State v. KingState v. King
¶1 Nathan King (King) appeals from an order ofthe Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County, entered after a jury convicted him of one count of deliberate homicide and one count of aggravated assault. We affirm.
¶2 We address the following issues for review:
¶3 Issue One: Did the District Court err by excluding evidence of justifiable use offorce as a defense to the charge ofdeliberate homicide?
¶4 Issue Two: Did the District Court err by excluding evidence of Terrey’s prior mental health history, suicide attempts and cutting behavior, and did this exclusion violate King’sSixth Amendment right to compulsory process and confrontation and Fourteenth Amendment right to due process?1
¶5 In the afternoon of December 2, 2010, law enforcement was dispatched to a trailer park in Great Falls, Montana, regarding a report of disturbance possibly involving a homicide. Upon arrival at the trailer park, officers made contact with a young woman named Sara Thompson (Thompson). Thompson had blood on her face and immediately informed the officers that her roommate, Christopher Terrey (Terrey), was in her trailer and in need of medical assistance.
¶6 The officers entered Thompson’s trailer, which was in complete disarray and had broken items strewn about. They quickly discovered Terrey, who was lying face down in a large pool ofbloodin the doorway of a bedroom. There was a broken blade of a knife underneath his body and a knife handle nearby. An officer determined Terrey was dead, and an autopsy later revealed the cause of death was blood loss as a result of a knife wound to his left carotid artery. There were several other scrapes and wounds on his body.
¶7 Meanwhile, law enforcement pursued a male suspect who was seen fleeing from the trailer when the officers first arrived. The suspect was unresponsive to the officers’ commands and was eventually tased and transported to jail. The suspect was identified as King.
¶8 Police interviews and trial testimony revealed a more detailed picture of the events of December 2, 2010. Thompson lived in the trailer with her boyfriend, King, their five-year-old daughter, Zoe, and their friend and co-worker, Terrey. At the time of the incident, King was 26 years old,Thompson was 25 years old, and Terrey was 20 years old. King, Thompson, and Terrey were CNAsat Park Place Healthcare, and all three worked the night shift that began December 1,2010, and ended the morning of December 2, 2010, at approximately 6:45 am. After returning home from work on the morning of December 2, Thompson went to her bedroom to sleep while King and Terrey stayed up to drink and play video games.
¶9 Over the next fewhours, King and Terrey continued to drink, play video games, and wrestle with each other. At two different times, King and Terrey entered Thompson’s bedroom. Terrey got into Thompson’s bed and attempted to cuddle her; King told Thompson to “just go with it.” Thompson testified the behavior was strange and made her feel
¶10 Thompson became increasingly irritated at King and Terrey and frustrated that she was not able to sleep. After King and Terrey entered her bedroom the second time, Thompson decided to drive to a friend’s home. As Thompson was leaving her trailer, Terrey’s mother, Bonita, and cousin, Lyle, arrived. Bonita and Lyle stayed for a short period of time, briefly talking with Terrey and King, and then left. Thompson stayed at her friend’s home forjust over an hour and then returned to her trailer.
¶11 During the roughly one-hour time period after Bonita and Lyle left Thompson’s trailer and before Thompson returned, Terrey and King were the only two people in the trailer. King’s version of events were provided in a recorded statement he made to law enforcement on February 4, 2011, which was shown to the jury during his trial. In the recording, King stated that after Bonita and Lyle left, King attempted to go to sleep on the couch in the living room. After hearing noises in the kitchen, King got up and found Terrey in a very agitated state. According to King, Terrey was upset and asked King if Thompson was going to be mad at them. Despite King assuring him that she would not, King said Terrey became very emotional, told King that he was going to kill himself, and then grabbed a knife out of the butcher’s block. King maintained he was aware that Terrey had attempted suicide in the past and had marks on his arm from cutting himself.
¶12 King said he began yelling at Terrey to drop the knife. A struggle ensued during which he and Terrey fell to ground at least two times. King eventually grabbed a knife and held it to Terrey’s neck threatening to cut his head off. At some point, King’s knee was cut, and King allegedly began to fear for his own safety. King said he grabbed Terrey’s arms in a shoulder hold from behind and the two slipped on the linoleum and fell to the floor. King noticed Terrey immediately relax. According to King, the next thing he remembered was Thompson entering the trailer.
¶13 Thompson testified that when she arrived home she heard a bang. She entered the trailer and saw the Christmas tree and its decorations scattered all over the living room floor. Thompson noticed King in the kitchen, who looked “shock[ed],blank,” and had dried blood all over his bare chest. After Thompson asked King where Terrey was, Thompson testified that King replied, “[It] wasn’t supposed to be like this.” Thompson walked toward Terrey’s bedroom and saw Terrey lying flat down on his stomach with his head in a pool of blood.
¶14 Thompson proceeded to assure King that they “could fix this,”
¶15 Prior to trial, King filed a notice of intent to use the defense of justifiable use of force “in defense of his person and to try to prevent Christopher Terrey from committing suicide.”The State moved to deny King from asserting both theories of justifiable use of force-self-defense and justifiable use of force in defense of another-arguing an inherent conflict in doing so. The State also moved to limit the use of character evidence of Terrey, specifically as to the admissibility of Terrey’s mental health records. In response, King asserted that Terrey’s mental health records show a long mental health history with at least two suicide attempts as well as cutting behaviors. King maintained the records were relevant as to whether Terrey was attempting to commit suicide at the time ofthe incident.
¶16 The District Court held a hearing on the motions on August 24, 2011. The court granted the State’s motion regarding King’s affirmative defenses and prohibited King from arguing or presenting the legal theory ofjustifiable use offorce in defense of another at trial. The court determined the defense only applies when the defendant reasonably believes the force is necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily harm to a third party. Accordingly, the court concluded that as a matter oflaw the defense was not available under the facts and argument King presented-that King used deadly force against Terrey in order to prevent Terrey from killing himself.
¶17 The court did not preclude King from presenting a self-defense claim. The court pointed out, however, that it had been “provided with extremely limited information as to the factual basis” for such a defense, and that the factual theory presented by both the State and King was an accident theory. Noting that an accident theory is inconsistent with a justifiable use of force theory, the court stated there would have to be sufficient facts in the record to support the
¶18 With respect to the State’s motion to limit character evidence of Terrey, the court provided a detailed analysis ofadmissibility under
¶19 Ajury trial was held September 12-23,2011. King never admitted that he committed the crime of deliberate homicide, and he did not pursue a claim of self-defense at trial. Rather, King presented a defense of lack of intent and argued that Terrey’s death was an accident. On September 23, 2011, King was found guilty of one count of deliberate homicide and one count of aggravated assault. For the offense of deliberate homicide, the District Court sentenced King to 100 years in the Montana State Prison with a parole eligibility restriction of 25 years. For the offense of aggravated assault, the District Court sentenced King to 20 years in the Montana State Prison with a parole eligibility restriction of the entire 20 years. The two sentences were ordered to run consecutively. King appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶20 A district court’s decision regarding the admissibility of evidence will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. State v.Buslayev, 2013 MT 88, ¶ 9, 369 Mont. 428, 299 P.3d 324. A district court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily without the employment of conscientious judgment or exceeds the bounds of reason, resulting in substantial injustice. State v.Derbyshire, 2009 MT 27, ¶ 19, 349 Mont. 114, 201 P.3d 811. In exercising its discretion, however, the district court is bound by the Rules of Evidence or applicable statutes. Derbyshire, ¶ 19. Therefore, to the extent the district court’s ruling is based on an interpretation ofan evidentiary rule or statute, our review is de novo. Derbyshire, ¶ 19.
DISCUSSION
¶22 Issue One: Did the District Court err by excluding evidence of justifiable use offorce as a defense to the charge ofdeliberate homicide?
¶23 King argues the District Court prohibited him from presenting evidence supporting a justifiable use offorce defense on the basis that it was inconsistent with his accident defense. He cites several cases that stand for the proposition that “the mere fact” that two defenses are inconsistent does not justify barring the defendant from presenting both.
¶24 Contrary to King’s assertion, however, the District Court did not preclude a self-defense orjustifiable use offorce in defense of another claim for “the mere fact” that they were inconsistent with an accident defense. As already explained, there was nothing in the District Court’s pretrial order that prevented King from raising a self-defense claim. The order only provided that prior to a jury instruction on self-defense, there would need to be “sufficient facts in the record to find that although the defendant purposely or knowingly caused the death of another he wasjustified in doing so because he reasonably believed that the use of deadly force was necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily harm to himself ....” King maintains even this requirement was in error, arguing that a defendant should not be forced to concede that he acted purposely or knowingly before he is entitled to a jury instruction on self-defense.
¶25 A district court’s discretion regarding jury instructions is broad, but is restricted by the overriding principle that jury instructions must fully and fairly instruct the jury regarding the applicable law. State v. Daniels, 2011 MT 278, ¶ 38, 362 Mont. 426, 265 P.3d 623. A district court must only instruct the jury on theories and issues that are supported by evidence presented at trial. Daniels, ¶ 42.
A person is justified in the use of force or threat to use force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that the conduct is necessary for self-defense or the defense ofanother against the other person’simminent use of unlawful force. However, the person is justified in the use of force likely to cause death or serious bodily harm only if the person reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent imminent death or serious bodily harm to the person or another
or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony.
¶26
¶27 With respect to justifiable use of force in defense of another, the District Court prohibited King from presenting the defense because it determined as a matter of law that the defense was not available in a situation involving only two people. The District Court dissected
¶28 King challenges this ruling, and asserts that the availability of using force in the defense of others who are attempting to commit suicide is “not necessarily illogical and is actually codified in other states.” King cites
¶29 In construing a statute, this Court’sjob is “simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted or to omit what has been inserted.”
¶30 As set forth above,
¶31 The second part of
¶32 King’s argument that
¶33 In sum, a logical interpretation of
¶34 Issue Two: Did the District Court err by excluding evidence of Terrey’s prior mental health history, suicide attempts and cutting behavior, and did this exclusion violate King’sSixth Amendment right to compulsory process and confrontation and Fourteenth Amendment right to due process?
¶35 King argues evidence ofTerrey’s mental health history, including suicide attempts and cutting behavior, should have been admitted as “reverse 404(b) evidence.” The District Court’s failure to do so, King maintains, denied him a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense and was a violation of his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights.
¶36 The State counters that King failed to preserve these issues on appeal and therefore they should be dismissed. King concedes that he did not raise a “reverse 404(b)”argument before the District Court, but maintains it is nonetheless preserved under
¶37 Montana Rule of Evidence 103 provides in relevant part:
(a) Effect of erroneous ruling. Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right ofthe party is affected, and
...
(2) Offer of proof. In case the ruling is one excluding evidence,
the substance ofthe evidence was made known to the court by offer or was apparent from the context within which questions were asked.
The reason for
¶38 At the August 24, 2011 motions hearing, the District Court required that King file Terrey’s mental health records for in camera inspection and to highlight or flag the specific portion of the records that King asserted should be admitted. In its subsequent order, the District Court pointed out that King filed approximately one hundred pages of medical records without any citation to the specific portions King contended were relevant. The court noted that as a result, there was “lack of a specific record based offer of proof.”Furthermore, King never argued to the District Court that the records were “reverse 404(b) evidence,” as he argues now, and the District Court’srulings on the admissibility ofthe evidence were thus based only on its analyses under
¶39 This Court ordinarily does not consider issues raised for the first time on appeal. State v. Torres, 2013 MT 101, ¶ 37, 369Mont. 516, 299 P.3d 804. We may, however, review a claimed error under the plain error doctrine if the appellant:
(1)show[s] that the claimed error implicates a fundamental right and
(2) ‘firmly convince[s]’ this Court that failure to review the
claimed error would result in a manifest miscarriage ofjustice, leave unsettled the question of the fundamental fairness of the trial or proceedings, or compromise the integrity of the judicial process.
Torres, ¶ 37. The decision to invoke plain error review is a discretionary one that is used sparingly, on a case-by-case basis, according to narrow circumstances, and by considering the totality of the case’s circumstances. State v. Mitchell, 2012 MT 227, ¶ 10, 366 Mont. 379, 286 P.3d 1196. “ ‘[A]mere assertion that constitutional rights are implicated or that failure to review the claimed error may result in a manifest miscarriage ofjustice is insufficient to implicate the plain error doctrine.’ ” Mitchell, ¶ 10.
¶40 In the case at hand, King has not specifically requested that we invoke the plain error doctrine. King asserts the claimed error denied him ofhis constitutionally protected right to present a defense, but he has not shown us how a failure to review the claimed error would result in a manifest miscarriage ofjustice, leave unsettled the question of the fundamental fairness of the trial, or compromise the integrity of the judicial process. In his reply brief, he argues that a statement made by the prosecutor in closing argument demonstrates the fundamentally unfair nature that resulted from the exclusion of evidence. Aside from the fact that we find his argument unpersuasive, and that King still did not explicitly request that we invoke the plain error doctrine, we have said before that we will not apply the plain error doctrine when it was raised for the first time in a reply brief. State v. Raugust, 2000 MT 146, ¶ 19, 300 Mont. 54, 3 P.3d 115. We therefore decline to exercise plain error review.
CONCLUSION
¶41 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the District Court’s judgment.
¶42 Affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE McGRATH, JUSTICES BAKER, RICE and MORRIS concur.