27 N.M. 412 | N.M. | 1921
OPINION OP THE COURT.
The appellant was indicted, tried, and convicted of obtaining money and property from the state of New Mexico by false pretenses. From the judgment rendered on the verdict sentencing him to the penitentiary, he appeals.
The facts upon which'the prosecution was based may be briefly stated as follows: When Congress passed the Enabling Act, authorizing New Mexico to adopt a Constitution and form a state government, and providing for its admission into the Union, it provided that the state of New Mexico should assume the debts and liabilities of the territory and the debts and liabilities of the various counties of the proposed state. Pursuant to the Enabling Act the constitutional convention provided for the assumption of such debts by the state. In 1912 the Legislature, by chapter 16, Laws 1912, created a state loan board and provided a method' of procedure by which the debts and liabilities of the state so assumed under the Constitution should be re-' funded into state bonds. At this time we will not go fully into said act, as it will later be treated in detail in the opinion. It is sufficient to say that provision was made for presenting to the board evidences of indebtedness of the territory and various counties so assumed, and the issuance by said board of new bonds, in lieu thereof, or the issuance and sale of said bonds for the purpose of providing money to retire the old bonds. The indictment alleged that appellant presented to said board for redemption and refunding a bogus or spurious bond, No. 254, of the county of Santa Fé, and represented said bond to be a genuine, valid, and outstanding obligation of said county. The bond in question was admitted by the appellant on the trial of the case in the lower court to be a counterfeit bond, and the evidence satisfactorily established the fact that it was counterfeited from Santa Fé county bond No. 187, except as to the number. The indictment further alleged that the bond was presented to the board of loan commissioners by the Santa Fé Bank, acting as agent for appellant. No objection was made upon the trial, in fact it was conceded that, if the Santa Fé Bank was acting as agent, it had no knowledge of the fraudulent character of the bond. Appellant did not testify as a witness in the case. The transcript of the record is very voluminous, and there are several questions which require consideration.
The first logically which requires discussion is as to whether the indictment was sufficient to charge an offense. It is contended by appellant that the court erred in not sustaining the demurrer to the indictment, which was based upon the ground that false pretenses could not be predicated upon representations made to the state board of loan commissioners relative to any claim presented to it under the statute, as such board was a judicial body, with power to hear the parties, hear proof, investigate, and decide, and that perjury was the only crime which could be charged under false pretenses or representations made to such board.
The said board of loan commissioners was created by Laws of 1912, c. 16 (chapter 91, Code 1915). Section 1 of the act (section 4545, Code 1915) made the Attorney General, the state treasurer and the auditor the board of loan commissioners of the state of New Mexico, and the board was created—
“for the purpose of ascertaining- and determining the debts and liabilities of the territory of New Mexico and the debts of the counties thereof which were valid and subsisting on June 20, 1910, and which are assumed by the state of New Mexico under the Constitution thereof and for the purpose of providing for the payment or refunding thereof by the issue and sale of bonds or otherwise.”
Provisions were made in the act for certifying to such board the debts and liabilities of the territory of New Mexico by the state auditor, and a like certification by the boards of county commissioners of each county of the county indebtedness assumed by the state. " Section 4551 is as follows:
“All persons, counties and municipalities having any claim or demand against the territory of New Mexico or against any of the counties thereof in respect of' debts which were valid and subsisting on June 20, 1910, and so assumed by said state, may submit the same to the said board of loan commissioners and may produce before the said board of loan commissioners the evidences of said indebtedness; and it shall thereupon be the duty of the said board of loan commissioners,. after twenty days’ notice to the Attorney General of the state of New Mexico, or the board of commissioners of the respective counties as the case may be, to proceed forthwith and without delay, to hear the parties and to take testimony and to investigate, inquire into and determine the validity of the said claims and demands and the liability of the state of New Mexico for the same by reason of its assumption of the debts and liabilities of the said territory and the debts of the counties thereof pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of the state of New Mexico. Any party aggrieved by the determination of the board of loan commissioners may appeal to the district court and the said board of loan commissioners shall certify to the said district court all testimony, documents and proceedings' of the said board with respect to the matter under review and said district court may, if it deems -the interests of justice so require, take additional testimony and shall render its decision or judgment from which decision or judgment an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court of the state of New Mexico at.the instance of any party aggrieved. If no appeal be taken from the decision or determination of said board of loan commissioners or the said district court within twenty days after the same shall have been made, such decision or determination shall be final and binding as to the right to have the said claim or demand paid or refunded under the provisions of this article.”
Section. 4552 gave the board of loan commissioners power to issue bonds of the state of New Mexico for the payment or refunding of the debt contemplated. The remaining sections provide the form of the bonds, maturity, etc., and the rate of interest.
“It must be admitted that, if the auditing of this account, and the ascertainment of its balance, and the issuing of this process, was an exercise of the judicial power of the United States, the proceeding was void; for the officers who performed these acts could exercise no part of that judicial power. They neither constituted a court of the United States, nor were they, or either of them, so connected with any such court as to perform even any of the ministerial duties which arise out of judicial proceedings.”
The court said further:
“That the auditing of the accounts of a receiver of public moneys may be, in an enlarged sense, a judicial act, must be admitted. So are all those administrative duties the performance of which involves an inquiry into the existence of facts and the application to them of rules of law. In this sense the act of the President in calling out the militia under the act of 1795, 12 Wheat, 19, or of a commissioner who makes, a certificate for the extradition of a criminal, under a treaty, is judicial. But it is not sufficient to bring such matters under the judicial power that they involve the exercise of judgment upon law and fact. * * * It is necessary to go further, and show not only that the adjustment of the balance due from accounting officers may be, but from their nature must be, controversies to which the United States is a party, within the meaning of the second section of the third article of the Constitution. We do not doubt the power of Congress to provide by law that such a question shall form the subject-matter of a suit in which the judicial power can be exerted. The act of 1820 makes such a provision for reviewing the decision of the accounting officers of the treasury. But, until review, it is final and binding; and the question is whether its subject-matter is necessarily, and without regard to the consent of Congress, a judicial controversy. And we are of opinion it is not.”
After reviewing the argument of counsel in that case, the court said:
“But the argument leaves out of view an essential element in the case, and also assumes something which cannot be admitted. It assumes that the entire subject-matter is or is not in every mode of presentation, a judicial controversy, essentially and its own nature, aside from the will of Congress to permit it to be so; and it leaves out of view the fact that the United States is a party.”
And further on it is said:
“Equitable claims to land by the inhabitants of ceded territories form a striking instance of such a class of cases; and as it depends upon the will of Congress whether a remedy in the courts shall be allowed at all, in such cases, they may regulate it and prescribe such rules of determination as they may think just and needful. Thus it has been repeatedly decided in this class of cases that upon their trial the acts of executive officers, done under the authority of Congress, were conclusive, either upon particular facts involved in the inquiry or upon the whole title.”
In the case of U. S. v. Ferreira, 13 How. 40, 14 L. Ed. 42, the court had before it a statute of the United States passed to carry into effect a treaty between the United States and Spain, under which this country had undertaken to make satisfaction to Spanish officers and individuals for losses incurred by reason of the operations of the American army in Florida. The law authorized the justices of the superior courts established at St. Augustine and Pensacola to receive and adjust all claims arising within their respective jurisdictions; and it provided that, where the judges decided in favor of the claimant, the decision with the evidence on which it was founded should be by the judge reported to the Secretary of the Treasury, who, on being satisfied that the same was just and equitable and within the provisions of the treaty, should pay the amount thereof to the person or persons in whose favor the same was adjudged. The court said:
“Nor can we see any grounds for objection to the power of revision and control given to the Secretary of the Treasury. When the United States consent to submit the adjustment of claims against them to any tribunal, they have a right to prescribe the conditions on which they will pay. And they had a right therefore to make the approval of the award by the Secretary of the Treasury one of the conditions upon which they would agree to be liable. No claim, therefore, is due from the United States until it is sanctioned by him; and his decision against the claimant for the whole or part of a claim as allowed by the judge is final and conclusive. It cannot afterwards be disturbed by an appeal to this or any other court or in any other way, without the authority of an act of Congress.” *J
And the court further said:
“The powers conferred by these acts of Congress upon the judge as well as the secretary are, it is true, judicial in their nature. For judgment and discretion must be exercised by both of them. But it is nothing more than the power ordinarily given by law to a commissioner appointed to adjust claims to lands, or money under a treaty; or special powers to inquire into or decide any other particular class of controversies in which the public or individuals may be concerned. A power of this description may constitutionally be conferred on a secretary as well as on a commissioner. But it is not judicial in either case, in the sense in which judicial power is granted by the Constitution to the courts of the United States.”
The Secretary of the Treasury in this case, under the act of Congress, reviewed the evidence taken before the judge and determined whether the claim should be paid by the United States. This action on the part of the Secretary of the Treasury was as much judicial in its nature as was the action of the board of loan commissioners under our statute. The state prescribed the conditions upon which it would issue the new bonds or pay the old. Its payment or the issuance of the new bonds was made dependent upon the approval of the board of loan commissioners or a judgment of the court on appeal from that body. In the case just referred to the Secretary of the Treasury determined the extent of the damages suffered by the claimant and also as a matter of law whether the claim came within the provisions of the act of Congress. In the case of American Sulphur C. Mining Co. v. Brennan, 20 Colo. App. 439, 79 Pac. 750, the court had before it a statute which gave the state board of land commissioners power to cancel a lease of state lands. The statute provided:
“If, through any fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation, any party or parties shall procure the issuing of any lease for state lands, the board shall have the authority to cancel any such lease.”
In the case of Owners of Land v. People, 113 Ill. 296, the court held that judicial power has never been held to apply to those cases where judgment is exercised as incident to the execution of a ministerial power.
In De Camp v. Archibald, 50 Ohio St. 618, 85 N. E. 1056, 40 Am. St. Rep. 692, the court said:
“The term ‘judicial power’ as used in the Constitution, is not capable of a precise definition. It is included in the power to hear and determine, but does not exhaust the power. That it embraces the hearing and determination of all suits and actions, whether public of private, there can be no doubt. But we think that it is equally clear 'that it does not necessarily include the power to hear and determine a matter that is not in the nature of a suit or action between parties. Power to hear and determine matters more or less directly affecting public and private rights is conferred upon and exercised by administrative and executive officers. But this has not been held to affect the validity of statutes by which such powers are conferred. State ex rel. v. Hawkins, 44 Ohio, St. 98-109. The term ‘judicial power’ has never been taken with such latitude of construction in the usages and customs of our American commonwealth; and'to so extend the jurisdiction of the courts would lead to the most embarrassing results with little or no compensation whatever.”
As said by the Supreme Court of West Virginia in the case of Wheeling & E. G. R. Co. v. Triadelphia, 58 W. Va. 487, 52 S. E. 499, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.) 321:
“What is a judicial function does not depend solely upon the mental operation by which it is performed or the importance of the act. In solving this question, due regard must be had to the 'organic law of the state and the division of powers of government. In the discharge of executive and legislative duties, the exércise of discretion and judgment of the highest order is necessary, and matters of the greatest weight and importance are dealt with. It is not enough to make a function judicial that it requires discretion, deliberation, thought, and judgment. It must be the exercise of discretion and judgment within that subdivision of the sovereign power which belongs to the judiciary, or, at least, which does not belong to the legislative or executive department. If the matter in respect to which it is exercised belongs to either of the two last-named departments of government, it is not judicial. As to what is judicial and what is not seems to be better indicated by the nature of a thing than its definition.”
In the case of the Post Printing & Publishing Co. v. Shafroth, 53 Colo. 129, 124 Pac. 176, the court had before it for consideration an amendment to the Constitution of that state which provided for the funding of existing indebtedness represented by outstanding state warrants issued without authority of law, and provided for a board which should pass upon and determine the validity of the warrants with much the same power as that conferred upon the board of loan commissioners. It was there argued that the board exercised judicial functions and powers in violation of a constitutional provision similar to our ow;n. The court said that boards for the auditing and adjustment of public indebtedness in claims against the state were very common instru-mentalities in the administration of their finances, and that statutes creating such boards were not invalid ; that in creating the board the amendment did not delegate to it powers properly belonging to the judiciary, or encroach upon jurisdiction vested in the courts by any other provision of the Constitution.
In the case of State ex rel. Mills v. McNutt, 87 Wis. 277, 58 N. W. 889, the Legislature had created the town of Knapp from a portion of the town of Millston, and provided that the county board should determine what portion of the indebtedness, if any there' be, of said town of Millston should be charged to the new town of Knapp. It was held that the power thus conferred upon the board was not judicial. In the case of In re Sanborn, 148 U. S. 222, 18 Sup .Ct. 577, 37 L. Ed. 429, the question arose as to whether the petitioner had a right to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States from the disallowance of a claim presented for services rendered certain Indians. The statute authorized the presentation of such a claim to the court of claims, and directed the court to report its findings and conclusions to the Secretary of the Interior. The court said:
“We must find an answer to the question thus put to us by a construction of the Act of March 3, 1887, read in the light of the previous legislation establishing the Court of claims, and regulating the subject of appeals from its judgments to this court.
“This subject came, for the first time, before this court in the ease of Gordon v. United States, 2 Wall, 561, wherein it was held that, as the law then stood, no appeal would lie from the Court of Claims to this court. The reasons for this conclusion are stated in the opinion of Chief Justice Taney, reported in the appendix to 117 U. S. 697, and interesting- as his last judicial utterance. Briefly stated, the court held that, as the so-called judgments of the Court of Claims were not obligatory upon Congress or upon the executive department of the government, but were merely opinions which might be acted upon or disregarded by Congress or other departments, and which this coul’t had no power to compel the court below to execute, such judgments could not be deemed an exercise of judicial power, and could not, therefore, be revised by this court. ,
“A similar question arose in this court as early as 1794, in the case of United States v. Yale Todd, an abstract of which case appears in 'a note by Chief Justice Taney to the later case of United States v. Ferreira, 13 How, 52, and wherein it was held that an act of Congress conferring powers on the judges of the Circuit Court to pass upon the rights of applicants to be placed upon the pension lists, and to report their findings to the Secretary of War, who had the right to revise such findings, was not an act conferring judicial power, and was, therefore, unconstitutional.”
In the case of Ex parte Gist. 26 Ala. 156, the court, after quoting from the case of U. S. v. Ferreira, supra, said:
“So likewise in our own court in the case of Gaines v. Harvin, 19 Ala. 491, 498, a similar provision in our state Constitution came under review; and we there held that it was not the intention of the framers of the Constitution to deny to the Legislature the power to confide to ministerial officers, who do not constitute a part, of the judiciary properly so called, many duties involving inquiries in their nature judicial. It was said: ‘The practice of this, as of all other governments having their judicial, executive, and legislative departments separate and distinct, very clearly shows that, in the administration of the laws, inquiries partaking of the nature of judicial investigations are confided to persons other than judges, whose acts have never been questioned on constitutional grounds.’ ”
In the case of State v. Hathaway, 115 Mo. 36, 21 S. W. 1081, the court had under consideration a statute which vested in the state board of health power to examine not only into the literary and technical attainments of the applicants for a certificate to practice medicine, but also into his moral character. The court said:
“A judicial duty within the meaning- of the Constitution is such a duty as legitimately pertains to an officer in the department designated by the Constitution as judicial. And we can but commend in this connection the language of the same court in Flournoy v. City, 17 Ind. 169, ‘An act is none the _ less ministerial because the person performing it may have to satisfy himself that the state of facts exists under which it is his right and duty to perform the act.’ This rule is one quite familiar in this state. It is one that governs sheriffs and constables in making levies and has been applied to the. Secretary of the State in determining the sufficiency of á certificate under the election law. State ex rel. v. Lesueur, 103 Mo. 253.”
In the case of Lorenzino v. James, 18 N. M. 240, 135 Pac. 1172, it was contended that the board of county commissioners acted judicially in determining whether a liquor license should be canceled. The statute provided for the revocation by the board of county commissioners of a liquor license upon a hearing for specific causes not necessary to set out here. There the liquor license was used outside the locality for which it was granted. We said:
“It is true the board was required to determine whether the facts existed which required the cancellation of the license; but in so satisfying itself that the state of facts existed, which required the cancellation of the license, it acted only in a ministerial capacity. A duty to be performed is^ none the less ministerial because the person who is required^ to perform it may have to satisfy himself of the existence of. the state of facts under which he is given his right or warrant to perform the required duty.”
In the case of State ex rel. Perea v. County Com’rs, 25 N. M. 338, 182 Pac. 865, this court considered an act of the Legislature which required the state board of loan commissioners to determine the amount of indebtedness owing the counties from which De Baca county was created, and to apportion the indebtedness between the new county and the old ratably in proportion to the taxable property taken from the old counties. We quote from the syllabus as follows:
“A ‘ministerial act’ is an act which an officer performs under a given state of facts, in a prescribed manner, in obedience to a mandate of legal authority, without regard to the exercise of his own judgment upon the propriety of the act being done. Held , that chapter 11, Laws of 1917, requiring the board of loan commissioners to determine the amount of indebtedness owing by certain counties, from parts of which a new county was created, and to apportion such debts between the new county and the old counties upon the basis of the assessed valuation which the property taken from the old county bore to the total assessed valuation in such old county, did not confer upon such board judicial powers.”
Considering as we must the facts, circumstances, and conditions which led to the creation of the board in question, let us determine whether it was the intention of the Legislature to invest this board with judicial powers. In viéw of the constitutional provision prohibiting such action, the presumption would be that such was not the legislative intent. Next, it must be borne in mind that the state could not be sued without its consent. Assuming that an individual held an obligation against the state or against a county, the payment of which debt the state had assumed under the Constitution, there was no provision under the Constitution, nor the statute law of the state, by which such an obligation could be enforced. The Legislature knew that millions of dollars worth of bonds were outstanding which, under the terms of the Constitution, the state had assumed and agreed to pay. That these bonds and obligations were valid and binding obligations of the state was also known, and it was the intention of the Legislature to provide for the conversion of the territorial and county debts into direct obligations of the state. It desired to create an agency with power to audit these claims and to refund them. The three officers named created a board for the purpose of auditing and determining the validity of such- indebtedness in the first instance. It provided a method by which the state could be sued upon these obligations; not that the proceeding before the board of loan commissioners in the first instance was a suit against the state, but that the claimant was required, in order to be able to maintain suit against the state upon such an obligation, to first present his claim against the state to this board for audit and approval or disapproval, and, in the event of disapproval, the right of a judicial proceeding and a judicial inquiry on the part of the claimant against the state were given by an appeal to the district court. Where the state elects to give a suitor the right to sue it, it may provide the rights and conditions upon which the suit can be maintained and the mode of procedure to be employed.
Under section 4551, defining the powers and duties of the board of loan commissioners, the board was given power to hear the parties and to take testimony and to investigate, inquire into, and determine the validity of the claims and demands and the liability of the state of New Mexico for the same by reason of its assumption of the debts and liabilities of said territory, and the debts of the counties thereof, pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of the state of New Mexico. This power was not judicial in the constitutional sense. It was akin to the power that has always rested in the state auditor, or territorial auditor before statehood, to audit all claims against the territory or state, and, if correct to issue a voucher for the same upon the state treasurer. It is like the power given to boards of county commissioners to investigate, determine, and pass upon the claims against the county. The duty of the board in this instance was clearly fixed by law. The discretion was to determine whether the claim was valid or invalid. If it was found to be valid, then the board was required to issue new bonds in lieu thereof, or to pay the claim in cash. Take, for example, a claim against a city-on an account, or for damages far personal injuries; the city council may take evidence on the matter and inform itself as to whether it ought to pay the claim, but this act is not judicial.
“It is also objected that the law prescribing- an appeal to the District Court from the decision of the board of commissioners is unconstitutional; as this board, as organized, is. not a court under the Constitution, and cannot, therefore, be invested with any of the judicial powers conferred upon the general government. Am. Ins. Co. v. Canter, 1 Pet 511, 7 Law Ed. 242; Benner v. Parter 8 How. 235 (13 L. Ed. 119; U. S. v. Ferreira, 13 How. 40, 14 L. Ed. 42.)
“But the answer to the objection is that the suit in the ■District Court is to be regarded as an original proceeding, thei removal of the transcript papers and evidence into it from the board of commissioners being but a mode of providing for the institution of the suit in that court The transfer it is true is called an appeal; we must not, however, be misled by a name, but look to the substance and intent of the proceeding. The District Court1 is not confined to a mere re-examination of the case as heard and decided by the board of commissioners, but hears the case de nove, upon the papers and testimony which had been used before the board, they being made evidence in the District Court; and also upon such further evidence as either party may see fit to produce.”
In the case of In re Initiative Petition (No. 23) 35 Okl. 49, 127 Pac. 862, the court had before it for consideration a statute which provided for the filing of the initiative petition with the secretary of state signed by a certain number of voters, and which gave the secretary of state the power to determine whether the signers were qualified voters, and provided for the appeal from his decision to the courts. The court held that the secretary of state did not exercise judicial power and that the fact that an appeal was provided for to the courts did not affect the nature of the power; that in the courts the case was to be tried de nove.
In the case of Cunningham v. N. W. Improvement Co., 44 Mont. 180, 119 Pac. 554, the court had before it for consideration a workmen’s compensation act which placed the administration of the act in the hands of the state auditor, and authorized him to investigate the injury of employes and to determine the compensation, the compensation being fixed by statute and was dependent upon the nature of the injuries. The court held that the adjustment of claims under the statute was an administrative function, and not a judicial proceeding.
It is next argued that no presentation or pretenses of any kind were ever made by appellant or any one for him to the board of loan commissioners, acting pursuant to law and in behalf of the state of New Mexico. Under this point it is contended that, by reason of the fact that Robert W. Lynn, cashier of the Santa Fé Bank, and who was the officer of the bank acting in the premises, did not go in person to the board of loan commissioners at the time of the presentment of said evidence of indebtedness, and make oral representations to the board concerning the validity of the instrument, the state failed to prove false pretense, even though bogus bond 254 was transmitted to the state of New Mexico for consideration by the board for refunding, accompanied by a letter of transmittal. There is, however, no merit in this contention. Ini fact it would be wholly immaterial as to whether any letter accompanied the bond. The question is, Was there a presentation to the board of loan commissioners, for payment or redemption, of the bogus bond under circumstances which would import a representation that it was a valid and subsisting indebtedness of the county of Santa Fé, and which the party was entitled to have redeemed by the board ? There is a controversy between the state and the appellant as to the letter which accompanied the bond. The letter itself was put in evidence, as was a supposed copy of the letter incorporated into the record of minutes of the board of loan commissioners. There was a variance between such copy of the letter and the original, in that the original letter stated, “We herewith inclose for your consideration and action certain bonds and detach coupons,” while, as copied into the record, the letter stated, “We herewith inclose for your consideration and action certain detached coupons,” omitting any reference to bonds. Accompanying the letter was a- detached list of the indebtedness presented. Included in the list was county of Santa Fé bond 254.
Volume 2, Bishop’s New Criminal Law, §43p, lays down the rule as follows:
“With a few exceptions under statutes in special terms, it is immaterial to the pretense whether it is in writing, in oral words, by signs or conduct, or by any combination of parts of these; it is simply required that the idea be with due distinctness conveyed. * *" * The uttering of a counterfeit note as a genuine one carries with it by implication a representation that it is genuine.” See cases cited under note 5.
Volume 2, Wharton’s Cr. Law (11th Ed.)-§1484, states:
“Conduct is a sufficient pretense. The conduct and acts of the party will be sufficient, without any verbal assertion, and words written or spoken, imperfectly setting forth a pretense, may be supplemented by proof of facts completing the false pretense. * * * The mere passing business paper, also, at its nominal value, is an affirmation that such value is real.”
Mr. Wharton, in the same work, further lays down, in section 1425, that it is obtaining money by false pretenses generally to pass spurious notes or coins if goods or money be obtained thereby. 12 R. C. L. p. 152, states:
“The true rule seems to be that the mere offer of the false instrument with fraudulent intent constitutes an uttering or a publishing, the essence of the offense being as in the case of forgery, the fraudulent intent, regardless of its successful consummation.”
In this case no heed need be paid to the contention that the state is bound by the recitals in the record, to the effect that the letter, purporting to transmit the evidences of indebtedness, refers only to coupons, and does not mention bond 254, for, if the state is bound by the record, the defendant would be likewise bound; and if the defendant is bound, then he would be concluded by the recital in the record to the effect that bond 254 was presented with the letter. It would be wholly immaterial whether the letter mentioned the bond; if it was included in the list of indebtedness transmitted with the letter, the presentation would be as complete as if it had been mentionel in the letter itself. It is the presentation for payment, or refunding under circumstances which imply a representation as to its validity, which makes out the offense. As we have seen from the authorities the mere presentation of spurious evidence of indebtedness for payment, and the obtaining of money thereon, makes out the offense, unless all the facts and circumstances in evidence would tend to show that there was no intent to deceive. Take, for example, the case of an individual who might obtain a forged order on a merchant for the deliver^ of goods, on the credit of the forged’payee. He presents the order to the merchant without any explanation or representations, and the merchant fills the order. Would not such individual be as guilty of obtaining money by false pretenses as though he had said to the merchant : “This order is valid and binding; I saw the payee sign it and he delivered it to me.” It is the presentation with intent to deceive, and under circumstances calculated to deceive, which makes out the offense.
It would necessarily follow that, if appellant had knowledge of the invalidity of bogus bond 254, and authorized the Santa Fé Bank to present the same to the board of loan commissioners for refunding, the mere presentment of said bogus bond was false pretense.
“In any case, when the intent to defraud is necessary to constitute the offense of forgery, or any other offense that may be prosecuted, it shall be sufficient to allege in the indictment an intent to defraud, without naming therein the particular person or body corporate intended to be defrauded; and on the trial of such indictment, it shall be sufficient and shall not be deemed a variance if there appear to be an intent to defraud the United States, or any state or territory, county, city or precinct, or any body corporate, or any public officer in his official capacity, or any copartnership or member thereof, or any particular person.”
That under this statute it is not incumbent upon the state to allege in the indictment that the false pretense was made or bogus bond 254 was presented to the board of loan commissioners, or to any particular person, so that it got to the state with intent on the part of appellant to defraud the state. Further, that it was not incumbent upon the state to prove that the board of loan commissioners met in pursuance to law and passed upon said bogus bond 254; that it was only incumbent upon the state to allege that there was an intent on the part of Kelly to defraud the state by the presentment of the bond and to prove that the bond was bogus, and that appellant knew it and received a part of the spoils from the fraudulent transaction, citing in support of his contention State v. Pilling, 53 Wash. 464, 102 Pac. 230, 132 Am. St. Rep. 1080; State v. Ice & Fuel Co., 166 N. C. 366, 81 S. E. 737, 52 L. R. A. (N. S.) 216, Am. Cas. 1916C, 456. See, also, note to the case of Commonwealth v. Johnson, 167 Ky. 727, 181 S. W. 368, L. R. A. 1916D, 267, at page 270, for note. But, in view of the holding that there whs substantial evidence of the fact that the board did meet, we do not find it necessary to determine this question.
It is argued that, because the letter of transmittal by the Santa Fé Bank referred to indebtedness of the territory of New Mexico, and the board found that the evidences of indebtedness were of the county of Santa Fe, there was a variance. We fail to appreciate the force of this contention. The question for determination by the jury was whether there had been a presentation of bogus bond 254 to the board of loan commissioners for refunding under circumstances which constituted false pretenses. If bogus bond 254 actually accompanied the letter of transmittal, and was in fact the bond presented and intended to be presented by the letter, and the presentation of the bogus bond was at appellant’s request, the fact that it was erroneously referred to as a bond of the territory of New Mexico in the letter would be wholly immaterial.
“Q. You have no definite recollection of the manner in which this paper was transmitted, if it ever was transmitted, to the board of loan commissioners, have you — or to the treasurer? A. Do you want me to explain the regular routine it would go through?
“Q. Yes; you may do that, but my question first I would have answered. A. I have no definite recollection.
“Q. Do I understand that your best recollection' is that the paper reached your hands with the certificate by Mr. Edwards upon it already written and signed? A. I do not state that as a fact, but it is my recollection.
“Q. Did Mr. Kelly, so far as you know, ever see this paper in your possession? A. I don’t think he did.
“Q. That circumstance that you had no written copy of this letter in your bank, does it not refresh your memory or enable you to say more positively how this letter came to be presented to you for signature ? A. I can’t state definitely. I can state in a roundabout way my idea.
“Q. That would only be an impression, except what you have said with reference to your belief that Mr. Edwards gave it to you ? A. I did not say it was my belief that Mr. Edwards gave it to me.
“Q. I mean that his name was on it when you got it. You are able to say positively 'that you did not get this de-rect from William G. Kelly or from Kelly & Kelly? A. To the best of my belief I did not.
“Q. Are you able to say, Mr. Lynn, that, when this letter was presented to you, you accepted it as a mere matter of collection business, assuming that it came into your hands by some proper authority? A. That is correct.
“Q. But what that authority is or what it was you can not recall now; that is, who vouched for this letter; that you cannot say ? A. I believe I considered this letter a matter of form necessary for the collection of the items attached.
“Q. Are you able to say, in view of the fact that you cannot recall the items, whether those items were attached and listed with the list mentioned in the letter was brought to you? Briefly ,was the letter with the attached items and list brought to you at the same time? A. I can’t say definitely. I think they were.
“Q. Under all these circumstances are you able to say that you had or had not any authority from Kelly & Kelly with reference to this transaction whatever it may be mentioned in the letter of June 2d, Plaintiff’s Exhibit No. 6?' A. I believe I did.
“Q. From whom? A. From W. G. Kelly.
“Q. Now, in reference to what was that? Can you tell .by- that letter? A. To the best of my memory Mr. Kelly instructed me to submit these items when called upon.
“Q. But what items are referred to in this letter of June 2d you don’t know? A. I have no definite knowledge of those items.”
Later Mr. Kenehan made the following suggestion in the record:
“If the court please the witness has testified he did not know this particular transaction, but that he had permission from Kelly to submit matters.”
Whereupon the witness followed.
“I don’t believe I so testified in my answer. I said I had instructions from Mr. Kelly on this particular matter.
“Q. Now what particular matter did you refer to? A. To the items covered by that letter.
“Q. Now, what were those items? A. I don’t know. I mean I have no definite description and can’give no definite description.
“Q. You don’t know whether or not the letter ever reached the board of loan commissioners? A. I have no knowledge of that letter after it was sent by the bank to the office of the state treasurer.”
It will be observed that the witness testified that he had instructions from Kelly to submit the items covered by the letter, or submitted with the letter, when called upon, and that he had instructions from Kelly on this particular matter. We thus have direct evidence of the agent of the fact of agency, and in addition to this we have a circumstance which tends very strongly, indeed, to establish the fact of agency. In refunding the evidence of indebtedness submitted to the board by the Santa Fé Bank, acting through its cashier, the board issued four bonds, each of $1,000, and a state warrant in favor of Kelly & Kelly for $682. This state warrant represented the amount due under the transaction, less than $1,000. It was the practice of the state loan board to issue only bond in $1,000 units, and to liquidate in cash the old amount. This warrant was received by Kelly and indorsed, and on the trial it was ad-, mitted by the counsel for appellant that he had received a warrant and obtained the proceeds. Such being true, it would be somewhat difficult to understand why appellant obtained the amount- and appropriated it to his own use, and made no inquiry whatever as to the reason for the payment. But it is argued that some valid evidence of indebtedness was presented, and that this warrant might have come from such indebtedness, but, again, there is no showing that at that time Kelly had before the board for consideration valid indebtedness amoimt-ing to the face value of the warrant. There is another circumstances, and that is that Kelly knew where the original bond 187, from which the bogus bond was made, was located. By wire he requested the Capital City Bank of Santa Fé to buy this bond from a given, bank in New York City, which was done. The Santa Fé Bank had theretofore presented for Kelly other matters to the board of loan commissioners for refunding. All these facts and circumstances and the direct evidence of Mr. Lynn were amply sufficient to establish the fact that, whatever Mr. Lynn purported to present on behalf of Kelly & Kelly, he had authority and directions from Kelly to do. Appellant argues that at most the Santa Fé Bank was simply a carrier, and did not act in the capacity of agent, but Lynn’s testimony shows that he was instructed by Kelly to submit the items to the state treasurer. This, if true, clearly established the relation of principal and agent, and, as we have seen, the submission of the bond for consideration and refunding necessarily constituted the representation as to its legality and validity.
It is further argued that the bank acted for Kelly & Kelly, a copartnership, ánd that William G. Kelly, appellant, personally may have had no connection with the fraudulent transaction; that, in order to render him criminally liable, it would be necessary to show personal participation; but this argument, in view of Mr. Lynn’s testimony wherein he stated that he had instructions from William G. Kelly to submit these items, is without basis upon which to rest.
There is one other question in this case which requires consideration, and that is the inability of Mr. Lynn to recall the items which he submitted with the letter to the board of loan commissioners. We must begin with the proposition that, whatever he did submit, he was authorized by Kelly to do so.
The general rule is that the credibility of witnesses is in all cases a question for the jury, and it is said in 38 Cyc. 1518 et seq. that this rule has‘been applied where the testimony of a witness is contradicted or conflicts with testimony previously given by him or conflicts with the statements previously made by him, or is shaken on cross-examination, or his testimony is given under circumstances such as would naturally throw discredit on him. The jury here had the right, if it so elected, to believe that Mr. Marrón told the truth upon his first appearance upon the witness stand, and that his testimony given some two days later was untrue and unworthy of belief, or conversely; it had a right to believe his later statements to the effect that he was not present at the board meeting, was not in Santa Fé, and knew nothing about the transaction previously testified to by him.. Many instances occur upon the trial where witnesses give contradictory testimony, but because of such contradictions we know of no rule which requires the court as a matter of law to withdraw the testimony, from the consideration of the jury. In the case of Bruger v. Princeton, etc., Ins. Co., 129 Wis. 281, 109 N. W. 95, it was contended that testimony of the plaintiff in the case should be disregarded because of prior inconsistent admissions, but the court held that it was for the jury. In the case of Van Salvellergh v. Green Bay Traction Co., 132 Wis. 166, 111 N. W. 1120, which was an action for damages for personal injuries, the court said that the witness had testified first in a contradictory way as to whether she saw the car before it reached her, and upon cross-examination testified that aá it approached she was looking in the general direction from which it was coming, but did not see or hear it; following this with contradictory evidence as to whether she did or did not forget about the probability of a car coming. Later she testified that she was looking away from the car. The court said:
“Even in the case of an adult where he as a party testifies in a contradictory way in respect to a vital point in issue it is not necessarily fatal to the case; it is competent for the jury to say which of the two conflicting statements is correct. * * *
“So, notwithstanding the contradictory character of plaintiff’s evidence it was proper to send the case to the jury on the subject of whether she was unmindful of the probability of a car approaching and did not see or hear one or look ini the direction from which the car was coming, from the time she started south on the crosswalk till she was struck.”
In the case of People v. Chapleau, 121 N. Y. 266, 24 N. E. 469, appellant’s counsel argued that the jury should not have been allowed to consider the testimony of two witnesses because they were perjured witnesses on their own showing. The court said:
“If this were true, it would be no reason for any such instruction by the court to the jury.”
And further:
“The doctrine as to the treatment of testimony which is affected by contradictions and inconsistencies, or by evidence making its falsity manifest and establishing a consciousness in the witness of its falsity, has been much considered in the books. Opinions have not always been in accord, but the weight of authority was in favor of the general rule that the question of the credibility of a witness was one for the jury, and that the only exception to the rule was in cases where the discrepancies in the testimony were the result of deliberate falsehood. The Santissima Trinidad, 7 Wheat, 339; Conray v. Williams, 6 Hill, 444, 446; People v. Evans, supra; Wilkins v. Earle, 44 N. Y. 172; Pease v. Smith, 61 N. Y. 447; Place v. Minster, 65 N. Y. 80; People v. Petmacky, 99 N. Y. 415.
“But, since the enactment of section 714 of the Penal Code and section 832 of the Code of Civil Procedure, wk must hold that a new rule obtains, and that the rule and policy of the law are to allow all testimony to go to and be weighed by the jury. By those sections, a person convicted of any crime is, notwithstanding, a competent witness in any cause or proceeding, civil or criminal; but proof of his conviction is allowed for the purpose of affecting the weight of his testimony. In People v. O’Neil, 109 N. Y. 251, 266, the court had refused to charge that, if the jury should find that certain witnesses had in their previous testimony, in respect to the same matters, committed willful perjury, the jury should wholly disregard their testimony given on the trial. This was held not to be error, and Andrews, J., said, in reference to the force of section 714 of the Penal Code: ‘It would be manifestly absurd, in the sight of this statute, now to hold that an unconvicted perjurer was an incompetent witness, whose evidence could not be considered by the jury, when, under the statute, if he had been convicted, his evidence must be received and weighed by the jury. Here the witnesses in testifying to facts, of which upon the preliminary examination they had denied knowledge, or which they had suppressed, may have been moved and deterred, as they swore they were, by motives of fright; and they appear to have been perfectly free from improper instigations, or motives to swear falsely. At any rate, it was for the jury to decide whether they were to be believed or not.”
In the case of Williams v. D. L. & W. R. R. Co., 155 N. Y. 158, 49 N. E. 672, the action was for personal injuries, the plaintiff claiming that he had been knocked off a freight car while going under a bridge. On the first trial of the case the plaintiff testified that he had passed under the bridge regularly for three wreeks and frequently on top of a box car. The accident occurred in the daytime, the bridge was in plain sight, and that, knowing the train was about to pass under it, he turned his back to it and was going to the rear of the car when he was struck. The case was reversed on the ground that plaintiff knew the danger. On the second trial plaintiff testified that prior to the accident he had never passed under the bridge in question on top of the box car, and that he did not know it was a low bridge. The trial court, because of his previous testimony, instructed a verdict for the defendant. The court said, after reviewing the authorities:
“In this case the plaintiff gave testimony which, if credited by the jury, would have entitled him to a verdict. The trial judge apparently did not credit it, and it is quite likely that his view of the testimony was the correct one, but the difficulty with the situation is that, under our method of procedure, it was the province of the jury, not the court, to say whether his testimony was entitled to belief.”
The judgment was reversed.
A similar case is that of Odell v. Webendorfer, 60 App. Div. 460, 69 N. Y. Supp. 930. See, also, Voss v. Smith, 87 App. Div. 395, 84 N. Y. Supp. 471, and Murr v. Western Insurance Co., 50 App. Div. 4, 64 N. Y. Supp. 12.
It would follow from these authorities that, if the trial court was not authorized to take a case from the jury where the plaintiff had testified directly contradictory upon the first and second trials of the case, he would not be justified in so doing where the contradictory evidence was given upon the same trial. It thus follows that there was ample evidence by the testimony of Marrón alone, if it were believed by the jury, to establish the fact that bond 254 was submitted, together with other evidence of indebtedness, with the letter of June 2. There was in addition the circumstantial evidence afforded by the fact that Kelly, without question, accepted the warrant issued for $682.20, which grew out of the presentation of the items accompanying the letter.
We cannot appreciate the force of the argument advanced by the appellant to the effect that the bond on its face was prima facie evidence of a valid and subsisting indebtedness of the county of Santa Fé, and that the question as to whether it was or was not was a question of law for the board to decide, and that false pretense could not be predicated upon a question of law. It was a question of fact for the board to decide whether the . bond was a forged bond or otherwise. Of course, if it was a forged bond as a matter of. law, necessarily there was no liability on the part of the county, but it certainly was a false pretense to hold out the bond to such a board as a genuine bond of the county of Santa Fé.
It is next argued that there was no evidence that the defendant directly or indirectly procured the Santa Fé Bank, or any other person, to make any false pretenses to the board of loan commissioners, nor that the defendant had any knowledge thereof, or consented thereto. There were facts and circumstances in evidence from which the jury could properly infer that appellant knew that the bond in question was a spurious bond. There was evidence also that he had in' his possession other spurious evidence of indebtedness against the county of Santa Fé in the form of bonds. If he procured the Santa Fé Bank to present this bond to the board of loan commissioners for refunding, it would necessarily follow that the mere presentment of the bond, under the authorities heretofore cited, would constitute false pretense.
“The trial court or judge is vested' with a large discretion in the conduct of the trial of causes, and an appellate court will not interpose to control the1 exercise of such dis"retion by a court-of original jurisdiction unless there has been an abuse or a most unwise exercise thereof.”
In Wartena v. State, 105 Ind. 445, 5 N. E. 20, the court said:
“It is nevertheless the undoubted province of the nisi prius courts, in the exercise of a sound discretion, to regulate the course of business during the progress of trials. Included in this is the right, during the term, in a proper way, to control its own sittings.”
That case had to do with the holding of night sessions over the objection of counsel for appellant, and in the light of the facts it was held the court did not abuse its discretion. In State v. Silvius, 22 R. I. 322, 47 Atl. 888, three cases were set for trial for the same day against the defendant. The third case on the calendar was tried first over objection. It was held under the practice of that' state that such action was permissible, the court saying:
“The defendant having been duly notified that all the indictments against him were down for trial on the day in question, he" was bound to be ready, or to show good cause why he was not.”
In the case of State v. Parry, 26 N. M. 469, 194 Pac. 864, there were three cases against the defendant, and the court first called the last numbered case for trial over the objection of the defendant. The court said:
“The power to regulate the order of precedence in the trial of cases rests in the discretion of the trial court, and the defendant, in the absence of a showing of diligence, can not complain of the taking up for trial of the last of three cases set for trial on the same day, instead of one of the other two cases.”
■ There was no showing that any additional witnesses were required in order to enable appellant to present his defense, whose testimony could be procured by a delay. No motion for a continuance was filed. The fixing of a time for trial in a case rests in the discretion of the trial court, and in the absence of a showing of prejudice, the action of the court in the matter will not be interfered with on appeal. There was no showing of prejudice in the instant case.
“That is shall be the duty of the judge of each district court to fix a day for the trial of each criminal cáse in the district court, which day shall not be earlier than the third day of the term, and shall be fixed by the judge, not less than 20 days before the first day of the term at which it shall be tried, except that no date shall be fixed for the trial of any criminal case which the judge has reason to believe will not be tried at such term, and witnesses summoned on behalf of the state in any case so fixed for trial shall be summoned to appear at the courthouse of the proper county at 9 o’clock a. m. of the day in which said cause shall be fixed for trial, to testify in behalf of the state in such cause.”
The statute is only directory. If it were held to be mandatory then no case could be tried during the term at which an indictment was returned, and it has always been the practice in all the district courts of the state to set cases for trial during the term at which the indictment was returned.
It is next argued that the court erred in refusing to give each of the 26 instructions upon defendant’s theory of the case. Counsel for appellant say:
“It would be but duplicating argument and re-writing authorities to treat each of these instructions separately as the principle of law involved in the instructions are identically the same as the principles of law involved in the motion to instruct the jury to return a verdict of not guilty, and the demurrer to the indictment.”
We have reviewed the law applicable to the propositions under which appellant says the instructions should have been given and have determined the same adversely to appellant’s contention. Consequently it is unnecessary to treat the instructions separately, and appellant has not done so. It follows that there was no error in refusing the instructions.
“If each and all of the material allegations of the indictment as stated in the last preceding paragraph, to wit, paragraph 6, have been established .by the evidence to your satisfaction and beyond a reasonable doubt, you will find the defendant guilty as charged in the indictment; but if you have a reasonable doubt as to .whether said material allegations, or any one or more of them, have been established, you will find the defendant not guilty.”
“The defendant is presumed by the law to be innocent, and that presumption remains with him until his guilt is established by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt of the offense charged against him, and it devolves upon the state to establish the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt before you would be warranted in depriving the defendant of the benefit of this presumption and to find him guilty, and if you have a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt you should acquit him.”
Appellant insists that in both these instructions the court told the jury that, if there was a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt, they should acquit him. The instructions in question are the usual ones given and have been approved by many courts as shown in 2 Brickwood-Sackett’s Instructions, § 2684.
Complaint is made because the court, during the examination of the state’s witness, Ignacio Lopez, at the suggestion of the district attorney, sent the júry out and permitted the state to interrogate such witness in'the absence of the jury for the purpose of refreshing his recollection. The witness was being interrogated as to his signature upon bond 187 and other evidences of indebtedness issued by the county of Santa Fé, together with the signature of two members of the board of commissioners on such bond. This, as stated, was for the purpose of establishing the genuine signatures of these people for the purpose of comparison, the object being to show that the signatures were forged to bond 254. The witness failed to testify positively to the signatures, and, after the jury retired, the state interro- . gated the witness as to whether he had not stated to counsel for the state theretofore that the signatures were genuine. The attorneys for the defendant, when the examination was begun, interposed this objection:
“To which line of examination we object at this time in the condition the record shows the proceedings to be.”
And later the objection was interposed that the procedure was improper. In his brief in this court counsel for appellant contents himself by saying:
“We will not attempt to cite authorities to the court' on the proposition that the foregoing procedure is absolutely unheard of, but we will state that the correct procedure is, if the state has been surprised or a witness has become adverse, that the state should claim the right in the presence of the jury to cross-examine that witness, and when such right is given, to proceed with such cross-examination and let the jury see in just what manner the witness has given it.”
The contention is made by appellant to the effect that error was committed in the introduction of evidence. For example, he contends that the court permitted the prosecution to offer in evidence, over the obj eetion of the defendant, evidence out of its proper order. The order of proof rests in the discretion of the trial court, and it is a frequent occurrence for the court to permit the introduction of evidence which properly should go later, upon the assurance of the state that the preliminary proof will be forthcoming. There was no error in this regard. Many of the objections to the introduction of evidence were based upon propositions of law heretofore in this opinion decided adversely to appellant, and require no further discussion.
Finding no error in the record, the judgment will be affirmed, and it is so ordered.