156 P. 1080 | Mont. | 1916
delivered the opinion of the court.
The appellant, convicted of statutory rape, assigns forty-three alleged errors, presenting seven different grounds upon which he claims the judgment should be reversed. These grounds we shall briefly consider in their order:
1. It is contended the information does not state a public
2. Complaint is made that the court received evidence of
3. It is urged that the appellant was not given a fair and im
4. Alleged undue restriction of the right of cross-examination is assigned. Only one instance is specified, and that instance relates to a matter which was wholly and manifestly immaterial.
5. The sufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict is attacked solely upon the ground of failure to prove the venue. We think it barely possible to deduce from the testimony that the act occurred in Gallatin county as charged, but, since the cause must be remanded for a new trial, further consideration of this matter will be omitted.
6. Complaint is made of the refusal of the following instruction: “You are instructed that this class of prosecutions are
7. The giving of instruction No. 15 is urged as error, but upon the theory that other acts of intercourse than the one alleged were inadmissible. As this theory is wrong, the objection must fall.
8. The principal ground of complaint is that the defendant
“The Court: On account of the nature of the case the bailiffs are instructed not to allow any one else in the courtroom. Those who are in the courtroom now may remain until they get ready to retire, but after you once leave you cannot return, and no one else will be allowed to come in.
“Mr. Pease: We object to your Honor’s excluding the public from a trial of this cause, and ask that your Honor admit all persons of mature age to witness the trial or to be present at this trial if they so desire.
“The Court: The request is denied. This rule is not meant, however, to apply to officers of the court and newspapermen. If the defendant wants the newspapermen in, let them in. I will except newspapermen; that is, if the defendant wants them; and, if he does not want them, we will let them stay out. ’ ’
The trial was not concluded until November 21. In the minutes of the court for the 20th, approved and signed by the judge who made the order, is this recital:
*212 “Upon- application of the county attorney all persons except court officers, attorneys, doctors and reporters are excluded from the courtroom.”
It would seem that the members of this court ought to be able to determine from this record whether a reasonable representation of the general public was or was not permitted to witness the trial. If necessary, we would assume that the court enforced the order as made; but the minute entry furnishes ample proof of that fact. We will not assume, however, that the spectators present when the order was made, on the morning of November 20, stayed in the courtroom continuously throughout the day, throughout the night following, and so much of the 21st as elapsed until the trial was concluded. The order recites that it was made “on account of the nature of the case.” The order is inconsistent in itself. If there was anything in the nature of the action or in the evidence which might tend to corrupt the morals, it would seem that the same protection was due to those present when the order was made, as to others who might seek admission. Just why those then present were permitted to stay while others similarly situated were excluded is nowhere explained. In our judgment, the order was made capriciously, or it is to be treated as excluding the public from the trial for no other reason than that in the judgment of the court the evidence adduced would be unfit for people ofi mature age to hear. We are bound to accept the latter of these, alternatives, and, though the motive which prompted the order may have been ever so worthy, the order itself is indefensible.
The Constitution declares that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to a public trial. (Sec. 16, Art. III.) Just what is meant by a public trial has been the subject of some discussion; but, with a single exception, we undertake to say that no court of last resort in this country has ever sustained an order of the character of the one before us, when timely objection to it was interposed.
People v. Hall, 51 App. Div. 57, 64 N. Y. Supp. 433, by an intermediate court of New York, is cited to sustain the lower
In Reagan v. United States, 202 Fed. 488, 44 L. R. A. (n. s.) 583, 120 C. C. A. 627, the circuit court of appeals for the ninth circuit approved an order excluding the public from a certain trial for no other reason than as stated by the trial judge: "I believe many are here out of morbid curiosity; second, I feel that the jurors in the box can listen to the testimony better if not bothered by the people in the courtroom; and, in the third place, I am not feeling good myself this morning, and I can listen to the testimony of the witnesses and objections of counsel better than if I am bothered with noise in the courtroom. ’ ’ After referring to some of the authorities, the court of appeals disposed of the question and said: "We think the better doctrine is that it is not reversible error to exclude the spectators as was done by the order of the court in the case at bar, when there is no showing whatever that the defendant was prejudiced thereby, or deprived of the presence, aid, or counsel of any person whose presence might have been of advantage to him.” Just how a defendant could show that he was prejudiced by an order excluding the public or that the presence of a particular
The Constitution guarantees- to a defendant charged with
The only decision by a court of last resort approving an order which had the effect of denying a public trial to a person charged with crime is to be found in State v. Johnson, 26 Idaho, 609, 144 Pac. 784. The order of the trial court was that: “During the trial of this case all spectators will be excluded from the courtroom.” And in approving it the supreme court said: “In cases like the one at bar, where the evidence is of a very immoral and disgusting nature, we do not think the court erred in excluding the general public from the courtroom during the trial. Of course, the friends of the defendant who desired to be present and the officers of the court, including members of the bar, ought not to be excluded; but to exclude the general public who only have a curiosity to hear the revolting details of a rape case does not deprive a defendant of a public trial as provided by the Constitution and statutes above cited.” If the trial court employs the term “spectators” in its common, ordinary acceptation, then any friend of the defendant present merely as a looker-on, an observer, or a witness to the proceedings was excluded in violation of the rule which the court announces, and there is nothing in the opinion to indicate that any different meaning was intended to apply. Who shall determine whether a spectator is drawn to the courtroom by idle curiosity or by interest? What test shall be applied and what shall con
In State v. McCool, 34 Kan. 617, 9 Pac. 745, the court, at the instance of the county attorney, requested all ladies present to leave the courtroom, as the public prosecutor was about to refer to evidence “unfit for ladies to hear.” The alleged misconduct of the county attorney in making the request, and not the invasion of the defendant’s constitutional right by the court, was the ground of error assigned, and the opinion proceeds upon that theory, and does not discuss the question of constitutional law.
Robertson v. State, 64 Fla. 437, 60 South. 118, and State v. Nyhus, 19 N. D. 326, 27 L. R. A. (n. s.) 487, 124 N. W. 71, are sometimes cited as authority for excluding the public from the trial of a criminal ease, but neither supports such doctrine. In the first case, court officers, witnesses, the jurors, attorneys, the parties and “all persons directly interested in the case” were allowed in the courtroom, while in the latter the jurors, officers of the court,' attorneys, litigants and their attorneys, witnesses, and “any other person or persons whom the several parties may request to remain” were permitted to be present.
But, whatever may be said of these decisions or of the views entertained elsewhere, this court ought not to give to our own Constitution such a construction as will sterilize its most vital parts. Article III is popularly referred to as our Bill of Rights; but, if the power to annul its provisions is vested in the district courts, then the appellation is a misnomer. These
The courts quite generally, though not uniformly, hold that this provision for a public trial is so far for the personal benefit of the accused that he may waive it, and that he does waive it by failing to object to the order of exclusion (People v. Swafford, 65 Cal. 223, 3 Pac. 809; Benedict v. People, 23 Colo. 126, 46 Pac. 637; Button v. State, 123 Md. 373, 61 Atl. 417; State v. Nyhus, above), or by requesting the order himself. (Carter v. State, 99 Miss. 435, 54 South. 734.) The provision is to be given a reasonable construction. It is not to be assumed that it was intended to impose senseless or impossible conditions. When the authorities have made reasonable provision for a courtroom, complaint cannot be made that it has not seating .capacity sufficient to accommodate the entire population of the county; nor can complaint be made of an order which closes the doors after the courtroom is filled.. (Myers v. State, 97 Ga. 76, 25 S. E. 252; State v. Brooks, 92 Mo. 542, 5 S. W. 257, 330; Jackson v. Commonwealth, 100 Ky. 239, 66 Am. St. Rep. 336, 38 S. W. 422, 1091; Kugadt v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. 681, 44 S. W. 989.) And this provision is to be construed with others. The same Constitution which guarantees a public trial creates the district courts of this state and clothes them with the powers necessary to preserve order and perform their allotted functions with becoming dignity and decorum, and therefore the exclusion of persons for disorderly conduct or because they impede the due administration of the law, is justifiable. (Grimmett v. State, 22 Tex. App. 36, 58 Am. Rep. 630, 2 S. W. 631; Lide v. State, 133 Ala. 43, 31 South. 953; State v. Callahan, 100 Minn. 63, 110 N. W. 342.) Upon the same principle the courts may protect themselves, their officers, litigants and interested parties,
"Whatever be the history of the origin of this guaranty, the
Long before the Constitution was adopted the statutes declared: “The sittings of every court of justice shall be public except as provided in the next section.” (See. 544, First Div., Comp. Stats. 1887.) The one exception mentioned the trial of an action for divorce. (See. 545, First Div., Comp. Stats. 1887.) In 1895 the exception was broadened to include as well the trials of actions for criminal conversation, seduction and breach of promise of marriage (secs. 100, 101, Code Civ. Proc. 1895), but all within the exception are civil actions; and this legislative declaration is subject to the rule, “Expressio umus exclusio alteriusThe Constitution has declared for public trials in criminal eases, and the legislature has said, in effect,
In our judgment, the purpose of this constitutional provision is threefold. Primarily it is for the benefit of the accused—■ to afford him the means of proving a fact with reference to some question of procedure which it may become necessary for him to prove in order to protect his rights, and to see that he is not unjustly condemned. (State v. Osborne, 54 Or. 289, 20 Ann. Cas. 627, 103 Pac. 62.) But it likewise involves questions of public interest and concern. The people are interested in knowing, and have the right to know, how their servants—the judge, county attorney, sheriff and clerk—conduct the public’s business. As was said by the supreme court of California: “In this country it is a first principle that the people have the right to know what is done in their courts.” (In re Shortridge, 99 Cal. 529, 37 Am. St. Rep. 78, 21 L. R. A. 755, 34 Pac. 227.)
“The right to have the courts open is the right of the public.” (State v. Copp, 15 N. H. 212.) But the public is interested in every criminal trial that court officers and jurors are kept keenly alive to a sense of their responsibility and the importance of their functions, and interested spectators by their presence are the most potent influence to accomplish this desired end. (Cooley’s Const. Lim., 2d ed., 441.) To the credit of our courts it may be said that the question before us has seldom arisen, but, when it has, the authorities with singular unanimity have upheld the right guaranteed by the Constitution, and have given such construction to the guaranty as vitalizes it and makes it of practical, not merely theoretical, value. (People v. Murray, 89 Mich. 276, 28 Am. St. Rep. 294, 14 L. R. A. 809, 50 N. W. 995; affirmed in People v. Yaeger, 113 Mich. 228, 71 N. W. 491; State v. Osborne, above; State v. Hensley, 75 Ohio
Because of the error committed in denying the defendant a public trial, the judgment and order are reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
I find myself unable to assent to the reversal of this ease. Assuming, for the moment, that the order of exclusion was indefensible, the mere making of it would not be reversible error in the absence of a showing that it was so enforced as to actually invade the appellant’s right to a public trial; and, deeming the minute entry to be nothing more than the clerk’s version of the order itself, the terms of which appear at large in the trial proceedings, I can discern no such showing in this record.
The section of our Constitution in which the right to a public trial is recognized (sec. 16, Art. Ill) deals with rights which are to obtain “in all criminal prosecutions,” and these rights, stated as in pari materia and without restriction, except as to the place of trial, are to be considered in the same way. They are to be taken as without restriction, or each is to be construed with reference to its origin, to the protection it was meant to afford, and to the conditions annexed to its observance. That some of them cannot be taken as without restriction is conceded everywhere, this state included. The right to meet the witnesses face to face is not absolute, but is subject to certain exceptions, such as dying declarations, documentary evidence and testimony given on a previous hearing of the same cause by a witness who has since died or left the jurisdiction (129 Am. St. Rep. 23 et seq.) ; the right to process to compel the attendance of witnesses may be limited as to the number of such witnesses,
That the right to a public trial is to be similarly treated and cannot be applied “in all criminal prosecutions” follows from the admission that occasions may arise when the accused, though in no wise responsible, may have to submit to a partial or a total exclusion of the general public, as, in the cases cited approvingly above, where the judge has lost control of his audience (Grimmett v. State), where the audience applauds (Lide v. State), where the mere presence of the audience, though orderly, tends to embarrass the prosecuting witness so that she cannot tell her story (State v. Callahan, supra). It is also suggested, and I think with reason, that under certain other circumstances trial courts may exclude minors; doubtless because, as stated by Cooley, “a regard to public morals and public decency would require that at least the young be excluded from hearing and witnessing the evidences of human depravity.” (Const. Lim., 7th ed., p. 441.) But minors are certainly a part of the public, and the difference in intelligence, in moral susceptibility, and in capacity to be of benefit by his presence is not noticeably less in a person the day before than it is the day after he attains majority.
The essence of the matter, as I see it, is that courts, charged with the administration of justice, are engaged in moral conservation of the highest order and rest under no obligation whatever to become centers of moral infection in order that the trial
To my mind, the order for which this cause is to be reversed was a proper one, based upon grounds far more tenable than any inability or indisposition of a judge to preserve order in his courtroom. The record shows that the testimony was demoralizing in character, and that the presiding judge knew it would be so, .from the trial of a companion case just concluded. Apart from those occasions when the maintenance of order or the protection of the accused himself requires the courtroom to be cleared, there is authority as well as reason for the view that the right to a public trial is not infringed if from a regard to public morals and public decency such an order is made in a proper case, and this is particularly true where the order is not absolute and does not result in a secret trial, “notwithstanding that those persons whose presence could be of no service to the accused and who would only be drawn thither by a prurient curiosity are excluded altogether.” (Cooley’s Const. Lim., 7th ed., 441; Benedict v. People, 23 Colo. 126, 46 Pac. 637; Reagan v. United States, 202 Fed. 488, 44 L. R. A. (n. s.) 583, 120 C. C. A. 627; State v. Johnson, 26 Idaho, 609, 144 Pac. 784; People v. Hall, 51 App. Div. 57, 64 N. Y. Supp. 433; State v. McCool, 34 Kan.