entry of motel room to examine defendant at request of motel maid where defendant appeared gray and unmoving on bed). These cases fit into the medical emergency category of the community caretaking doctrine.
We have also expressly recognized the public safety category of the community caretaker doctrine. In State v. Mennegar, 114 Wn.2d 304, 787 P.2d 1347 (1990), officers arrested a person for driving under the influence and impounded his vehicle. They determined a passenger could drive the vehicle and checked the passenger’s driver’s license, revealing an outstanding arrest warrant. In a search incident to arrest on the warrant, the officers found drugs. We said:
The question then becomes whether it was reasonable and legal for the officer to request the passenger’s driver’s license and check to insure that the license was valid before turning the intoxicated driver’s vehicle over to the passenger. Whether such an encounter, made for noncriminal noninvestigatory purposes, is reasonable depends upon a balancing of the individual’s interest in freedom from police interference against the public’s interest in having the police perform a “community caretaking function”.
Id. at 313. We unanimously upheld the officers’ actions as an aspect of the community caretaker function and reversed the trial court’s suppression of the evidence. More
The present case involves the fourth category of the community caretaking function: interactions between law enforcement and citizens mandated by statute. Arguably, such statutes express a strong public interest in law enforcement action. We have not confronted this aspect of community caretaking by law enforcement, but in State v. Dempsey, 88 Wn. App. 918, 947 P.2d 265 (1997), the Court of Appeals addressed just such a situation. Dempsey’s parents called the police after Dempsey threatened them and they feared for their safety. An officer who responded to the call found Dempsey to be paranoid, verbally abusive, and physically aggressive. The officer had to prevent Dempsey from assaulting his father in the officer’s presence. Id. at 921. The officer decided to take Dempsey to a medical center for a mental health evaluation pursuant to
On appeal, Dempsey argued his detention was pretextual. Dempsey, 88 Wn. App. at 922. The Court of Appeals held, however, the search was justified:
The relevant statutory language calls for the reasonable perception of “a substantial risk that physical harm will be inflicted by an individual upon another, as evidenced by behavior which has caused such harm or which places another person or persons in reasonable fear of sustaining such harm. . . .” former RCW 71.05.020(3)(b) (emphasis added). Once the basis for an involuntary commitment is established, authority for a protective search is implied by statute. [State v.] Lowrimore, 67 Wn. App. [949,] 956[, 841 P.2d 779 (1992)]. Evidence discovered in furtherance of a caretaking function is admissible.
Id. at 923. Accord State v. Mason, 56 Wn. App. 93, 782 P.2d 572 (1989) (affirming conviction for possession of controlled substance discovered in a pat-down search of man taken into custody for mental health evaluation), review denied, 114 Wn.2d 1010, 790 P.2d 168 (1990).
Like Dempsey, the present case involves a noncriminal, noninvestigative police action — the enforcement of a civil statute, the Family Reconciliation Act, chapter 13.32A RCW. The statute sets out a mandatory duty for law enforcement officers to act and the police officers in this case
(1) A law enforcement officer shall take a child into custody:
(b) If a law enforcement officer reasonably believes, considering the child’s age, the location, and the time of day, that a child is in circumstances which constitute a danger to the child’s safety or that a child is violating a local curfew ordinance!.]
RCW 13.32A.050(l)(b) (emphasis added).
The police testified they approached Kinzy in the first place because they were concerned about the possibility she might be in danger. Kinzy’s diminutive stature made them think she was younger than her 16 years. She was in an area known for drug dealing and in the company of people the police knew to be involved in the drug culture. Pursuant to the statute, the police approached Kinzy to ascertain if she was “in circumstances which constitute a danger to the child’s safety.”
The majority opinion recognizes RCW 13.32A.050 only in passing, ignoring the duty the statute placed on police to act when they believe a child may be at risk. Instead, the majority treats this case as if it were solely a matter of criminal procedure and determines officers may approach a child such as Kinzy but may not seize her without a warrant. However, the police in this case acted properly under the mandate of the Family Reconciliation Act, legislation designed to assist at-risk children. In the course of their statutory duty under the Act, the officers became reasonably suspicious Kinzy might be in the possession of contraband. She was, in fact, carrying cocaine. Kinzy has not argued the activities of the police leading to the discovery of the cocaine after they seized her were improper. She complains only about the seizure itself.
Although our cases clearly indicate the community caretaking function requires a balancing of the individual’s
“[T]he police are permitted to engage persons in conversation and ask for identification even in the absence of an articulable suspicion of wrongdoing.” State v. Young, 135 Wn.2d 498, 511, 957 P.2d 681 (1998). Moreover, “a police officer’s conduct in engaging a defendant in conversation in a public place and asking for identification does not, alone, raise the encounter to an investigative detention.” State v. Armenta, 134 Wn.2d 1, 11, 948 P.2d 1280 (1997). Thus, there was nothing wrong with the police officers’ initial approach to Kinzy.
We have held in the case of adults, one is free to disengage from a social contact with police, or simply to walk away from the scene if the police seek to engage. See State v. Mendez, 137 Wn.2d 208, 970 P.2d 722 (1999). Here,
The police acted in accordance with the statutory mandate here. It is only happenstance that the officers found Kinzy was involved in criminal activity. Pursuant to their statutory duty under the Act, officers are usually obliged to transport a child to the child’s home or a crisis residential center and advise the child of the reasons for detention. RCW 13.32A.060(1).
That the police acted pursuant to the at-risk children statute apparently makes no difference to the majority.
Under the majority's formulation, officers could approach a 10-year-old runaway dressed like Jodie Foster in the film Taxi Driver and inquire if she were in danger. If she were to say no, the officers could do no more. According to the majority opinion, if the officers wanted to detain her, they would need to somehow obtain a warrant. In the majority’s view, even young age does not appear to be a sufficient factor, even coupled with compelling circumstances, to justify detaining the juvenile in order to ascertain if he or she is in danger. It is difficult to discern how, in the real world, the runaway youth, the uncooperative tuberculosis patient, or the mentally ill person would conveniently stay in place while the officers got the warrant, assuming a warrant is even available.
It is curious this issue should arise today, because these questions were settled at common law hundreds of years ago: “The authority to restrain a dangerously insane person also appears to have existed at common law[.]” Plancich v. Williamson, 57 Wn.2d 367, 369, 357 P.2d 693, 92 A.L.R.2d 559 (1960) (citing 1909 Vermont case). Nor did our judicial ancestors lack our modern, refined sensibilities regarding the countervailing liberty interests of detained mentally impaired persons. In an 1871 case in which the complaint was for “unlawful arrest” by a deputy constable of a person alleged to have been insane, incapable of taking care of
The right which every citizen has to enjoy personal liberty is necessarily subject to some exceptions. . . . Among them, are the right to restrain a person who . . . has fallen in a fit, or is so sick as to be helpless, or is unconsciously going into great danger, or is drunk, or has delirium tremens, or is so insane as to be dangerous to himself or others. In such cases, the right to restrain persons has its foundation in a reasonable necessity, and ceases with the necessity.
Look v. Dean, 108 Mass. 116, 120 (1871). Similarly, our Legislature, out of understandable and laudable concern for children at risk, mandated investigation and action by police in circumstances like those in the present case.
The majority dramatically diminishes law enforcement’s community caretaker role generally, and specifically renders unenforceable chapter 13.32A RCW and similar civil statutes authorizing detention of individuals in distress. I decline to analyze every encounter between police and citizens as a proto-criminal investigation to be interpreted under our rules for criminal procedure. I decline to vitiate statutes designed to safeguard the vulnerable. I respectfully dissent.
Guy, C.J., and Ireland and Bridge, JJ., concur with Talmadge, J.
The majority makes no mention of how, if ever, the officers in this case could have procured a warrant if they had no probable cause to believe a criminal violation was taking place. As Professor Livingston says:
[T]he probable-cause-and-warrant framework is often plainly inapposite to consideration of the reasonableness of community caretaking intrusions ....
In many community caretaking contexts, however, the relevant question is*400 not whether police have an adequate basis to believe they will find particular persons or things in a particular place. Instead, the question is whether they have sufficient reason to act. Thus, when police enter commercial premises inexplicably left open at night in order to secure the property, they are not looking for specific persons or things. They are performing an historically-anchored “watchman’s” role. Lacking probable cause to search, however, or the ability to satisfy the particular description requirement of the Warrant Clause, police could not obtain a traditional judicial warrant to support their entry even if they sought one in advance.
Livingston, supra, at 274-75.
See generally Mary Elisabeth Naumann, Note, The Community Caretaker Doctrine: Yet Another Fourth Amendment Exception, 26 Am. J. Crim. L. 325, 330 (1999).
This search appears to have been equally justifiable as a search incident to arrest, but the Court of Appeals did not discuss it.
At one time, the Court of Appeals actually limited the community caretaking doctrine to automobiles. See, e.g., State v. Grundy, 25 Wn. App. 411, 417, 607 P.2d 1235 (1980), review denied, 95 Wn.2d 1008 (1981). This is no longer true.
The trial court made precisely that determination in the case at bar.
The Division Two panel in this case consisted of three pro tempore judges: retired Superior Court Judge Schumacher, who wrote the opinion, and Justices Pearson and Utter.
The statute provides:
(4) A peace officer may, without prior notice of the proceedings provided for in subsection (1) of this section, take or cause such person to be taken into custody and immediately delivered to an evaluation and treatment facility or the emergency department of a local hospital:
(b) When he or she has reasonable cause to believe that such person is suffering from a mental disorder and presents an imminent likelihood of serious harm or is in imminent danger because of being gravely disabled.
Many courts have addressed the special status of juveniles and the need for special laws to protect them. In a frequently cited case, the United States Supreme Court said:
The state’s authority over children’s activities is broader than over like actions of adults. This is peculiarly true of public activities and in matters of employment. A democratic society rests, for its continuance, upon the healthy, well-rounded growth of young people into full maturity as citizens, with all that implies. It may secure this against impeding restraints and dangers, within a broad range of selection. Among evils most appropriate for such action are the crippling effects of child employment, more especially in public places, and the possible harms arising from other activities subject to all the diverse influences of the street. It is too late now to doubt that legislation appropriately designed to reach such evils is within the state’s police power, whether against the parent’s claim to control of the child or one that religious scruples dictate contrary action.
Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 168-69, 64 S. Ct. 438, 88 L. Ed. 645 (1944) (footnote omitted) (upholding state statute forbidding juveniles to sell magazines on streets or public places and penalizing adults who furnish such publications for sale). The Family Reconciliation Act is a reflection of the concerns and policies the Supreme Court expressed in Prince.
The majority appears to be somewhat skeptical about the officers’ reasons for approaching Kinzy, but the trial court found the officers’ accounts of their activities to be entirely credible and not motivated by pretext. Kinzy does not appeal the trial court’s findings on this account, and they are therefore verities.
Justice Madsen states in her concurrence: “[Kinzy] did not appear to be in distress or in need of medical aid.” Concurrence at 396. Justice Madsen evidently believes those are the only justifications for the police to have contacted Kinzy, short of probable cause to believe she had committed a crime. Like the majority, Justice Madsen ignores the at-risk children’s statute, which requires police to take a child into custody if the officer reasonably believes the child is in circumstances “which constitute a danger to the child’s safety.” RCW 13.32A.050(l)(b). Justice Madsen also states in her concurrence: “The police were justified in their initial contact with [Kinzy] if they were legitimately attempting to determine if she was in need of assistance, but once they determined that she was not, their contact should have ended.” Concurrence at 396 (emphasis added). The police never reached a determination about whether Kinzy was an at-risk child. There is no finding of fact to that effect, and the testimony of the police quoted in the majority opinion is to the contrary. Had the police actually decided Kinzy was not at-risk and then proceeded with a search anyway, such a search would have been prohibited. But that is not what happened.
Although this case addresses only the rights of juveniles under the Family Reconciliation Act, the majority’s treatment raises significant implications for all community caretaking functions, including the fourth category relating to civil statutes involving involuntary stops and detentions. See RCW 71.05.150 (detention of mentally disordered persons for evaluation and treatment); RCW 70.96A.140 (involuntary commitment of alcoholics and minors incapacitated by alcoholism or drug addiction); RCW 71.34.040 (temporary involuntary detention of minor for evaluation of need for mental health services); RCW 70.28.031 (providing for involuntary detention, testing, treatment and quarantine of tuberculosis patients).
The officers’ statutory obligations are explicit and extensive:
(2) Law enforcement custody shall not extend beyond the amount of time reasonably necessary to transport the child to a destination authorized by law and to place the child at that destination. Law enforcement custody continues until the law enforcement officer transfers custody to a person, agency, or other authorized entity under this chapter, or releases the child because no placement is available. Transfer of custody is not complete unless the person, agency, or entity to whom the child is released agrees to accept custody.
(3) If a law enforcement officer takes a child into custody pursuant to either subsection (l)(a) or (b) of this section and transports the child to a crisis residential center, the officer shall, within twenty-four hours of delivering the child to the center, provide to the center a written report detailing the reasons the officer took the child into custody. The center shall provide the department with a copy of the officer’s report.
(4) If the law enforcement officer who initially takes the juvenile into custody or the staff of the crisis residential center have reasonable cause to believe that the child is absent from home because he or she is abused or neglected, a report shall be made immediately to the department.
(5) Nothing in this section affects the authority of any political subdivision to make regulations concerning the conduct of minors in public places by ordinance or other local law.
(6) If a law enforcement officer has a reasonable suspicion that a child is being unlawfully harbored in violation of RCW 13.32A.080, the officer shall remove the child from the custody of the person harboring the child and shall transport the child to one of the locations specified in RCW 13.32A.060.
RCW 13.32A.050(2) through (6).
Serious questions about dereliction of duty would have arisen had the officers let Kinzy walk away simply because that is what she wanted to do. As Judge Agid put it:
*412 When an officer believes in good faith that someone’s health or safety may be endangered, particularly if that person is known to have physical or mental problems, public policy does not demand that the officer delay any attempt to determine if assistance is needed and offer that assistance while a warrant is obtained. To the contrary, the officer could be considered derelict by not acting promptly to ascertain if someone needed help.
State v. Gocken, 71 Wn. App. 267, 276, 857 P.2d 1074 (1993) (upholding warrant-less search when police were summoned by a relative fearful of elderly aunt’s health), review denied, 123 Wn.2d 1024, 875 P.2d 635 (1994). The same reasoning applies to situations in which children may be at risk.
This is not an idle concern. Consider the circumstance in a case we decided last year:
MeClenahan had returned to his mother’s Lynnwood house after extensive travel, appearing disheveled, having lost all of his clothing during his journeys. At his mother’s home, MeClenahan engaged in imaginary conversations and advised his mother that people were out to get him, monitoring him via satellites and radio waves. McClenahan’s mother finally locked him out of her house until he agreed to take his medications. In response, MeClenahan stood outside in the rain for hours and finally climbed onto the roof of his mother’s house, where he began running around, striking the skylight, and screaming. McClenahan’s mother phoned the local police.
In re Detention of A.S., 138 Wn.2d 898, 905-06, 982 P.2d 1156 (1999). Here, the police responded to the call of McClenahan’s distraught mother on a matter that
What would the majority have the police do in such cases? They could not have obtained a warrant because when they observed McClenahan running around on the roof of his mother’s house striking the skylight and screaming, they had no probable cause to believe any criminal activity was afoot. If they had called up to McClenahan and asked him to come down, and he said in response, “Go away and leave me alone; I am just fine,” should the police have simply departed after telling Mrs. McClenahan to have a nice day? That is the result the majority opinion demands.