STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent-Petitioner, v. John M. KIEFFER, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 96-0008-CR
Supreme Court of Wisconsin
Oral argument January 8, 1998.—Decided May 12, 1998.
531 Wis. 2d 531 | 577 N.W.2d 352
For the defendant-appellant there was a brief by John A. Birdsall, and Gonzalez, Saggio, Birdsall & Harlan, S.C., Milwaukee and oral argument by John A. Birdsall.
Amicus curiae brief was filed by Robert T. Ruth, Madison for the Wisconsin Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.
¶ 1. JANINE P. GESKE, J. This review of a published decision of the court of appeals1 presents two questions regarding authority to consent to a warrantless police search: First, did the defendant‘s father-in-law have actual authority to consent to a search of the loft area above the father-in-law‘s garage where the defendant and his wife were living? Second, even if the father-in-law lacked actual authority to consent, could the police reasonably rely upon his apparent authority to consent to a search of the defendant‘s living quarters in the loft? The circuit court for Walworth County, Michael S. Gibbs, presiding, inferentially concluded that the father-in-law, Robert Garlock lacked actual authority to consent, but expressly concluded that the officers acted reasonably under the circumstances in believing that the father-in-law had apparent authority to consent to the search. The circuit court therefore denied the defendant‘s motion to suppress evidence based on the warrantless search. The court of appeals reversed. We first conclude that the father-in-law lacked actual authority to consent to a search of the defendant‘s living area. Second, we conclude that the
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶ 2. We first consider those facts known to the arresting officers at the time of the search. Early in the morning of April 9, 1995, Whitewater police arrested Scott Garlock for possession of psilocybin mushrooms, a controlled substance. See
¶ 3. The police informed Garlock that his son Scott had been arrested on a drug charge. They also
¶ 4. Before proceeding to the garage loft, the three officers asked Garlock about the living arrangements. Deputy Otterbacher asked Garlock what he owned, to which he responded the house and the loft or barn. The officers asked whether the Kieffers paid rent. Garlock replied that the Kieffers sometimes helped pay the electric bills but that there was no written lease. The police also learned that there was no plumbing in the loft, and no telephone. Later, at the suppression hearing in this case, Officer Bushey testified that he understood this information to mean that although the Kieffers slept in the loft, they used the entire house as their home:3
The way I understood it they used the entire house and the loft area. The loft area is where they slept, but they came in the house to take their showers, go to the bathroom, use the phone, and I would assume
it‘s where they would eat dinner. The loft area was a place that they stayed and slept.
¶ 5. Garlock then led the officers to the detached garage, approximately 15 to 20 feet behind the house. The outside door to the garage was unlocked. Garlock opened the outside garage door. There were no outside steps leading directly to the loft. Deputy Otterbacher asked Garlock how he normally entered the loft. Garlock told police that he usually knocked before entering the loft, “out of respect.” With Garlock leading the way, the three officers and he then climbed up the interior stairs to the Kieffers’ living quarters. At the top of the stairs was a door with a lock; it was unlocked at the time.
¶ 6. Additional facts about the use of the loft area as living space, but not relayed to the police at the time of the search, came out in testimony at the suppression hearing. The Kieffers had converted the loft area into a living space with their own money. They did so with Garlock‘s permission. The Kieffers considered Garlock their landlord, and were living there by Garlock‘s rules. As part of their agreement, Garlock would not go into loft area without asking their permission. The Kieffers had the only keys to the loft. Dawn felt that as part of the agreement, she and her husband had the right to exclude anyone, including her parents, from the loft area. Garlock testified that the Kieffers paid the utilities monthly.4
¶ 7. At this point, the testimony diverges regarding the manner of entry and sequence of conversation. Officer Bushey testified that Garlock poked his head in the door, and yelled to the Kieffers that the police were
¶ 8. At the suppression hearing, Garlock testified as to his custom in entering the loft, and also the manner in which he entered the loft area on the day of the search:
Q: (District Attorney Resch) And you have gone into that loft for various reasons prior to April 9th of 1994 (sic) when they were living there, correct?
A: (Robert Garlock) With their permission.
Q: You apparently knocked on the door like you did on April 9th?
A: No, I didn‘t knock on the door. No.
Q: You didn‘t knock on the door?
A: No.
Q: Well, how did you—
A: I just walked in. Like I said, I was very upset and I just walked in.
Q: And you‘re free and comfortable in doing that, correct?
A: Yes. Considering the way I felt, yes.
Q: You did not walk into that apartment because the police officers told you to go in; isn‘t that correct?
A: No. They didn‘t tell me. I just told them that I would go up there. After they told me what it was all about, I told them that I would go up there and take
care of the dog because I didn‘t want to see anybody get hurt with the dog.
¶ 9. Once inside the loft, the officers found Zattera sleeping on a couch in the living room area. The officers also found a marijuana pipe and rolling papers on or near the coffee table in front of the couch.
¶ 10. There was a door from the living room area to a small bedroom. Garlock said “come on out,” several times. Then the officers asked Kieffer and Dawn to come out. The three officers stood outside the door until Kieffer and eventually his wife walked out of the bedroom. Dawn Kieffer testified that she immediately asked whether the officers had a search warrant.5 Officer Bushey, according to Dawn, told her they did not obtain a search warrant but relied on the consent given by her father, Robert Garlock, to enter and search the loft area. Consequently, the officers did not ask either John or Dawn Kieffer for their consent to search the living quarters.
¶ 11. The officers questioned both Zattera and John Kieffer. Kieffer initially denied knowing anything about the mushrooms. After this initial questioning, Kieffer went back into the bedroom. Officer Priebe followed him. While in the bedroom, Priebe conducted a search and found several bags containing psilocybin mushrooms. Kieffer then admitted having purchased the mushrooms from Zattera.
¶ 12. Without giving Kieffer Miranda6 warnings, the officers continued to question him about his involvement with the mushrooms. Kieffer made several incriminating statements. The officers arrested
¶ 13. Kieffer filed motions to suppress the physical evidence obtained in the search of the loft and to suppress the statements he made when questioned by police at both the loft and the police station. After hearings on these motions in June, 1995, the circuit court first denied Kieffer‘s motion to suppress the physical evidence and the motion to suppress his post-Miranda statement given at the police station. The court inferentially concluded that Garlock lacked actual authority to consent to a search of Kieffer‘s living area, but expressly held that Garlock had apparent authority to consent. The circuit court granted Kieffer‘s motion to suppress the statement made at the loft. Kieffer pled guilty to one count of possession with intent to deliver psilocybin mushrooms. Kieffer appealed, asserting that the circuit court should have suppressed the results of the warrantless search and his post-Miranda statement.
¶ 15. The State petitioned for review of the Fourth Amendment consent issue. Kieffer opposed the petition, but argued in the alternative that the issues surrounding the inculpatory statement given at the police station should also be addressed. We granted review of all issues.8
¶ 16. The question of whether a search or seizure is reasonable under the
¶ 17. Warrantless searches are “per se” unreasonable and are subject to only a few limited exceptions. See Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967). One of those exceptions is valid third-party consent. See United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 (1974); Kelly v. State, 75 Wis. 2d 303, 314, 249 N.W.2d 800 (1977). The State has the burden to prove that a warrantless search was reasonable and in compliance with the
¶ 18. The United States Supreme Court, in Matlock, described the bounds of third-party consent to search:
[T]he authority which justifies the third-party consent does not rest upon the law of property, with its attendant historical and legal refinements, (citations omitted) but rests rather on mutual use of the property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes, so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit the common area to be searched.
415 U.S. at 171 n.7. As characterized by the Matlock Court, it is the sufficiency of the consenting individual‘s relationship to the premises to be searched, that the State must establish. See 415 U.S. at 171.
¶ 19. The State first asserts that Robert Garlock had actual, shared authority with the defendant, his son-in-law John Kieffer, to consent to a search of the
ACTUAL AUTHORITY TO CONSENT
¶ 20. For its first assertion, the State points to the fact that there was no written lease between Garlock and the Kieffers. The Kieffers made only small payments in exchange for use of the loft space, and according to Garlock‘s testimony at the suppression hearing, his daughter and son-in-law stayed in the loft “under my rules.” The State contends that this arrangement reflects an informal familial living arrangement typically held by courts to give parents actual authority to consent to a search of the premises.
¶ 21. Kieffer disagrees, asserting that there was no “mutual use” of the loft property and no “joint access and control for most purposes,” as directed by the Matlock Court, between the defendant and his wife, and the Garlocks. Kieffer points to the testimony regarding Dawn‘s and his exclusive possession of the loft, and Garlock‘s testimony that he would not enter the Kieffers’ home without asking their permission.
¶ 22. Kieffer essentially argues that he had a landlord-tenant relationship with his father-in-law. He contends that the payment of money from the Kieffers to Garlock, as part of the rental agreement, was not occasional but mandatory. Kieffer cites Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 616 (1961), where the Court held that in the absence of the tenant‘s express permission, a landlord could not give valid consent to the search of a house that he had rented to another.
¶ 23. The State has cited a number of cases from other jurisdictions where a relative consented to a search, but each of them are distinguishable from the
¶ 24. In one case relied upon by the State, a 19-year old son had a room in the basement of the family home. See State v. Don, 318 N.W.2d 801 (Iowa 1982). Hours after the offense was committed, but on that same day, the defendant‘s father consented to a police request to search the basement. Citing Matlock, the Iowa court agreed that the father‘s “authority to consent depends on whether he had common authority over defendant‘s living area.” 318 N.W.2d at 804. The Don court concluded that the father had actual authority to consent based on the circumstances, including the father‘s insistence that no one could exclude him from any part of the house, the son paid no rent, and the trial court finding that the son lived there “as an ordinary family member.” Id.
¶ 25. In United States v. Duran, 957 F.2d 499 (7th Cir. 1992), another case cited by the State, the court concluded that the defendant‘s wife had actual authority to consent to a search of an old farmhouse on the property. The defendant‘s wife never went into the old farmhouse because she believed it to be her husband‘s personal gym. She testified, however, that she could have gone into the farmhouse if she had wanted
¶ 26. The facts in this case are distinct from those in both Don and Duran.11 The defendant, John Kieffer, is not the child of Garlock, but is married to Garlock‘s daughter. The door to the Kieffers’ loft has a lock, for which Kieffer and his wife have the only keys. In return for use of the living space in the loft, they pay
¶ 27. In addition, there is not the same quantum of evidence of “joint access or control” in this case as there was in Duran and Don or as envisioned by the Matlock Court. Garlock testified that he knocked before entering the loft “out of respect.” This testimony is indicative of a respect for the expectations of privacy held by the defendant and his wife, and not a mere “habit” of the property owner. In addition, Dawn and John Kieffer testified that they considered Garlock their landlord, and that they had a right to exclude anyone from the loft area. Therefore, Garlock could not have entered the loft “if he wanted to.” The investigating officers did not ask Garlock at all about his mutual use,13 if any, of the loft property.
¶ 28. As directed by Matlock, we conclude that it is not reasonable to recognize under these facts that Garlock had the right to permit inspection of the Kieffers’ living area in the garage loft, nor is it reasonable to recognize that the defendant had assumed the risk that his father-in-law and landlord might permit the loft area to be searched. On this basis, we conclude, as the circuit court inferentially concluded and as the court of appeals held, that Garlock‘s relationship to the loft premises was insufficient to constitute actual common authority to consent to a search of the Kieffers’ living area.
APPARENT AUTHORITY TO CONSENT
¶ 29. The State‘s second position is that even if Garlock did not possess actual authority to consent to a search of the loft area, under the police officers’ reasonable belief, Garlock had apparent authority to so consent.
¶ 30. The circuit court concluded that the police were reasonable in their belief that Garlock had apparent authority to consent. Accordingly, the circuit court denied Kieffer‘s motion to suppress. The circuit court based its determination of apparent authority on two facts. The court was persuaded by Garlock‘s response to the police that Kieffer and his wife did not pay rent,
¶ 31. The court of appeals, on the other hand, was troubled by the minimal inquiry undertaken by the officers before they accepted Garlock‘s authority to consent to a search. See Kieffer, 207 Wis. 2d at 470–71. The court of appeals pointed out that the officers, other than asking whether the Kieffers paid rent, made no further inquiries as to their use of the loft or whether Garlock ever entered the loft without first receiving the Kieffers’ permission. See id.
¶ 32. The United States Supreme Court has recognized that even if a third party lacks actual common authority to consent to a search of the defendant‘s residence, police may rely upon the third party‘s apparent common authority to do so, if that reliance is reasonable. See Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 186–87. Whether facts satisfy the constitutional requirement of reasonableness is a question of law which appellate courts review independently. See State v. Murdock, 155 Wis. 2d 217, 226, 455 N.W.2d 618 (1990). The question for the courts is whether the information available to the police officers at the time of the search would justify a reasonable belief that the party consenting to the search had the authority to do so. Under Rodriguez, this is an objective test. See 497 U.S. at 188-89.
¶ 34. We will uphold a circuit court‘s findings of historical fact unless those findings are clearly erroneous. See Harris, 206 Wis. 2d at 250 n.6. In this case, the circuit court found that defendant and his wife did not pay “rent,” even though they did make payments toward utility bills. Based on that finding, and based on Garlock‘s perceived eagerness to rid his premises of drugs, the circuit court concluded that the State proved, by clear and convincing evidence, that the officers were reasonable in their belief that Garlock had apparent authority to consent.
¶ 35. We review the ultimate constitutional findings independently. See Van Camp, 213 Wis. 2d at 140; Murdock, 155 Wis. 2d at 226. In this case, we share the concern expressed by the court of appeals for the insufficient inquiry by the police into the surrounding circumstances. We conclude that the information known to the police at the time of the search was inadequate to support a reasonable belief that Garlock had
¶ 36. One officer asked whether the Kieffers paid rent. Garlock then volunteered that the Kieffers slept in the loft, but used the Garlocks’ home for showers and the telephone. Beyond this meager information, the officers were unaware of Garlock‘s ability to gain access to and use the converted loft space. Garlock had no key to the interior loft door. Although there may have been occasions when the Kieffers left the interior loft door unlocked, as they did on the day of the search, the officers had no information as to whether this was a habit, or an uncommon occurrence. What they did know was that before entering the loft, Garlock always knocked. He said that he did so “out of respect.”
¶ 37. Furthermore, we find troubling the circuit court‘s reliance, at least in part, on Garlock‘s emotional state at the time of the search. The officers’ observation that Garlock was upset and wanted to help “rid his premises of drugs” cannot support a reasonable belief that Garlock had common authority to consent to a search of the loft area. This emotional response of a property owner sheds no light on whether that person enjoys a “mutual use of the property” and whether he or she has “joint access or control for most purposes” of that property. See Matlock, 415 U.S. at 171 n.7. Such a response could have reflected a general anti-drug attitude, or a reaction to the news that his son Scott had just been arrested for possession of a controlled substance. Under the circumstances of this case, Garlock‘s emotional reaction, by itself, did not support a reasonable belief that he possessed authority to consent to a search of the loft.
¶ 38. In order to establish a reasonable belief in Garlock‘s authority to consent, the police should have
made further inquiry into the sufficiency of Garlock‘s relationship to the loft premises. For example, the officers could have asked whether the Kieffers had the right to exclude others from entry into the loft area. The officers could have asked Garlock whether it was his normal practice to enter and exit the loft area whenever he felt like it. The officers could have asked whether Garlock considered himself to be the Kieffers’ “landlord.” The officers also could have asked whether the loft had a lock on the door, and if so, whether Garlock had a key to it. The officers could have asked whether Garlock made personal use of the loft area himself. As the suppression hearing testimony demonstrates, answers to these questions were “available” to the officers, had they only asked for them.¶ 39. At oral argument, the State focused on evidence not shown by the defendant:
One of the officers, I believe Sgt. Bushey, testified that he did not believe, based on his observations at the scene, he did not believe there was a lock on the door. Furthermore, based on his observations at the scene, he observed Mr. Zattera (sic) open the door, without even attempting, it was an unlocked door, and he just walked right in, which would lead, I would suggest, would lead a reasonable police officer to believe that Mr. Zattera, Mr. Garlock had fairly free access to this place, whether or not there was a lock. And furthermore, Dawn Kieffer, the daughter of Mr. Garlock, testified that, when asked “Do you keep it locked?” I think her answer was “Sometimes.” So there is also no testimony from anyone that they refused access to Mr. Garlock at any time or that they ever told Mr. Garlock to keep people out or to keep himself out. There is no indication of any agreement or any understanding between Mr. Garlock and the Kieffers that Mr. Garlock
was to stay away unless allowed in by them. Again, Mr. Garlock felt he could come and go but he, out of respect, knocked on the door before entering.
Oral argument transcript. This argument relies more on “negative” evidence than on the results of a reasonable inquiry conducted by the officers. The record demonstrates that answers to those questions were available to the officers at the time of the search, if they had only asked.15 Further, to resolve a Fourth Amendment question based on information not known to the officers at the time of the search merely because the defendant did not volunteer it would effectively shift the burden of proof.
¶ 40. The State next points to several cases discussing a “legal presumption that a child—emancipated or not—who resides with his or her parents shares common authority with the parent to consent to a search,” despite the fact that defendant Kieffer is not Garlock‘s child. See, e.g., Brooks, 660 N.E.2d 270; State v. Summers, 764 P.2d 250 (Wash. Ct. App. 1988). Wisconsin does not recognize a presump
¶ 41. For example, in Brooks, the Illinois court applied the presumption to facts presented by the parties’ lawyers in chambers. See 660 N.E.2d at 275. There was no evidentiary hearing. The appellate court affirmed the denial of the defendant‘s suppression motion based not on facts in the record obtained through police inquiry and observation, but in essence on “negative” evidence: “The police officers did not know the defendant paid rent to his mother. There was no evidence the defendant had exclusive possession of his bedroom. No one said the room was locked in the defendant‘s absence, or that he had given explicit instructions not to allow anyone to enter.” Id. at 276. Most if not all of the “negative” facts were available to the police in Brooks, had they inquired.
¶ 42. The presumption, as described in the Summers case cited by the State, is actually a qualified one. The Summers court relied on Matlock to state that “there is no doubt that a parent may authorize a search of areas within the home to which all family members have equal access.” 764 P.2d at 252. The question left open by that statement was “under what circumstances a parent may authorize the search of a child‘s room.” Id. The Summers court distinguished between consent to search of a dependent child‘s room from consent to search an emancipated child‘s room. “When a child is emancipated but occupies a room in the parent‘s home, pays rent, and otherwise manifests his (or
¶ 43. The very distinctions made in Summers convince us not to adopt a presumption of authority to consent in this case. Here, the defendant is not the child of the third party, but is an adult married to the third party‘s adult child. The marriage of two adults is certainly a manifestation of independence from a parent. Further, our decision in Mears confirms that familial relationship is but one of many factors to be considered.16
¶ 44. In Wisconsin there is no presumption of common authority to consent to a search when an adult defendant lives with his or her spouse‘s parents or close relatives. Because the officers in this case only asked questions regarding whether there was a written lease and whether the Kieffers paid rent, we conclude that they lacked a reasonable basis to believe that Garlock possessed apparent authority to consent to a search of the defendant‘s living area.
¶ 45. For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Garlock lacked actual authority to consent to a search of the defendant‘s living area. In addition, we conclude that the police made insufficient inquiry and thus could not reasonably rely upon Garlock‘s apparent authority to consent to a search of the loft area. Our conclusions on the Fourth Amendment questions render the initial entry and search constitutionally
By the Court.—The decision of the court of appeals is affirmed.
¶ 46. JON P. WILCOX, J. (dissenting). Today‘s decision requires this court to strike a delicate balance between two opposing interests that are inherent to constitutional considerations arising under the Fourth Amendment. On the one hand, we must attempt to avoid rules and procedures that “leave law-abiding citizens at the mercy of [police] officers’ whim or caprice.” Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 176 (1949). On the other, we must also be concerned with rules and technicalities which “unduly hamper law enforcement,” id., by superseding the practical, day-to-day judgment of police officers in the field.
¶ 47. Not surprisingly, the accepted method of striking this balance turns on principles of “reasonableness.” See, e.g., Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177 (1990). The majority decision, though built upon this standard of “reasonableness,” overlooks the fact that warrantless searches based upon the apparent common authority of a third party inherently require police officers to make on-the-scene, commonsense determinations as to the validity of that third party‘s common authority. As a result, the majority applies the rules governing apparent common authority in an unnecessarily rigid and impractical fashion. Accordingly, I dissent.1
¶ 49. Therefore, our duty in this case is to determine whether “the facts available to the officer at the moment [of the search] warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the consenting party had authority over the premises.” Id. at 188 (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22 (1968)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “If not, then warrantless entry without further inquiry is unlawful unless authority actually exists. But if so, the search is valid.” Id. at 188-89.
¶ 50. This standard of reasonableness is no different from that which is ordinarily demanded of police officers in order to comply with the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. See id. at 185-86. To fully explain this principle, it is worth quoting the Rodriguez court at length:
It is apparent that in order to satisfy the “reasonableness” requirement of the Fourth Amendment, what is generally demanded of the many factual determinations that must regularly be made by agents of the government—whether the magistrate issuing a warrant, the police officer executing a warrant, or the police officer conducting a search or seizure under one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement—is not that they always be correct, but that they always be reasonable. As we put it in
Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 176, 69 S. Ct. 1302, 1311, 93 L. Ed. 1879 (1949): “Because many situations which confront officers in the course of executing their duties are more or less ambiguous, room must be allowed for some mistakes on their part. But the mistakes must be those of reasonable men, acting on facts leading sensibly to their conclusions of probability.”
We see no reason to depart from this general rule with respect to facts bearing upon the authority to consent to a search. Whether the basis for such authority exists is the sort of recurring factual question to which law enforcement officials must be expected to apply their judgment; and all the Fourth Amendment requires is that they answer it reasonably.
¶ 51. As the United States Supreme Court has recently emphasized, it is not possible to articulate precisely what the Fourth Amendment demands in terms of reasonableness. See Ornelas v. United States, 116 S. Ct. 1657, 1661 (1996). At the very least, however, it is clear that the reasonableness requirement is a “commonsense, nontechnical conception[] that deal[s] with the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
¶ 52. Applying these standards of reasonableness to the case at bar, I conclude that Officer Priebe, Sergeant Bushey and Deputy Otterbacher (the “officers“) reasonably relied upon Mr. Garlock‘s apparent common authority over the garage loft in order to conduct a warrantless search of the premises. In order to appropriately assess the reasonableness of the
¶ 53. Before the officers entered the loft above Mr. Garlock‘s garage, they knew the following:
- Mr. Garlock was the owner of the premises in question, including the house, garage and loft above the garage.
- Mr. Garlock‘s daughter and her husband, Mr. Kieffer (“the Kieffers“), slept in Mr. Garlock‘s loft above the garage. Mr. Zattera was staying with the Kieffers at the time.
- Mr. Garlock‘s garage and loft were located 15-20 feet behind his house.
- There were no plumbing services connected to Mr. Garlock‘s loft. The Kieffers had to come into Mr. Garlock‘s home to use the shower and bathroom.
- There was no telephone service to Mr. Garlock‘s loft.
- There was no lease or agreement to pay rent between the Kieffers and Mr. Garlock.
- There was electricity running to Mr. Garlock‘s loft. The Kieffers sometimes helped pay the electric bills for the loft.
- There was no separate entrance to the loft from the outside of the garage. One had to enter the loft by first entering Mr. Garlock‘s garage through a door which was not locked at the time of the search.
- Mr. Garlock usually knocked before entering the loft “out of respect.”
- The door to the loft was also unlocked at the time of the search.
¶ 54. With this knowledge, I conclude that the officers reasonably believed that Mr. Garlock had common authority over, or sufficient relationship to, the garage loft in order to authorize a warrantless search of
¶ 55. Viewed together, the first five facts listed above, together with all logical inferences therefrom, would lead a reasonable person to conclude that the garage loft was not a separate, self-sustained living space. Mr. Garlock‘s garage was situated in close proximity to his actual home, and the Kieffers slept in the loft—they had no plumbing or running water to speak of. With this knowledge, it would be reasonable for the officers to conclude that the Kieffers would have to enter Mr. Garlock‘s house every time they had to wash their hands, use the toilet, take a shower, brush their teeth, or even get a drink of tap water.
¶ 56. These observations would in turn make it reasonable for the officers to conclude that the garage loft was more akin to a bedroom of the Garlock house, rather than a separate “home” for the Kieffers.3 As the
The majority seems to think that this dissent references the Kieffers’ need to use the Garlock home for such everyday activities as brushing one‘s teeth for the purpose of determining what the officers concluded about the Kieffers’ actual or apparent authority to use the Garlock residence. See majority op. at 535 n.3. Much to the contrary, this information is of critical importance to the officers’ assessment of whether the garage loft served as a separate “home” for the Kieffers, or merely as a separate bedroom of the Garlock residence. The officers’ conclusions, if any, regarding the Kieffers’ actual or apparent authority to use the Garlock residence are irrelevant.
¶ 58. Moreover, Mr. Garlock manifested his apparent common authority by leading police through his house, out the back door to the garage, through the unlocked garage door (the sole access to the loft), up the loft stairs and through the unlocked loft door at 8:45 a.m. because he was “very upset” that “drugs were on [his] property.”
¶ 59. Together, these facts would lead the officers to reasonably believe that Mr. Garlock could enter the
I also note that many courts have upheld searches of a defendant‘s residence when consent for that search was given by a relative other than the defendant‘s parents. See Timothy E. Travers, Annotation, Admissibility of Evidence Discovered in Search of Defendant‘s Property or Residence Authorized by Defendant‘s Adult Relative Other Than Spouse—State Cases, 4 A.L.R. 4th 196, §§ 13-19 (1981) (reviewing cases which have upheld third-party consent searches authorized by brothers; sisters; grandparents; fathers-, mothers-, brothers-, and sisters-in-law; and cousins). If the majority declines to adopt such a presumption, it should do so based upon the merits of that presumption and not upon the artificial distinction which it advances today.
¶ 60. Looking at all of the facts known to the police at the time of the search, then, I conclude that it was reasonable for the officers to believe that Mr. Garlock had common authority over his garage loft. In this case, the officers did not simply “accept at face value the consenting party‘s apparent assumption that he has authority to allow the contemplated search.” See majority op. at 549 (quoting Brooks, 660 N.E.2d at 276). To the contrary, the officers made a commonsense determination, acting on facts leading sensibly to their conclusion, that Mr. Garlock had common authority over his garage loft.
¶ 61. Unfortunately for the police officers of this state, the majority concludes that at least 6 more questions should have been asked by the officers when they arrived at the Garlock home:
- Whether the Kieffers had the right to exclude others from entry into the loft area.
- Whether it was Garlock‘s normal practice to enter and exit the loft area whenever he felt like it.
- Whether Garlock considered himself the Kieffers’ “landlord.”
- Whether the loft door had a lock on it.
- Whether Garlock had a key to the loft door.
- Whether Garlock made personal use of the loft area himself.
See majority op. at 551.
¶ 62. Not only does the majority emphasize that the police officers failed to ask this litany of questions,
¶ 63. Such a rigid approach which requires police officers to ask all of the “right” questions inappropriately reduces the discretion and judgment of police officers in the field. Without such discretion, and the ability to draw all logical inferences from what they observe at the scene, officers will be compelled to act more as “legal technicians” than police officers. Ornelas, 116 S. Ct. at 1661. Nevertheless, the majority frowns upon the use of “negative” evidence to reach a reasonable conclusion as to a third party‘s common authority over the premises to be searched. See majority op. at 552-53. I conclude that “negative” evidence, though not dispositive on its own, can often be helpful when coupled with “positive” evidence to support an officer‘s conclusions.
¶ 64. In this case, the officers received all of the information discussed above, and did not receive any information that would contradict their beliefs, such as an indication that Mr. Garlock could not enter the loft area whenever he felt like it, or that the Kieffers could rightfully exclude Mr. Garlock from entry. Under these circumstances, it was reasonable for the officers to conclude that, ultimately, Mr. Garlock could enter the loft if he desired to. I respectfully dissent.
v.
FIRSTAR BANK MILWAUKEE, N.A., Defendant-Respondent,
AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY and Allstate Insurance Company, Defendants.
Court of Appeals
No. 96-3277. Oral argument January 8, 1998. —Decided February 10, 1998.
(Also reported in 579 N.W.2d 247.)
On behalf of the defendant-respondent, the cause was submitted on the brief of Andrew N. Herbach of Howard, Solochek & Weber, S.C., of Milwaukee. There was oral argument by Andrew N. Herbach.
Before Fine, Schudson and Curley, JJ.
FINE, J. Jerrold A. Borowski, individually and as personal representative of the estate of his father, Anthony P. Borowski, appeals from the trial court‘s grant of summary judgment to Firstar Bank Milwaukee dismissing Borowski‘s negligence action against Firstar Bank. Borowski claimed that Firstar Bank negligently paid forged checks drawn on both the estate‘s account and his personal account by Lisa Kaczmarek, the woman whom he thought he was going to marry, and that Firstar Bank negligently honored other requests for money she made, including forged notes that asked Firstar Bank to send cashier‘s checks to Borowski‘s home, where she intercepted them. The trial court held that Borowski did not comply with his contractual obligation to timely notify Firstar Bank that there was something wrong, and that this was a condition precedent to Borowski‘s suit against Firstar Bank. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
Summary judgment is used to determine whether there are any disputed facts that require a trial, and, if
The facts material to this appeal are not disputed. Borowski maintained two accounts with Firstar Bank—his account and the account for his father‘s estate. According to an affidavit submitted to the trial court by Borowski in opposition to Firstar Bank‘s motion for summary judgment, Kaczmarek “systematically took approximately $100,000” from the estate‘s account with Firstar Bank, and “approximately $50,000” from his personal account with Firstar Bank. Borowski‘s affidavit accused Kaczmarek of using “forged checks, telephone transfers, and forged handwritten notes which she left in the overnight depository boxes at Firstar‘s branch banks, requesting that they send cashiers check[s] for various sums” to him, which she intercepted.
This appeal is governed by provisions of Wisconsin‘s Uniform Commercial Code that were in effect during the time relevant to this appeal, specifically
Without regard to care or lack of care of either the customer or the bank a customer who does not within one year from the time the statement and items are made available to the customer (sub. (1)) discover and report the customer‘s unauthorized signature or any alteration on the face or back of the item or does not within 3 years from that time discover and report any unauthorized indorsement is precluded from asserting against the bank such unauthorized signature or indorsement or such alteration.
This provision is now found at
Without regard to care or lack of care of either the customer or the bank, a customer who does not within one year from the time after the statement and or items are made available to the customer (sub. 1)) discover and report the customer‘s unauthorized signature on or any alteration on the face or back of the item or does not within 3 years from that time discover and report any unauthorized indorsement on the item is precluded from asserting against the bank such the unauthorized signature or indorsement or such alteration. If there is a preclusion under this subsection, the payer bank may not recover for breach of warranty under s. 404.208 with respect to the unauthorized signature or alteration to which the preclusion applies.
1995 Wis. Act 449, § 84 (additions indicated by underlining, deletions indicated by interlineation). There is no substantive difference for the purpose of this appeal between
Notes
[T]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.