¶ 1. Daniel D. King appeals from a judgment entered on jury verdicts convicting him, as a *759 habitual criminal, as party to a crime, see Wis. Stat. §§ 939.62, 939.05, of substantial battery of Chandra T., see Wis. Stat. § 940.19(2), and armed robbery of Chandra T. with threat of force, see Wis. Stat. § 943.32(2). He also appeals from that aspect of the trial court's post-conviction order that upheld these verdicts, claiming that the trial court erroneously received into evidence hearsay assertions of another of his victims, and that this poisoned the jury's ability to return a fair verdict on the two charges involving Chandra T. We affirm.
I.
¶ 2. King was tried on eleven charges as party to a crime: one count of robbery, three counts of first-degree sexual assault, and one count of substantial battery, involving Shelia J.; and one count of kidnapping, three counts of first-degree sexual assault, one count of armed robbery with threat of force, and one count of substantial battery, involving Chandra T. The jury found King guilty of substantial battery of Shelia J., and, as noted, guilty of substantial battery and armed robbery оf Chandra T. The jury acquitted King on all the other charges. The trial court granted part of King's postconviction motion and vacated the substantial-battery conviction involving Shelia J., ruling that King's confrontation rights were violated in connection with that charge. The State does not appeal that ruling.
¶ 3. The charges against King arose out of two incidents, one on November 29, 2002, involving Shelia J., and one on December 7, 2002, involving Chandra T. The State contended that King and his brother raped, rоbbed, and beat Shelia J., and kidnapped, raped, robbed, and beat Chandra T. Chandra T. testified at the trial. Although Shelia J. testified at the preliminary *760 examination, she did not testify at the trial, and the trial court received into evidence both her preliminary-examination testimony and what she had told others about the assaults. An assessment of whether the hearsay evidence received in connection with the charges involving Shelia J. prevented the jury from reaching a fair verdict оn the charges involving Chandra T. requires that we evaluate that evidence and King's contention, with which the trial court agreed in part, that admission of the hearsay evidence denied Kang his right to confront his accuser.
II.
¶ 4. Every defendant in a criminal case is entitled to confront his or her accusers: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right... to be confronted with the witnesses against him." U.S. Const. amend. VI. This clause applies to the states as well as to the federal government.
Pointer v. Texas,
*761
¶ 5. Although "not all hearsay implicates the Sixth Amendment's core concerns,"
Crawford v. Washington,
*762
¶ 6. Unavailability for confrontation purposes requires both that the hearsay declarant not appear at the trial and, critically, that the State make a "good-faith effort" to produce that declarant at trial.
Barber v. Page,
¶ 7. We analyze in this light each of Shelia J.'s pre-trial statements received at the trial, and assess whether admission of statements that should have been excluded violаted King's right to a fair trial in connection with Chandra T.
III.
A. Shelia J.'s preliminary-examination testimony.
1.
¶ 8. Shelia J. did not testify at the trial because, according to the State, she could not be located. She did, however, testify at the preliminary examination held to *764 determine whether King or his then-co-defendant (his brother) should stand trial. She told the court commissioner presiding at the preliminary examination that on November 29, 2002, she was walking in an alley between 6th and Wright Streets in Milwaukee when King and his brother approached her in a car thаt King was driving. According to her preliminary-examination testimony, the King brothers raped her, beat her, and took her money before she could escape. King's lawyer cross-examined her, and the court commissioner sustained objections to only seven of his questions. Twice King's trial lawyer asked if Shelia J. tried to run before she was assaulted, and once asked if Shelia J. tried to defend herself; the court commissioner sustained "relevance" objections; and neither King's trial lawyer nor King on this appeal makes an offer of proof as to why these issues might have been relevant at the trial. King's trial lawyer also asked whether Shelia J. had been either drinking or using drugs that night; again, the court commissioner sustained "relevance" objections and neither King's trial lawyer nor King on this appeal makes an offer of proof as to why that issue might have been relevant at the trial.
¶ 9. King's lawyer also asked which hand Shelia J. used to get the money she said King took from her. This time, too, the court commissioner sustained a "relevance" objection, and neither King's trial lawyer nor King on this appeal makes an offer of proof as to why that issue might have been relevant at the trial. Finally, the court commissioner sustained a rape-shield-law objection as to whether Shelia J. was "turning tricks" that night.
See
Wis. Stat. § 972.11(2) (rape-shield law). Neither King's trial lawyer nor King on this appeal makes an offer of proof as to why that issue might have been both relevant and admissible at the triаl, other
*765
than to contend in passing that King's defense was he had "hired" Shelia J. as a prostitute and that she was beaten by her "pimp."
See State v. Pulizzano,
¶ 10. Shelia J.'s preliminary-examination testimony, both her direct-examination by the State and her cross-examination by King's trial lawyer, was read to the jury. Additionally, even though King's brother was not being tried with King, the cross-examination of Shelia J. by the brother's lawyer was also read to the jury.
2.
¶ 11. As we have seen, testimonial hearsay evidence may only he received against a defendant in a criminal case if: (1) the witness is unavailable, and (2) "the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination."
Crawford,
¶ 12. In seeking a ruling that Shelia J. was unavailable to testify at the trial, the State told the trial court that it had sent a process-server "to hеr residence seven times" but that the address was wrong, and that the process-server then twice went to what the State said was the correct address, where "the resident there who is a family member who indicated that she does come by now and again, hut that she doesn't live there, and a card was left for her." The State also represented that "the victim advocate in this case" went to "the residence two times at the end of last week, spoke with the victim's grandmother at the residence, left a letter for her." The State said that "[t]he grandmother indicated that she has seen Shelia; she talked to her about her coming to the jury trial," but that "[s]he does not want to come, that she's afraid and apprehensive and that she believes she didn't have to come if she didn't get a subpoena. She has not been served with a subpoena."
*767 ¶ 13. It appears from the Record, however, that a subpoena could have been served on Shelia J. because, as the State told the trial court, a Milwaukee detective "went to her residence over the weekend on Saturday. He did speak with Shelia J[]. She had the letter from the victim-advocate. She also indicated she was fearful and apprehensive about coming to the trial, but she indicated that she would call our office this week. She has not called."
¶ 14. The State also represented to the trial court that additional efforts to get Shelia J. to testify at the trial were made the previous day.
Again, yesterday, we made contact with both her mother and her grandmother. Her mother indicated that she would continue to try to look for her, that if she contacted her she would ask her again to please call our office, and she hasn't.
I believe [another detective] went out yesterday late afternoon again to the residence to see if Miss J[] was there and could be persuaded to come to the trial, and I don't believe she met with success.
¶ 15. The trial court concluded that the State's efforts to secure Shеlia J.'s in-court testimony complied with Wis. Stat. Rule 908.04(l)(e) (" 'Unavailability as a witness' includes situations in which the declarant:... Is absent from the hearing and the proponent of the declarant's statement has been unable to procure the declarant's attendance by process or other reasonable means."). The trial court opined: "Process was attempted. A number of other means were attempted to secure Miss J[]'s presence. She has not been able to bе found. Appears to have absented herself from such a process or appear here in court. That would make her unavailable." The trial court did not make a separate
*768
confrontation-analysis of whether the State's efforts complied with King's confrontation right to see, hear, and question Shelia J. at his trial. Also, rather than hold an evidentiary hearing at which the process-server, the victim-advocate, and the detectives could testify about what they did to secure Shelia J.'s attendance at the trial,
see
Wis. Stat. Rule 901.04(1) ("Preliminary questions concerning . . . the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the judge."), the trial court relied on the State's representations. King's trial lawyer did not object, and King does not on this appeal contend that his lawyer was ineffective as a result.
See Strickland v. Washington,
¶ 16. First, the State conceded that its process-server had Shelia J.'s wrong address for seven of the attempts at service. Second, a detective found Shelia J. and spoke with her after the victim-advocate learned that Shelia J., as phrased by the State in its representation to the trial court, "believes she didn't have to come if she didn't get a subpoena." Yet, the detective did not then serve Shelia J., but, apparently, merely asked Shelia J. to call the district attorney's office. Attempting to, in the State's word, "persuade" a reluctant witness, either directly or through relatives, to come to court is not sufficient when a subpoena could have and should have been served. The district attorney may sign and issue a subpoena "to require the attendance of witnesses." Wis. Stat. § 885.01(2). "Any subpoena may be served by any person by exhibiting and reading it to the *769 witness, or by giving the witness a copy thereof, or by leaving such copy at the witness's abode." Wis. Stat. § 885.03. Further, "[inexcusable failure to attend any court of record is a contempt of the court," Wis. Stat. § 885.11(3), and M[e]very court. .. may issue an attachment to bring such witness before it for the contempt, and also to testify," § 885.11(2).
¶ 17. To quote
Gollon's
reflection in a related context, whether a hearsay declarant is constitutionally unavailablе "is too important" to be satisfied by going-through-the-motions efforts; rather, the efforts must be adapted to the circumstances and must be unstinting.
See id.,
B. Statements by Shelia J. to Detective Geri Lynn Gahagan.
¶ 18. Detective Geri Lynn Gahagan interviewed Shеlia J. at the hospital to which Shelia J. had been
*770
taken some one-and-one-half hours earlier, and where she was being treated for her serious injuries. The trial court received Gahagan's recitation of what Shelia J. told her during that interview under the excited-utterance exception to the rule against hearsay, Wis. Stat. Rule 908.03(2) ("The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness: ... A statement relating to a startling event оr condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition."). Shelia J. told Gahagan essentially what Shelia J. later testified to at the preliminary examination. In its post-trial order, the trial court recognized that under Crawford, which was issued after King's trial, Shelia J.'s statements to Gahagan were " 'testimonial' " because they were given in response to "structured police questioning." We agree.
See Crawford,
C. Statements by Shelia J. to Police Officer John Graber.
¶ 19. Shortly after Shelia J.'s escape from the King brothers, Officer John Graber was sent to the house where she had sought refuge. He found her injured, bloody, and crying, and she told him what had happened. The trial court permitted Graber to relate to
*771
the jury what Shelia J. had told him.
2
In its posteonviction decision and order, the trial court opined that this was not error under
Crawford
because, in its view, what Shelia J. told Graber was not testimonial: "The statements that the victim [Shelia J.] made at that time were for purposes of relating to the officers 'what happened' and to give them a description of the suspects" so they could seek their apprehension. We need not analyze whether what Shelia J. told to Graber was testimonial because, as we have seen, absent unusual circumstances, unavailability is a confrontation-prerequisite under the
pre-Crawford Roberts
analysis.
See Manuel,
D. Statements by Shelia J. to Nurse Debra Donovan.
¶ 20. The trial court also pеrmitted Debra Donovan, a forensic nurse at the Aurora Sinai Medical Center Sexual Assault Treatment Center, to tell the jury what Shelia J. told her during Donovan's examination of her. Shelia J. had arrived at the Center at approximately 12:30 a.m. on November 30, 2002, some two hours after the King brothers assaulted her. The *772 testimony essentially tracked Shelia J.'s preliminary-examination testimony. In its postconviction decision and order, the trial court determined that what Shelia J. told Donovan that mоrning was not testimonial because, as phrased by the trial court, "Ms. Donovan is not part of law enforcement, and the primary purpose of her questions was to aid in medical diagnosis and treatment." As with Graber's testimony, we need not evaluate whether what Shelia J. told Donovan was testimonial because, as we have already held, Shelia J. was not unavailable. Accordingly, letting the jury hear what Shelia J. told Donovan violated King's right to confrontation.
E. Shelia J.'s identification of King at a lineup.
¶ 21. The trial court also permitted Police Detective Vickie Hall to testify at King's trial that Shelia J. had identified King at a lineup as one of her attackers. In its postconviction decision and order, the trial court held that this was error under Crawford because it was an "[inquisitorial interaction" "between a law enforcement official" and a hearsay declarant. 3 The State does not on this appeal challenge that ruling.
IV
¶ 22. As we have seen, the trial court vacated King's one-count conviction involving Shelia J., but
*773
King contends that letting the jury hear the testimony we have discussed poisoned the jury's ability to fairly assess the charges against him involving Chandra T. The trial court held in its postconviction decision and order that errors involving the State's case against King involving Shelia J. were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt in connection with Chandra T.
See State v. Hale,
this court has articulated several factors to aid in the analysis, including the frequency of the error, the importance of the erroneously admitted evidence, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the erroneously admitted evidence, whether the erroneously admitted evidence duplicates untainted evidence, the nature of the defense, the nature of the State's case, and the overall strength of the State's case.
Hale,
¶ 23. First, as the trial court recognized, the two series of attacks were not only on different women, but also on different days. Second, unlike the situation with Shelia J., Chandra T. testified at the trial and was subject to full cross-examination. Third, there was no overlap between the evidence improperly received against King involving Shelia J. and the State's case against Chandra T. Fourth, although the prosecutor tied the two crimes together in her closing argument, the trial court specifically told the jury that it had to consider separately each of the charges against King. As *774 the trial court recognized, the jury was apparently able to analyze separately the evidence involving each of the charges against King because "it acquitted the defendant on 8 of the 11 separate charges he faced." Fifth, and, perhaps, most significant, there was direct physical evidence linking King and Chandra T.: her blood was found in his car, King's semen was found on Chandra T.'s buttocks and underwear, and King admitted that both he and his brother had sex with her that night. Errors in recеiving Shelia J.'s hearsay assertions did not, beyond a reasonable doubt, infect the jury's ability to give to King a fair trial in connection with Chandra T. Accordingly, we affirm.
By the Court. — Judgment and order affirmed.
Notes
State v. Manuel,
Manuel
quotes the following as another of the three formulations
Crawford
adopts: " '[Statements that were made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement would he available for use at a later trial.'
[Crawford,
541 U.S.] at 52."
Manuel,
Without further clarification from the supreme cоurt, we assume that Manuel intended to adopt these party-and amici- phrased formulations, and we apply them here.
Although King's trial lawyer did not object specifically to Officer Graber's recitation of what Sheba J. told the officer, the trial court in its postconviction decision and order determined that the lawyer had sufficiently preserved the point by the lawyer's objection that, as phrased by the trial court, "the admission of similar evidence would violate the Confrontation Clause, and the continuing nature of that objection." The State does not on this appeal dispute that ruling.
Although King's trial lawyer did not object specifically to Detective Hall's testimony about Shelia J.'s identification of King at the lineup, the trial court in its postconviction decision and order determined that the lawyer had sufficiently preserved the point by the lawyer's objection that, as phrased by the trial court, "the admission of similar evidence would violate the Confrontation Clause, and the continuing nature of that objection." The State does not on this appeal dispute that ruling.