259 S.E.2d 919 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1979
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Kirkwood Preston KING.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*920 Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Sp. Deputy Atty. Gen. Charles J. Murray, Raleigh, for the State.
Ladson F. Hart, Brevard, for defendant-appellant.
ARNOLD, Judge.
The sole issue on this appeal is whether the court erred in allowing into evidence the objects seized in the search of defendant's residence. Defendant argues that they were inadmissible because the application underlying the search warrant was insufficient, both for failure to provide information to establish the reliability and credibility of the informants and for the staleness of the information it contained.
Deputy Sheriff Rickman's application of 24 August 1978 for a warrant to search defendant's residence contained the following allegations to establish probable cause: (1) A confidential informant, who had in the last two months given reliable information leading to a felony arrest, told Rickman on 17 July 1978 that the informant had been present at defendant's house in early July 1978 when a Gary Leatherwood bought controlled substances from defendant. (2)(a) On 29 July 1978, Mike and Gail Lawson told Rickman that David Hunnicutt, "a drug user," had told them he knew a fellow named Kirk who lived in Saluda, North Carolina, and who had 50 pounds of marijuana for sale in his house. (b) The Lawsons were present on 29 July when Hunnicutt called defendant and discussed a sale of Valium and speed. (3)(a) On 3 August 1978 Tommy Guin told Rickman that on 12 July 1978 he and Hunnicutt went to defendant's house, where he smoked marijuana defendant gave him and bought Valium tablets from defendant. (b) Hunnicutt wanted to buy 30 Valium tablets but didn't have the money. (4) Within the last two weeks, Rickman and other officers had seen a great many cars come to defendant's premises and stay a short while. (5)(a) Within the hour before Rickman applied for the search warrant, he saw many cars parked near defendant's residence and heard music coming from inside. (b) Rickman had received "confidential and reliable" information that defendant had drug parties at these premises.
The United States Supreme Court indicated in Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 114-15, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 1514, 12 L.Ed.2d 723, 729 (1964), that an affidavit supporting an application for a search warrant must inform the magistrate of "some of the underlying circumstances from which the informant concluded that the [contraband was] where he claimed [it was], and some of the underlying circumstances from which the officer concluded that the informant, whose identity need not be disclosed, [cite omitted] was `credible' or his information `reliable.'" The court referred to the affidavit found sufficient in Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960), as an example. Defendant in the present case argues that none of the elements of Rickman's application meets the Aguilar test.
The information in allegation (1) of the application is sufficient to establish probable cause, at least in "early July 1978." (The "staleness" issue will be discussed later.) The informant personally observed the criminal activity, see United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573, 579, 91 S.Ct. 2075, 2079-80, 29 L.Ed.2d 723, 731 (1971), and he had furnished reliable information to Rickman in the past. See Jones v. United States, supra, 362 U.S. at 271, 80 S.Ct. at *921 736, 4 L.Ed.2d at 708. Allegation (3)(a) is also found sufficient, at least on 12 July, since it relates underlying circumstances discovered by the informant's personal observation, and since the information about drug buys from defendant was against the informant's penal interest. G.S. 90-92(a) 7; G.S. 90-95(a)(3) and (d)(2); Physician's Desk Reference 1416 (32d ed. 1978); see United States v. Harris, supra, 403 U.S. at 583-84, 91 S.Ct. 2082, 29 L.Ed.2d 734. The sufficiency of allegation 2(b), standing alone, might be questionable, but even if insufficient it may be considered in the magistrate's determination. Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637, (1969).
The test for "staleness" of information underlying a search warrant is whether the facts indicate probable cause at the time the warrant issues. Sgro v. United States, 287 U.S. 206, 53 S.Ct. 138, 77 L.Ed. 260 (1932). While allegations (1) and (3), describing as they do defendant's activities "in early July" and "on 12 July" might not support the issuance of a warrant on 24 August, when allegations (1), (2)(b), and (3) are considered together, they indicate on defendant's part a pattern of drug sales extending over some weeks and dealing with various controlled substances. Allegation (4), considered in conjunction with this pattern, allows the reasonable inference that the drug sales continued into the two weeks prior to the issuance of the warrant. The United States Supreme Court in United States v. Harris, supra, upheld a warrant where the application indicated that an informant had purchased illicit whiskey from defendant at his residence "within the past two weeks," saying "here the informant's admission that over a long period and currently he had been buying illicit liquor on certain premises, itself and without more, implicated that property and furnished probable cause to search." Id. 403 U.S. at 584, 91 S.Ct. 2082, 2082, 29 L.Ed.2d 734. Although the information in allegation (4) in the present case is not as specific as that in Harris, the Harris reasoning applies to the case now before us. We hold that Rickman's application provided adequate support for the magistrate's finding of probable cause, and that in the admission into evidence of the fruits of the search there was
No error.
WEBB and WELLS, JJ., concur.
