949 P.2d 251 | Mont. | 1997
STATE of Montana, Respondent and Plaintiff,
v.
Phillip Earnest KEATING, Appellant and Defendant.
Supreme Court of Montana.
*254 David F. Ness, Missoula, for Appellant and Defendant.
Joseph P. Mazurek, Attorney General, Elizabeth L. Griffing, Assistant Attorney General, Mike McGrath, Lewis and Clark County Attorney, Vicki Frazier, Deputy Lewis and Clark County Attorney, Helena, for Respondent and Plaintiff.
GRAY, Justice.
Phillip Keating (Keating) appeals from the judgment and commitment entered by the First Judicial District Court, Lewis and Clark County, on a jury verdict finding him guilty of the offense of threats in official matters. He contends that the District Court erred in denying both his motion to dismiss based on speedy trial grounds and his motion for a directed verdict. We affirm.
The issues on appeal are:
1. Did the District Court err in failing to dismiss the case on the grounds of denial of a speedy trial?
2. Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it denied Keating's motion for a directed verdict?
BACKGROUND
On the evening of November 22, 1995, Deputy Jack Shamley and Deputy Dave Peterson (collectively the deputies) of the Lewis and Clark County Sheriff's Department (Sheriff's Department) attempted to serve civil process on Keating on two separate occasions. During the second attempt, Deputy Peterson approached Keating's residence at the King's Carriage Inn while Deputy Shamley waited by the patrol car. When Deputy Peterson knocked, Keating opened the inside, wooden door but not the glassedin, outer door. Deputy Peterson told Keating that he had papers to serve on him, at which time Keating began to yell at Deputy Peterson that he was trespassing and should leave. The deputies then left the property without accomplishing service of process.
Shortly thereafter, the 911 dispatcher contacted the deputies and told them that Keating *255 had telephoned and made a threat. During that telephone conversation, Keating stated, "From this point forward, this is official notice, do not, do not allow officers on property belonging to Phil Keating in Lewis and Clark County for fear they may be killed.... Do not go on the property."
On November 24, 1995, the State of Montana (State) filed a complaint in the Justice Court of Lewis and Clark County alleging that Keating had committed the offense of threats in official matters. The Justice Court issued an arrest warrant for Keating and set bond at $100,000. On November 27, 1995, the District Court revoked Keating's bond on pending assault and drug charges due to various incidents of bizarre and threatening behavior by Keating, including the alleged threat against the law enforcement officers. It ordered Keating's arrest and detention without bond pending a hearing. Keating was arrested that same day in Missoula, Montana.
On December 21, 1995, the Justice Court bound Keating over to the District Court for further proceedings on the charge of threats in official matters, a felony, and the State subsequently filed an information in the District Court charging that offense. After a bond hearing on December 21, 1995, the District Court ordered bond set at $100,000 for this case and $100,000 for the assault and drug case and set conditions in the event Keating posted the bond. Following Keating's suggestions, the District Court ordered him to live in Butte, Montana, with Duane Hanson (Hanson) pending trial. The District Court also ordered Keating not to enter Jefferson or Lewis and Clark County for any reason except to visit with his attorney; Hanson was to accompany him on any such trips. The conditions subsequently were amended several times. Among other things, the District Court altered the prohibition against entering Lewis and Clark County "under any circumstances" to a prohibition against doing so without prior approval of the court.
Keating was arraigned on January 25, 1996, and his trial in this case was scheduled for April 8, 1996, as the second criminal trial setting on that date. In March of 1996, Keating's attorney moved to withdraw and the District Court granted the motion. The State also made two discovery motions in March of 1996, which the District Court granted.
The first case on the District Court's calendar went to trial on April 8, 1996, and, as a result, Keating's trial did not occur on that date. Shortly thereafter, and in response to a motion by the State, the District Court rescheduled Keating's trial for July 22, 1996. In the meantime, Keating obtained new counsel to represent him in both cases and his trial on the assault and drug charges ended in a mistrial. On July 12, 1996, the District Court vacated the July 22 trial date for this case and reset it for August 19, 1996.
Keating moved to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial on the morning of trial. Counsel argued the motion after voir dire and prior to the impanelling of the jury. The District Court denied the motion and the case proceeded to trial. At the close of the State's case, Keating moved for a directed verdict. The District Court denied the motion and the jury ultimately convicted Keating of threats in official matters. Judgment was entered and Keating appeals.
1. Did the District Court err in failing to dismiss the case on the grounds of denial of a speedy trial?
As set forth above, Keating filed his motion to dismiss based on denial of his right to a speedy trial on the morning of trial. Concluding that the motion was untimely, the District Court denied it.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 24, of the Montana Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to a speedy trial. State v. Matthews (1995), 271 Mont. 24, 27, 894 P.2d 285, 287 (citations omitted). The primary purpose of the right to a speedy trial is protecting defendants from oppressive trial tactics by the State. State v. Gould (1995), 273 Mont. 207, 216, 902 P.2d 532, 538 (citations omitted). We apply the test set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Barker v. Wingo (1972), 407 U.S. 514, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101, to determine *256 whether a defendant's right to a speedy trial has been violated. Matthews, 894 P.2d at 287 (citing State ex rel. Briceno v. Dist. Ct. of 13th Jud. Dist., Etc. (1977), 173 Mont. 516, 568 P.2d 162). The test requires the balancing of four factors:
1) length of the delay;
2) reason for the delay;
3) defendant's assertion of the right; and
4) prejudice to the defendant.
Matthews, 894 P.2d at 287 (citations omitted). No single factor is determinative; each is weighed in light of the surrounding facts and circumstances. State v. Williams-Rusch (1996), 279 Mont. 437, 449, 928 P.2d 169, 176 (citation omitted).
Whether a defendant's speedy trial rights have been violated is a question of law. We review a district court's conclusions of law to determine whether the interpretation of the law is correct. State v. Foshee (1997), ___ Mont. ___, ___, 938 P.2d 601, 604 (citation omitted).
Length of the Delay
The first factor, the length of the delay, acts as a triggering mechanism. Matthews, 894 P.2d at 287. If the delay is sufficient to be presumptively prejudicial, analysis of the remaining factors is required. Williams-Rusch, 928 P.2d at 176 (citations omitted). Moreover, while we have declined to establish a "bright line" test for determining whether the length of the delay is presumptively prejudicial, a delay of over 200 days usually will trigger the analysis. See State v. Thompson (1993), 263 Mont. 17, 32, 865 P.2d 1125, 1135 (citations omitted).
In this case, the State concedes that the 270-day delay is presumptively prejudicial and triggers the full speedy trial analysis. Thus, we address the remaining three speedy trial factors, keeping in mind that once the delay has been determined to be presumptively prejudicial, the State generally has the burden of providing a reasonable explanation for the delay and showing that the defendant was not prejudiced by the delay. State v. Tweedy (1996), 277 Mont. 313, 320, 922 P.2d 1134, 1138 (citation omitted).
Reason for the Delay
Consideration of the second Barker factor, the reason for the delay, requires an allocation of the delay attributable to each party. Matthews, 894 P.2d at 287 (citation omitted). Here, the delay began when the first case set for trial on April 8, 1996, proceeded to trial. Three weeks later, the District Court rescheduled Keating's trial for July 22, 1996. Meanwhile, Keating's trial on the unrelated assault and drug charges ended in a mistrial on July 9, 1996, and the District Court rescheduled that case "which had been pending longer" for July 22, 1996, thus conflicting with the trial date set for this case. The District Court then scheduled this case for trial on August 19, 1996.
On this record, none of the delay in this case can be allocated to Keating. He did not move to continue either the April 8 or the July 22 trial date. Nor did he file motions which necessitated trial delays pending resolution. The delays which occurred were inherent in the system and "[d]elay inherent in the system is chargeable to the State." See State v. Hembd (1992), 254 Mont. 407, 413, 838 P.2d 412, 416 (citation omitted). We conclude, therefore, that the entire delay in this case is chargeable to the State.
We also must weigh the delay chargeable to the State. Tweedy, 922 P.2d at 1138. The approximately 240 days which elapsed prior to the July 22 trial date resulted from both ordinary procedures associated with criminal prosecutions, such as scheduling and holding the omnibus hearing, and the difficulties in setting "and keeping" trial dates which related to the District Court's crowded docket. Such delays are characterized as institutional delay. See Thompson, 865 P.2d at 1135 (citation omitted). Conflict with the trial date set for Keating's assault and drug case following the mistrial accounts for the remainder of the delay. This delay also is properly characterized as institutional delay. See State v. Lane (1996), 279 Mont. 128, 133, 927 P.2d 989, 992. None of the delay in this case was intentional delay.
*257 Institutional delay weighs less heavily against the State than intentional delay. Tweedy, 922 P.2d at 1138 (citation omitted). Therefore, while the entire delay is attributable to the State, the State has met its burden of providing a reasonable explanation for the delay by establishing that the delay was institutional rather than intentional. See Tweedy, 922 P.2d at 1138. As a result, the 270-day delay in this case does not weigh heavily against the State.
Assertion of the Right
The third Barker factor requires a defendant to assert the right to a speedy trial. Matthews, 894 P.2d at 288. Our rule in Montana is that, if a defendant moves to dismiss before trial, he has fulfilled the requirement of asserting his constitutional right to a speedy trial. Tweedy, 922 P.2d at 1139 (citation omitted).
Here, Keating filed his motion to dismiss on the morning of trial, but before the trial began. Pursuant to Tweedy, his motion was timely filed and the District Court erred in concluding otherwise.
Technical compliance with the assertion of the right requirement does not end the discussion of this factor, however. As set forth above, the Barker test requires a balancing of the speedy trial factors in light of the surrounding facts and circumstances. Williams-Rusch, 928 P.2d at 176; Matthews, 894 P.2d at 287. Indeed, we previously have determined that failing to assert the right to a speedy trial until four days before trial indicates a defendant's lack of an actual interest in moving the case to trial which should be considered in the process of balancing the Barker factors. Thompson, 865 P.2d at 1135.
In this case, Keating did not file his motion to dismiss or indicate in any other way that he was interested in moving his case to trial until the morning of trial. Had he been interested in doing so, he could have objected in April of 1996, when his trial was rescheduled to July 22, 1996. It was at that point that speedy trial implications arose because 240 days would have elapsed by the rescheduled trial date. Keating did not object to the trial date or indicate any interest in regard to moving his case to trial at that time. Nor did he do so when the July 22 trial date was vacated and his trial was reset for August 19, 1996.
The State contends that another indication of Keating's lack of interest in moving this case to trial was his failure to object to the April 8 trial date when it was set at the omnibus hearing in February of 1996. While the State is correct in positing that a defendant's failure to object to a trial date at the omnibus hearing is a consideration in some cases (see Williams-Rusch, 928 P.2d at 178), Keating's failure to object to the trial date set at the omnibus hearing is not pertinent here.
In Williams-Rusch, the omnibus hearing was held almost eleven months after the defendant was arrested and a trial date was set for almost six months later. Notwithstanding that the speedy trial time parameters already had been exceeded by the time of the omnibus hearing, the defendant did not object at that time to the delayed trial date. Williams-Rusch, 928 P.2d at 177-78. We concluded that the defendant exhibited a lack of interest in moving her case to trial, which should be considered in the Barker balancing process. Williams-Rusch, 928 P.2d at 178 (citations omitted). In contrast, Keating's omnibus hearing was held less than three months after he was originally charged and the April 8, 1996, trial date set at that hearing was only 137 days after the complaint was filed in Justice Court. No speedy trial implications arose at that time and, as a result, Keating's failure to object to the trial date set at the omnibus hearing is not a proper consideration in this case.
We conclude that Keating's delay in asserting his right to a speedy trial until the morning of trial indicates his lack of an actual interest in moving the case to trial and, as a result, we weigh this factor against him. This factor is not determinative, however, since his motion was technically timely, and it is necessary to complete the Barker balancing process by considering the final factor.
*258 Prejudice to the Defendant
The final factor which must be analyzed under the Barker test is prejudice to the defendant. Prejudice is assessed in light of three interests which the speedy trial right was designed to protect: prevention of oppressive pretrial incarceration; minimization of anxiety and concern; and avoidance of impairment of the defense. Matthews, 894 P.2d at 288 (citation omitted). While each interest is important, impairment of the defense is the most critical. Matthews, 894 P.2d at 288 (citation omitted).
With regard to pretrial incarceration, Keating was held in the Missoula County jail for approximately thirty days while awaiting a bond hearing and before posting bond. He does not contend that this constituted oppressive pretrial incarceration. Moreover, it appears that Keating's incarceration pending a bond hearing resulted from the District Court's order revoking an earlier bond in the pending assault and drug case, since the Justice Court set bond in the present case at $100,000 when it issued the arrest warrant. When a defendant is incarcerated on separate charges, the pretrial incarceration does not result in prejudice in the case at bar. Lane, 927 P.2d at 992 (citations omitted). On this record, Keating's incarceration was neither oppressive nor prejudicial.
With regard to anxiety and concern, we have recognized that a certain amount of anxiety and concern is inherent in being charged with a criminal offense. State v. Weeks (1995), 270 Mont. 63, 73, 891 P.2d 477, 483 (citation omitted). We also have indicated that the anxiety and concern to be assessed under the Barker test is anxiety and concern which was "aggravated as a result of the delay." Williams-Rusch, 928 P.2d at 178. "[S]ince it is nearly impossible for the State to prove that anxiety and concern do not exist, the State's burden to show a lack of anxiety becomes considerably lighter in the absence of more than marginal evidence of anxiety." Williams-Rusch, 928 P.2d at 178 (citations omitted).
Here, Keating's argument relating to anxiety and concern focuses on bond-related matters. He contends that the combination of the bond amount and his inability to properly manage his Helena businesses from Butte resulted in financial difficulties which caused him "a great deal of anxiety and concern." He also contends that, as a result of being prohibited from entering Lewis and Clark or Jefferson County, he was separated from his children, missed his daughter's high school graduation and was unable to visit his father, who died while Keating was awaiting trial.
The first problem with Keating's contentions is that they relate to bond matters rather than anxiety and concern aggravated by the delay in bringing this case to trial. We will not address the merits of those bondrelated matters in the context of the speedy trial analysis.
Furthermore, the main thrust of Keating's anxiety and concern argument is that the living and travel restrictions created financial difficulties and separation from his family. These living and travel restrictions were suggested by Keating himself, however, to encourage the District Court to set bond in light of what the District Court characterized as "bizarre" behavior and of threats he had made to and against various people in Lewis and Clark and Jefferson Counties while free on bond in the assault and drug case. We will not allow Keating to rely on bond conditions he proposed to his own benefit at the time they were imposed to establish anxiety and concern in the speedy trial context where, as here, it is clear that the difficulties those conditions caused were entirely predictable.
In addition, with specific regard to Keating's contentions regarding his father and his daughter, Keating's father died in January of 1996, long before any speedy trial time or delay problems arose in this case. Moreover, by the time of Keating's daughter's graduation, the District Court had lifted the travel restrictions on several occasions in response to timely motions. That Keating failed to timely request such a modification for purposes of his daughter's graduation cannot constitute anxiety and concern aggravated by the delay in bringing this case to trial.
*259 Here, there is no evidence that Keating suffered excessive anxiety and concern as a result of the delay in bringing this case to trial. We will not hold the State to the nearly impossible task of proving that anxiety and concern do not exist. See Foshee, 938 P.2d at 606.
Finally, we consider the most critical of the prejudice-related interests the speedy trial right was designed to protect: whether Keating's defense was impaired by the delay. See Matthews, 894 P.2d at 288. As set forth above, once the delay has been determined to be presumptively prejudicial, the State has the burden of rebutting the presumption of prejudice. Tweedy, 922 P.2d at 1138. This does not necessarily mean, however, that the State has the burden of coming forward first. Indeed, in addressing the impairment of the defense interest, our recent cases indicate that the defendant ordinarily must come forward with some evidence that the defense was impairedthat is, prejudicedas a result of the delay. See, e.g., Foshee, 938 P.2d at 605-07; Lane, 927 P.2d at 993; Tweedy, 922 P.2d at 1139; Matthews, 894 P.2d at 288-89. From a practical standpoint, it would be virtually impossible for the State to rebut presumed prejudice from an allegedly impaired defense without some showing by the defendant of actual impairment resulting in prejudice. Thus, we look first at the evidence Keating presented in support of his allegation that his defense was impaired by the delay in bringing his case to trial.
Keating's primary thrust in this regard was that the delay resulted in the unavailability of testimony from his father and two other witnesses to buttress his defense at trial that his threat was a reaction to past harassment by local law enforcement agencies. He also contended that he could remember the events at issue only vaguely.
The record is clear, however, that Keating's father died prior to the original trial date for this case. Thus, the later trial date did not impair Keating's defense in this regard. Similarly, the alleged impairment of the defense due to the unavailability of two other unidentified witnesses is controverted by Keating's own testimony, at the hearing on his speedy trial motion, that approximately fifty witnesses could testify to the harassment he allegedly experienced from local law enforcement. Absent some indication that the unavailable witnesses could provide unique information not obtainable from other witnesses, the unavailability of two witnesses out of fifty cannot constitute prejudice.
Finally, although Keating testified that he only vaguely remembered the events in question, he testified affirmatively at trial as to his purpose in making the threat. Nor did he deny that he made the threat on which the charge was based. While Keating's memory may not have been as clear in August of 1996 as it would have been in April of 1996, he made no showing of how that impaired his defense. Taking the minimal evidence Keating presented together with the State's record-based arguments, we conclude that Keating's defense was not impaired by the delay.
In summary, although the delay itself and the reason for it weigh against the State, they do not weigh heavily in this case. Keating's delay in asserting his right, however, indicates his lack of an actual interest in moving the case to trial. Moreover, Keating did not experience either oppressive pretrial incarceration or excessive anxiety and concern resulting from the delay in bringing his case to trial. Nor did he make a showing of actual impairment to his defense. Thus, while the District Court erred in concluding that Keating's motion to dismiss was untimely, a balancing of the Barker factors necessitates our conclusion that Keating's right to a speedy trial has not been violated in this case. We hold, therefore, that the District Court did not err in denying Keating's motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial.
2. Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it denied Keating's motion for a directed verdict?
The State charged Keating with threats in official matters under § 45-7-102(1)(a)(i), MCA (1995), which provides:
(1) A person commits an offense under this section if the person purposely or knowingly: (a)(i) threatens harm to any *260 person ... with the purpose to influence the person's decision, opinion, recommendation, vote, or other exercise of discretion as a public servant, party official, or voter[.]
In the context of this case, it was necessary for the State to prove that Keating: 1) purposely or knowingly 2) threatened harm to law enforcement officers 3) for the purpose of influencing their exercise of discretion. Keating moved for a directed verdict at the end of the State's case, arguing that the State did not establish that his threat to kill officers coming on his property to serve process was made for the purpose of influencing an exercise of discretion. The District Court denied the motion.
A district court's decision to grant or deny a motion for a directed verdict lies within its sound discretion and will not be overturned absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Romannose (1997), 281 Mont. 84, 88, 931 P.2d 1304, 1307 (citation omitted). "We review a trial court's denial of a motion for a directed verdict to determine whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Romannose, 931 P.2d at 1307 (citation omitted).
Keating argues that the State failed to prove two elements of the offense of threats in official matters. First, he contends that the deputies were not involved in a discretionary duty when they attempted to serve him with civil process because sheriff's deputies have a statutory duty to serve civil process and Rule 4 D, M.R.Civ.P., mandates the manner in which that duty is to be performed. Keating also argues that his threat was not made for the purpose of influencing an exercise of discretion. Interspersed throughout both of his arguments is Keating's notion that he should have been charged with intimidation rather than threats in official matters, and it is appropriate to dispose of this theory before addressing whether the District Court erred in denying the motion for a directed verdict.
A person commits the statutory offense of intimidation when:
with the purpose to cause another to perform or to omit the performance of any act, he communicates to another, under circumstances which reasonably tend to produce a fear that it will be carried out, a threat to perform without lawful authority any of the following acts: (a) inflict physical harm on the person threatened[.]
Section 45-5-203(1)(a), MCA (1995). Thus, it may be true that the charge of intimidation was available to the State in this case. The law is clear, however, that "when the facts of a case support a possible charge of more than one crime, the crime to be charged is a matter of prosecutorial discretion." State v. Smaage (1996), 276 Mont. 94, 98, 915 P.2d 192, 194-95 (citation omitted); see also State v. Arlington (1994), 265 Mont. 127, 165, 875 P.2d 307, 330 (citations omitted). As a result, the fact that a different offense could have been charged has no bearing on whether the State presented evidence from which a rational trier of fact could find the elements of the offense of threats in official matters under § 45-7-102(1)(a)(i), MCA (1995), beyond a reasonable doubt. See Smaage, 915 P.2d at 195 (citation omitted).
Keating's primary argument is that service of process is not a discretionary function which can serve as the basis for a charge of threats in official matters under § 45-7-102(1)(a)(i), MCA (1995). Notwithstanding Keating's repeated use of the term "discretionary function," however, § 45-7-102(1)(a)(i), MCA (1995), defining threats in official matters, speaks to a threat made for the purpose of influencing an "exercise of discretion" by a public servant; it does not speak to a "discretionary function." Therefore, the fact that service of process is a statutory duty under § 7-32-2121(9), MCA(1995), rather than a "discretionary function," does not relate to the issue of whether service of process involves an exercise of discretion under § 45-7-102(1)(a)(i), MCA (1995).
We have defined discretion as involving "the power of choice among several courses of action, each of which is considered permissible." Sourdough v. Board of County Com'rs (1992), 253 Mont. 325, 327, 833 P.2d *261 207, 208 (citation omitted). As a result, if service of process involves "the power of choice among several courses of action," then service of process by the sheriff's deputies involves an exercise of discretion which can serve as the basis for a charge of threats in official matters.
Rule 4 D, M.R.Civ.P., governs service of process in Montana. In the case of personal service within the state, it simply requires that the person, or that person's designated agent, be personally served by delivery of a copy of the summons and complaint. Rule 4 D(2)(a), M.R.Civ.P. The Rule neither requires nor prohibits service at any particular time or place. Under Rule 4 D, then, deputies generally can accomplish personal service of process wherever and whenever the person to be served can be found.
Indeed, the record in this case reflects that the Sheriff's Department uses a variety of discretionary methods of serving process. On some occasions, the person to be served is asked to come in and pick up the process; alternatively, deputies may serve the person at the person's residence or some other location. Deputy Shamley testified that he had served process on Keating outside the courtroom, rather than at his residence, on a previous occasion. He also testified that a dangerous situation could cause him to decide not to serve civil process at a person's residence at all. Finally, he testified that he took Keating's threat seriously in this case and, as a result, directed that a minimum of two officers be present when efforts were made to serve civil process on Keating.
Based on the requirements of Rule 4 D, M.R.Civ.P., and Deputy Shamley's testimony that discretion is exercised in determining where and when process will be served, it is clear that service of process involves the power of choice among several courses of action. On that basis, we conclude that service of process involves an "exercise of discretion" under § 45-7-102(1)(a)(i), MCA (1995).
Keating's final argument is that the State did not establish that his threat that law enforcement officers coming on to his property "may be killed" was made for the purpose of influencing an exercise of discretion. He contends, in this regard, that he did not know the deputies were at his residence on the evening of November 22, 1995, to serve him with process, so his telephone threat later that evening was not an attempt to influence how that service was accomplished.
Deputy Peterson testified, however, that he told Keating he "had some papers to serve on him." Deputy Shamley corroborated that testimony by testifying that he heard Deputy Peterson so advise Keating. According to Deputy Peterson, Keating started yelling when told the purpose of the deputies' visit, telling Deputy Peterson he was trespassing and must leave. The deputies left without accomplishing service of process and Keating made his telephone threat shortly thereafter. Moreover, Keating himself testified that, if he knew civil papers were to be served on him and the Sheriff's Department called him, he would go to the Sheriff's Department to pick them up. The evidence regarding Keating's awareness of the deputies' reason for being at his residence, his insistence that he would pick up any papers to be served on him at the Sheriff's Department, and his threat after the deputies attempted to serve him with process was sufficient to permit the jury to infer that Keating purposely or knowingly threatened the deputies with the purpose to influence their exercise of discretion regarding where and when to accomplish service of process on him.
We conclude that, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense of threats in official matters beyond a reasonable doubt. We hold, therefore, that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Keating's motion for a directed verdict.
Affirmed.
TURNAGE, C.J., and NELSON, REGNIER and HUNT, JJ., concur.