Lead Opinion
I. Introduction
This month marks the fiftieth anniversary of the United States Supreme Court’s landmark decision, Miranda v. Arizona,
The Miranda advisement provides “concrete constitutional guidelines for law enforcement agencies and courts to follow.”
In this appeal, we decide whether an arres-tee not advised of his Miranda rights was “interrogated” in the constitutional sense. Briefly stated, Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant Gregory Kazanas (“Kazanas”) was charged with one count of Criminal Property Damage in the First Degree and one count of Unauthorized Entry into Motor Vehicle in the First Degree (“UEMV”). The charges stemmed from events alleged to have taken place on Halloween 2011. Kazanas was accused of breaking the back windshield of a car then reaching through the driver’s side open window to punch the driver in the face. Kazanas was identified by the complaining witness and arrested. The Honolulu Police Department (“HPD”) police officer assigned to accompany Kazanas to Queen’s Medical Center knew the reason for the arrest. In an apparent effort to make small talk and calm Kazanas down, she asked him how his Halloween went. During the conversation, Kazanas stated, “If people didn’t upset me, I wouldn’t have to punch them.” The statement was admitted at trial, and Kazanas was ultimately convicted of UEMV.
We hold that, although the officer testified that she did not intend her small talk to provoke an incriminating response, she “should have known that her words were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the person in custody.” State v. Joseph,
On certiorari, Kazanas also argues that the circuit court abused its discretion in admitting prior bad act evidence that Kazanas had run, jumped, and punched two people in 2007 and punched another person in the face, arms, and legs, then struck her in the face with a cane in 2006, incidents that occurred
In sum, the ICA erred in concluding that Razanas’s statement was not procured in violation of his Miranda rights and therefore admissible. The ICA also erred in concluding that the circuit court properly permitted the State to introduce evidence of Razanas’s 2006 prior bad acts. Therefore, the ICA’s Judgment on Appeal and the Circuit Court of the First Circuit’s
II. Background
A. Indictment and Pre-Trial Motions
On November 3, 2011, Razanas was charged by Indictment of one count of Criminal Property Damage in the First Degree, in violation of Hawai'i Revised Statutes (“HRS”) § 708-820(1)(a) (2014)
Kazanas filed his Motion in Limine # 1 seeking exclusion of the following evidence:
(a) Testimonial or documentary evidence relating to the defendant’s prior criminal record, including any reference to defendant’s conviction and being placed on probation in CR. NO. 06-1-0995; and
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(c) Statements made by the defendant to Honolulu Police Officer CHRISTY-LYNN AVILLA on November 1, 1011[sic] at approximately 0050 hours at the Queen’s Medical Center ...
Before trial, the State filed its Notice of Intent to Use Evidence of Prior Acts. Specifically, the State sought to admit evidence of (1) a 2007 assault in the third degree conviction, stemming from an incident in which Razanas and another person attacked two men from behind, then ran from police and jumped a fence; and (2) a 2006 abuse of family or household member conviction, stemming from an incident in which Razanas ambushed his ex-girlfriend in her apartment; punched her on her face, arms, and legs; and struck her in the face with a cane.
Before trial, the State also filed a Motion to Determine the Voluntariness of Defendant’s Statement to the Police. The motion sought orders from the court
1. Finding and concluding that the statements made by Defendant Gregory A. Ra-zanas ... to Officer Christy-Lynn Avilla ... on November 1, 2011, were voluntarily made.
2. Prohibiting the defense from commenting upon or making reference to the substance of Defendant’s statement to the police, unless the prosecution first introduces evidence of the same.
The specific statements Razanas made to Officer Avilla were, “I wouldn’t have to punch people if they didn’t upset me,” and
Immediately before trial, the circuit court held a hearing on the State’s motion. Officer Avilla testified as follows: She transported Razanas to Queen’s Medical Center in the early morning hours of November 1, 2011. Razanas was transported to the hospital because he had injuries on his right hand. Officer Avilla told Razanas “multiple times” that he was under arrest for UEMV, first when she handcuffed him, next during transport, and lastly at the hospital. Although she did not inform him that he had the right to remain silent, she did tell him, upon his arrest, “that he was not allowed to talk about the case or say anything about what he had been arrested for.”
She further testified that at the hospital, Razanas began “making comments that were rude and other patients could hear it....” Avilla moved Razanas to an HPD room within the hospital. Avilla and Razanas sat about six feet away from each other, with Razanas in handcuffs. Although Officer Avilla did not detect alcohol on Razanas’s breath, his “demeanor made it seem that he was under the influence of something....”
In order to “help him calm down and get his mind off of saying ... rude things,” she began asking Razanas “questions about if he enjoyed Halloween that night, what kind of costumes did he see, but nothing along the lines in reference to the investigation....” Officer Avilla testified she did not know what his responses would be.
According to Officer Avilla, it was Razanas who decided to “spontaneously utter[], ‘If people didn’t upset me, I wouldn’t have to punch them.’ ” She further testified that Razanas’s statement was not in response to any questions she asked him. Although she was not sure how much time had passed between her small talk questions and his statements, Officer Avilla testified that his statements were made “just out of the blue, that was out of context of what we were talking about,” referring to the conversation about Halloween and costumes. After Raza-nas made his statement, Officer Avilla told him “his case was still under investigation and to stop what he was saying, because it could be used against him in a court of law.” Razanas then apologized; about a minute or so later, he then stated, “If you didn’t catch me now, you would have caught me for something else later.”
The circuit court granted in part and denied in part the State’s Motion to Determine Voluntariness of Defendant’s Statement to the Police. The court granted the motion in part, finding that “Defendant’s statement to Officer Avilla, ‘I wouldn’t have to punch people if they didn’t upset me’ was a voluntary statement and is admissible.” The circuit court excluded, however, Razanas’s second statement to Officer Avilla (“If you didn’t catch me now for this, you would have caught me later for something else”); the circuit court reasoned that the statement, while voluntary, was unfairly prejudicial to Razanas.
The circuit court also took up the State’s notice of intent to use Razanas’s prior bad acts, namely the 2007 assault and a 2006 abuse of family or household member arrests that led to convictions. The circuit court precluded use of Razanas’s prior bad acts but stated that it would revisit its ruling if the defense opened the door to that evidence.
B. Trial Testimony
1. The State’s Case in Chief
The State called former HPD Police Officer James Easley. He testified that he saw Razanas dressed as a knight on Halloween in Waikiki. He recognized Razanas from his police officer days. Years before (in 2005), Easley had responded to the Aloha Surf Hotel after Razanas had fallen from a ninth floor balcony. When Easley arrived, Raza-nas was still coherent. Easley testified he would never forget Razanas’s name or face because the incident had an impact upon him.
Easley testified that he saw Razanas, who was holding something in his hand, “str[ike] the back window of a white sedan that was stopped there in traffic, shattering the glass.” Razanas then “ran around to the front of the car and he jumped on the hood of the ear, kind of rolling on over, and then he approached the driver’s side window of the vehicle and began punching the driver through the .,. open window.” After the
The State then called complaining witness Geoffrey Ross. He testified that it was about midnight on Halloween when he was driving on Kuhio Avenue with friends, to see “the craziness, the festivities, what people were doing.” Ross testified that a group of about a dozen or two dozen people ran across the street in front of the car. They were running to observe a fist fight. “Out of the blue,” Ross testified, “one more person [came] charging across the street ... and ran headlong into the right front corner of the car....” Ross wondered if the person was injured, when the person “[a]ll of a sudden ... bounee[d] up and continued] right through ... to where the fight was.” Ross sensed that people who had just witnessed what happened thought he was “a person who had just hit a pedestrian” and “converged on the ear to accuse [him]” and stop him from getting away.
As he slowly moved his car over to the curb, a crowd of people began yelling, pounding on the windows of the car, and rocking the car. Someone broke the back windshield, but Ross could not see who it was; Ross had a passenger in the back seat at the time. Someone with heavy shoes or boots was also on the hood of the car, stomping against the windshield in an attempt to eraek it. That person “hopped off to the left side of the ear” and came up to Ross’s open window. He “encircle[d Ross’s] neck and h[e]ld onto it, and then-with the one arm, and then with the other ... punch[ed] the side of [Ross’s] face with a closed fist.” Ross was struck “two, three times” to the “[l]eft side cheek and ear area, jaw.”
After the attack, Ross drove slowly up Kuhio Avenue towards some police cars and reported the incident. Not long after the incident, Ross was taken to do a drive-by identification of the suspect. He was “[a]s certain as [he] could be” that he identified Razanas as his assailant during the drive-by identification. On cross-examination, Ross testified that he “didn’t believe that” the person who punched him was “the person who broke the glass because [he] couldn’t see how a person could break the glass and in that short of a time ... then appear on the front of the ear.”
The State next called Officer Avilla, who had been with HPD for five years at the time of trial. She testified that on Halloween night in 2011, she was on patrol when she was instructed to stand by Razanas on Kuhio Avenue to await a field show-up identification. After a positive identification was made, Razanas was placed under arrest. Officer Avilla’s role was to transport Razanas to Queen’s Medical Center. She noticed Ra-zanas had cuts, scrapes, and redness on his right hand.
At the hospital, Razanas “was being rude and saying things that were verbally offensive to other people in the area,” so Officer Avilla moved him to the HPD patient room away from other patients. In order to “take his mind off of what he was saying,” she engaged Razanas in conversation. Officer Avilla “ask[ed] him how was his Halloween, did he enjoy the costumes, things along that matter, but never about the investigation.” Razanas then stated, “If people didn’t upset me, I wouldn’t have to punch them.” Officer Avilla testified that Razanas made the statement even though she “was not asking him anything about the investigation.” She then immediately told Razanas “that whatever he said can be used against him in a court of law, and to stop what he was saying.”
2. The Defense’s Case in Chief
Kazanas’s defense was, not only did he not commit the offenses, he was physically incapable of committing the offenses. Razanas called his friends Simon Farrington and Hans Kolbisen, who were both with him on Halloween. Both testified that Razanas was not the person who broke the car windshield and punched the driver.
Razanas also testified in his own defense. He stated that a group of friends met at his house before heading into Waikiki on Halloween night. Razanas was briefly separated from the group. During the time he was separated, someone drop-kicked him to the ground. He explained that red marks on his knuckles were the result of his labored attempts
During this part of his testimony, Razanas elaborated on his physical condition. According to Razanas, his “wrist doesn’t bend back ... [due to] a double compound fracture from falling off the nine-story building,” and his right arm cannot extend beyond 90 degrees. Due to the limitations in his wrist and right arm, Razanas was “unable to get to the upright position placing both of [his] hands on the ground, so [he had] to use [his] knuckles [to] push [himself] off up the ground....” His right leg also does not bend beyond 90 degrees. He explained that the nine-story fall resulted in “four lumbar vertebrae [shattering], double compound fractures on [his] wrists, double compound fractures on both of [his] thighs and both of [his] shins, and broke[n] ,.. arms and elbows and shoulders. ...” Razanas recalled that he was in a “medically-induced coma for three weeks [and] three weeks in recovery, in traction. ...”
He resumed his testimony about Halloween night, stating that after he got up from being drop-kicked, he “shuffled away” because he “can’t run.” Razanas then returned to his group of friends and witnessed the incident involving Ross. Razanas testified that he was not the one who smashed the car’s back window. He also testified that he did not jump on the hood of the car, because he would only have been able to “crawl up onto the hood” because he “can’t jump.” He elaborated, “My legs restrict me to jump. I have about 37 screws and seven rods in my legs from my hips to my feet; it’s like I’m wearing a pair of steel-toe boots all the time. I can barely jump an inch or two off the ground.”
Razanas also denied reaching into the car to punch Ross; he testified, “I wouldn’t have been able to reach into the car ... I have limited range of motion on my arm, my right arm specifically.” Razanas explained that he has “calcium deposits in [his] elbow restricting any movement,” as well as calcium deposits in his knee that render him barely able to “walk up a set of steps without kicking the top rung.” Razanas characterized himself as “disabled.” Razanas stated that when the incident was over, he walked away.
When asked why he told Officer Avilla, “I wouldn’t have to punch people if they didn’t upset me,” Razanas explained that he was “under stress” and “was just speculating to the fact that [the police officers] said that I was under arrest for an assault.” On cross-examination, Razanas affirmatively answered the State’s question that he “couldn’t have done this attack because [he] physically can’t attack a person....”
As a result of Razanas’s testimony that he was not physically capable of committing the charged offenses, the State sought to revisit the issue of Razanas’s prior bad acts. The State argued that Razanas “opened the door” to the admission of prior bad act evidence when he argued that he was physically incapable of breaking the car windshield and punching Ross because of injuries he suffered from the nine-story fall. The defense counter-argued that the prior bad acts were dissimilar to the acts for which Razanas was on trial: first, Razanas was the one injured in the 2007 assault; second, the 2006 abuse of family or household member involved Ra-zanas’s striking someone with a walking stick, and there was no allegation in the instant case that Razanas struck anyone with an implement.
The circuit court allowed the admission of the prior bad act evidence as follows:
[W]hat is abundantly clear in the record thus far is that Mr. Razanas as a result of the injuries that he sustained in 2005 from the fall from the ninth floor lanai of I believe it’s the Aloha Surf ... that he sustained some very serious and significant injuries that rendered him essentially and in his words disabled and physically incapable of engaging in certain types of physical conduct or actions.
And so given that, the State’s request to question the defendant regarding these prior incidents is not the typical situation where it’s going to some sort of 404(b) type of purpose such as to establish intent, knowledge, modus operandi, absence of mistake, any of those things. In this particular instance, the Court believes that the information that is contained within theState’s notice, at least selected and very limited portions of it, would appear to be relevant to the jury’s assessment of the defendant’s, number one, his credibility, because he’s made statements here in court that he doesn’t have certain physical capabilities, yet as documented in these reports there are several references to him punching individuals, to him running away, to him jumping .., and to the extent that the fact that there is contrary evidence that would bear upon the credibility of the defendant’s testimony, clearly that would be relevant.
Also, it would be relevant just squarely on the issue of whether he has these physical capabilities or not. It’s up to the jury to decide. I’m not going to decide. But this evidence in that limited capacity would appear to be appropriate.
The circuit court also noted that it was “absolutely crucial ... that a cautionary instruction would have to be given....” The circuit court further warned the State that the “only thing that [it was] going to be permitted to ask the defendant are things that related to his physical actions in those prior incidents,” as related in the respective police reports, but not the facts of arrest or conviction. The circuit court also noted for the record that it performed a HRE Rule 403 balancing test and “believe[d] the probative value of the proffered evidence as limited by the Court outweigh[ed] any concern of any unfair or substantial prejudice to the defendant.”
Before the State cross-examined Kazanas on his prior bad acts, the circuit court instructed the jury as follows:
You may hear evidence relating to one or more prior incidents involving the defendant. This evidence is admitted for a specific limited purpose and only may be considered by you as bearing upon the credibility of the defendant and whether the defendant may or may not have certain physical capabilities.
You are specifically instructed that you may not consider this evidence as establishing any violent or bad character of the defendant, or that it proves that he acted in conformity therewith during the events underlying the alleged offenses in this case.
You are prohibited from considering this evidence on any other issue or for any other purpose besides what the Court has ordered.
The State then cross-examined Kazanas about these prior bad acts, which Kazanas acknowledged happened after his 2005 fall. Kazanas admitted that in 2007, he ran “as fast as [he could]” down the street after two men before jumping over a waist-high picket fence. Then he and another individual punched the two men in the face. Kazanas also admitted that in 2006, he struck a woman in the face with his cane and punched her on the face, arms, and legs.
On redirect examination, Kazanas testified that he used a cane to get around after his nine-story fall. With regard to the punching incidents, Kazanas testified that he punched with his left arm because his right arm was in a cast. He also testified that in the 2007 incident, he and another individual were punching a person who had assaulted him earlier.
3. Verdict
The jury acquitted Kazanas of Count 1 (Criminal Property Damage in the First Degree) and convicted Kazanas of Count 2 (UEMV). The circuit court entered a Judgment of Acquittal as to Count 1, and a Judgment of Conviction of Probation Sentence as to Count 2. Kazanas was sentenced to five years’ probation, with a special condition of 90 days’ imprisonment. Kazanas timely appealed.
C. ICA Appeal
On appeal, Kazanas raised two points of error:
A. The trial court erred in allowing Defendant’s statement to Officer Avilla into evidence.
B. The trial court erred in allowing prior incidents involving the Defendant into evidence.
In a published opinion, a majority of the ICA affirmed Kazanas’s Judgment of Conviction of Probation Sentence, rejecting both of
1. Admission of Statement to Officer
As to Kazanas’s argument that his incriminating statement should have been suppressed at trial, the ICA held the following:
We conclude that Officer Avilla did not subject Kazanas to “interrogation” for purposes of Miranda and that Kazanas’s statement was not in response to “interrogation” by the Officer. Therefore, the absence of prior Miranda warnings by Officer Avilla did not provide a basis to suppress Kazanas’s spontaneous and volunteered statement. Under the circumstances presented, we hold that the trial court properly permitted the State to introduce Kazanas’s statement at trial.
The ICA observed, “The United States Supreme Court defines ‘interrogation’ for Miranda purposes as referring to ‘express questioning or its functional equivalent.’ ” Id. (citing Rhode Island v. Innis,
The ICA then examined Ikaika, a case in which this court held that the defendant was not subjected to interrogation.
Analogizing Ikaika to the instant case, the ICA concluded, “under the totality of the circumstances, that Kazanas’s statement, ‘If people didn’t upset me, I wouldn’t have to punch them,’ was volunteered, unsolicited, and spontaneous, and was not in response to any interrogation by Officer Avilla.” Kazanas,
Judge Foley dissented.
Judge Foley then analogized Kazanas’s ease to Ketchum, a case in which this court held that police officers who asked a detainee for his home address should have reasonably known that asking the question would elicit an incriminating response, as the detainee lived at a residence, which was identified in a search warrant, in which drugs had just been found. Id. (Foley, J., dissenting) (citing Ketchum,
2. Admission of Prior Bad Acts
As to Kazanas’s second point of error, the ICA held “that the trial court did not err in permitting the State to introduce prior incidents involving Kazanas that were relevant to his physical capabilities, after Kazanas opened the door to such evidence.”
III. Standards of Review
A. Violation of Miranda Rights
Whether an accused’s right against self-incrimination under the Hawaii constitution was protected through the use of a Miranda warning is a question of constitutional law, which this court reviews de novo under the right/wrong standard. State v. Jenkins,
B. HRE Rules 404(b) and 403
“Prior bad act” evidence under [HRE] Rule 404(b) ... is admissible when it is 1) relevant and 2) more probative than prejudicial. A trial court’s determinationthat evidence is “relevant” within the meaning of HRE Rule 401 ... is reviewed under the right/wrong standard of review. However, a trial court's balancing of the probative value of prior bad act evidence against the prejudicial effect of such evidence under HRE Rule 403 ... is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion occurs when the court clearly exceeds the bounds of reason or disregards rules or principles of law to the substantial detriment of a party litigant.
State v. Behrendt,
IV. Discussion
A. Kazanas’s Right against Self-Incrimination Was Violated.
On certiorari, Kazanas argues, “There [were] no exigent circumstances nor legitimate purpose for Officer Avilla to engage in such conversation with Petitioner Kazanas while in her custody which involved ‘Halloween’ events which were related to the circumstances of his arrest.” Kazanas argues that Officer Avilla, who had five years’ experience with HPD at the time of Kazanas’s arrest, “should have known that such conversation was reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from Petitioner Kaza-nas.” The State, in its Response, counter-argues that Kazanas “seems to have omitted numerous crucial details that are part of the ‘totality of the circumstances’ surrounding his utterance.” The State endorses the ICA majority’s detailing of the totality of the circumstances, as well as its conclusions that Officer Avilla’s questions did not constitute interrogation and that Kazanas’s statement was volunteered.
The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, in relevant part, that no person “shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself....” Similarly, Article I, section 10 of the Hawaii Constitution provides, in relevant part, that “[n]o person shall ... be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself.” This section of the Hawaii Constitution “provides ‘an independent source’ from that of the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution for the ‘protections which the United States Supreme Court enumerated’ in Miranda. ...” Ketchum,
A critical safeguard is the Miranda warning: an accused must be “warned that he or she had a right to remain silent, that anything said could be used against him or her, that he or she had a right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he or she could not afford an attorney one would be appointed for him or her.” Ketchum,
We have held that the “Miranda rule” is a “constitutionally prescribed rule of evidence that requires the prosecution to lay a sufficient foundation” before adducing at trial evidence of statements made by a defendant subjected to custodial interrogation.
There is no dispute that Razanas, who was under arrest by the time Officer Avilla engaged him in conversation about Halloween, was “in custody”; therefore, we examine whether Officer Avilla’s Halloween questions constituted “interrogation.”
As a preliminary matter, we clarify that determining whether “interrogation” has taken place is not measured by the “totality of the circumstances,” as Ketchum held; rather, “interrogation” occurs when police know or should know that their words or actions are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect, as Innis held. The United States Supreme Court in Innis addressed the situation, similar to this case, in which a defendant was in custody, and the only question was whether the police officers “interrogated” him. In other words, the Court did not address the meaning of “custodial interrogation” as a single integrated determinant in applying Miranda; rather, the court addressed only the meaning of the “interrogation” prong under Miranda. See
This court first adopted the Innis definition of “interrogation” in State v. Paahana,
To be considered custodial interrogation, an officer’s questions or actions must be of such a nature that would “ ‘subjugate the individual to the will of his examiner’ and thereby undermine the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination.” Rhode Island v. Innis,446 U.S. 291 , 299 [100 S.Ct. 1682 ,64 L.Ed.2d 297 ] (1980) (quoting Miranda v. Arizona,384 U.S. 436 , 457-58 [86 S.Ct. 1602 ,16 L.Ed.2d 694 ] (1966)). In determining ivhether the defendant’s statement was made in a custodial context, the totality of circumstances must be considered, inchiding the time, place and length of the interrogation, the nature of the questions asked, the conduct of the police at the time of the interrogation, and any other pertinent factors. See State v. Melemai,64 Haw. 479 , 481,643 P.2d 541 , 544 (1982), State v. Sugimoto,62 Haw. 259 , 265,614 P.2d 386 , 391 (1980), State v. Patterson,59 Haw. 357 , 361,581 P.2d 752 , 755 (1978). In determining whether an officer’s questions constitute interrogation, the test is whether the officer should have knovm that his words and actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from defendant. Innis,446 U.S. at 301 [100 S.Ct. 1682 ].
Paahana,
In Melemai, a jogger was struck by a pickup truck.
Since defendant was “interrogated” within the meaning of Miranda, the determinative issue is whether defendant was in custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way. This determination is to be made by objectively appraising the totality of the circumstances. These include the place and time of the interrogation, the length of the interrogation, the nature of the questions asked, the conduct of the police, and all other relevant circumstances.
Similarly, Sugimoto involved police questioning of an individual who voluntarily came to the police station to speak about a crime and who was not, at that time, a suspect and was not Mirandized.
To determine whether custodial interrogation occurred and Miranda warnings were required, we must objectively examine the totality of the circumstances at the time of the questioning. Factors for our consideration include the time and place of the interrogation, the length of the interrogation, the questions asked, the behavior of the police officer, and any other pertinent circumstances ... We hold that the fact that the questioning occurred in the police station is but one factor, albeit an important one, in deciding whether the defendant-appellant was in custody when he was questioned.
Id. (emphasis added).
Lastly, Patterson involved investigative questioning by the police when they encountered the defendant at the scene of a burglary in progress.
Where the police, prior to questioning the individual, are in possession of facts sufficient to effect an arrest without a warrant based upon probable cause, it is less likely that the person confronted would be allowed to come and go as he pleases. The degree of this likelihood may, of course, depend upon the nature and gravity of the offense, as well as other circumstances. In any event, whether the defendant was in custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action for Miranda purposes is to be determined from the totality of the circumstances, objectively appraised. These would include the place and time of the interrogation, the length of the interrogation> the nature of the questions asked, the conduct of the police, and all other relevant circumstances.
We recognize (as did the ICA) that this court stated in Ketchum, “[W]hether a police officer has subjected a person to ‘interrogation’ is determined by objectively assessing the ‘totality of the circumstances.’ ”
The second case cited by Ketchum, Ah Loo, similarly does not support the proposition that the “totality of the circumstances” test is used in determining “interrogation.” Ah Loo involved facts similar to Melemai and Sugimoto, in that a defendant was subjected to on-the-scene express questioning by police. In Ah Loo, the defendant was asked his age by a police officer who encountered him at a scene where underage drinking was suspected.
Further underscoring the fact that Ketchum misstated the test for interrogation, we note that we have used the “totality of the circumstances” test only once since Ketchum’s publication, see State v. Naititi,
There is no need to overrule Ketchum, however, because the case properly “reaffirm[ed Innis’] principle that ‘interrogation’ consists of any express question—or, absent an express question, any words or conduct— that the officer knows or reasonably should know is likely to elicit an incriminating response.”
In this case, in analyzing whether Kazanas was “interrogated,” the majority of the ICA relied heavily upon Ikaika, a case in which this court held that a defendant’s confession that he “shot the haole” to his police lieutenant acquaintance was “of the nature of an unsolicited, spontaneous statement made in the absence of police questioning.”
Rather, Kazanas’s situation is more analogous to Joseph,
Similarly, in Eli, after a defendant had turned himself in for assaulting his daughter, he was arrested but not Mirandized, then invited to give “his side of the story” to an HPD detective in a pre-interview.
Eli and Joseph both involved express police questions about the circumstances giving rise to offenses later charged. Kazanas’s ease differs only in degree.
The Dissent argues that the Innis analysis cannot be performed without a totality of the circumstances review. Dissent at 44,
[T]he term “interrogation” under Miranda refers not only to express questioning but also to any words or actions on the part of the police ... that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect. The latter portion of this definition focuses primarily upon the perceptions of the suspect rather than the intent of the police. This focus reflects the fact that the Miranda safeguards were designed to vest a suspect in custody with an added measure of protection against coercive police practices, without regard to objective proof of the underlying intent of the police.
It is true that the Innis court footnoted that police intent may be relevant where, for example, “a police practice is designed to elicit an incriminating response from the accused,” as it would be “unlikely that the practice will not also be one which the police should have known was reasonably likely to have that effect.”
In short, police intent is one of those circumstances that would not be considered in reviewing a police officer’s words and actions. In this case, the Dissent’s conclusion that Kazanas was not interrogated relies heavily upon Officer Avilla’s testimony about her subjective intent: “that the questions she asked Kazanas were made in an attempt to calm Kazanas down, and were nothing more than small talk that did not have to do with the investigation.” Dissent at 47,
In this case, Officer Avilla took Kazanas alone to HPD’s private room in the hospital. Although she did not expressly ask Kazanas about punching Ross and smashing the car’s rear windshield, she did ask him how his Halloween went. As the ICA dissent points out, Officer Avilla knew how Kazanas’s Halloween went, as she encountered him at the tail end of his night at the field show-up identification, and she was directed to transport him to Queen’s Medical Center after his UEMV arrest, which had occurred about an hour earlier. As such, from Officer Avilla’s stance, it was “reasonably likely” that Kaza-nas would answer the question about how his Halloween went with an incriminating statement about the events leading to Kazanas’s arrest. Therefore, Officer Avilla “should have known that [her] words or actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response’ from the person in custody.” Ketchum,
To conclude that Officer Avilla’s question did not constitute “interrogation” (as the ICA majority and the Dissent have done) would undermine Kazanas’s right against self-incrimination under Article I, Section 10 of the Hawaii Constitution and encourage police officers to engage suspects in custody in non-Mirandized and seemingly harmless conversations about “how their night was going” in the hope that the suspects may make incriminating statements about the events leading up to their arrest. As the United States Supreme Court has observed, the Miranda warning “may serve to make the individual more acutely aware that he is faced with a phase of the adversary system-that he is not in the presence of persons acting solely in his interest.” Miranda,
Lastly, we address the ICA majority’s incomplete statement about confessions:
The use of a criminal defendant’s voluntary statements and admissions as evidence at trial is a critical component of our criminal justice system. Voluntary statements and admissions are reliable. They provide key evidence necessary to solve crimes and facilitate our search for the truth. They provide assurance to the public that the culprit has been brought to justice and promote faith and confidence in our judicial system.
Kazanas,
Kazanas argues on certiorari that “allowing references to the prior aggressive conduct [i.e., punching and striking other persons on separate occasions] was definitely prejudicial and outweighed the probative value relating to Petitioner Kazanas’s phsycial [sic] capabilities.” In other words, Kazanas challenges the circuit court’s weighing of probative value versus prejudicial effect of the evidence under HRE Rule 403.
“[W]hen evidence of other crimes, wrongs, and acts [under HRE Rule 404(b) ] is offered by the prosecution, the problem for the trial court is one ‘of classifying and then balancing[, if necessary] ... the prejudicial impact of the evidence [with] its probative worth.’ ” State v. Castro,
the strength of the evidence as to the commission of the other crime, the similarities between the crimes, the interval of time that has elapsed between the crimes, the need for the evidence, the efficacy of alternative proof, and the degree to which the evidence probably will rouse the jury to overmastering hostility.
Id. (citation omitted).
In its Response, the State argues that the balance of Castro factors tipped in favor of admitting the prior bad act evidence:
The strength of the evidence regarding the prior incidents was relatively substantial inasmuch as [Kazanas] admitted to running jumping, and punching other people. The similarities between [Kazanas’s] conduct at issue in the prior incidents and the conduct in which he engaged while committing the unauthorized entry into the CWs car were readily apparent. The period of time between the prior incidents and the crime the jury convicted [Kazanas] of committing in the instant case also mitigated in favor of allowing the deputy prosecutor to question him about the prior incidents. The instant crime occurred after [Kazanas’s] fall in 2005 while he was allegedly still suffering from the debilitating effects of the fall. The record also reveals that the deputy prosecutor demonstrated a legitimate and compelling need for the evidence regarding the prior incidents, inasmuch as the evidence would refute [Kazanas’s] claim that he “couldn’t have done this attack because [he] physically [could not] attack a person[.]”
Moreover, the record does not reveal and [Kazanas] does not contend that the deputy prosecutor had more effective alternate proof to refute his claim regarding the allegedly lasting and debilitating effects of his fall. Significantly, there is no reason to conclude the evidence regarding the prior incidents “probably rouse[d] the jury to overmastering hostility,” inasmuch as the deputy prosecutor generally limited the questions to that which was reasonably necessary to establish [Kazanas’s] physical abilities.
Further, the State argues that the jury was given a limiting instruction on the use of the prior bad act evidence (immediately before the prosecutor’s questioning of Kazanas about the prior bad acts, as well as at the end of trial), which the jury was presumed to have followed, and which dispelled any potential for unfair prejudice to Kazanas due to the admission of the evidence. The State argues, “[T]he ICA concluded correctly that ‘we cannot say that the Circuit Court abused
In this ease, it is clear that evidence of the 2007 assault was properly admitted under Rule 403 for all the reasons expounded by the State above. The 2007 assault incident involved witness statements that Raza-nas and another individual ran up to two men, punched them in the face, then ran from police, physical acts Razanas testified he was incapable of performing after the 2005 accident. Razanas even jumped a fence in the 2007 incident an attempt to elude the police.
Upon the admission of the evidence of the 2007 assault, however, evidence of the 2006 abuse of family or household member incident was an abuse of discretion. Preliminarily, it should be noted that the 2006 abuse incident involved two sets of prior bad acts occurring contemporaneously: first, the complaining witness stated that Razanas punched her on the face, arms, and legs; second, the complaining witness and another witness stated that Razanas struck the complaining witness on the face with his cane. It is true that the evidence of the 2006 abuse bad acts was strong (based on similar evidence as the 2007 assault incident, namely police reports and witness statements). Ra-zanas’s act of striking the complaining witness in the face with a cane, however, was not similar to the physical acts of punching, running, and jumping that he was accused of in the instant case, and that he denied the physical ability to perform after the 2005 accident. Therefore, the evidence was not needed. Alternative evidence of the 2007 assault incident, which the State was allowed to present, was more efficacious on the issue of Razanas’s physical ability to punch, run, and jump. Moreover, the fact that Razanas struck a woman in the face with his cane earned with it the potential to rouse the jury to overmastering hostility against Razanas. The circuit court, in short, abused its discretion in weighing the probative value versus potential prejudicial effect of the 2006 cane strike bad act evidence.
As to the punches to the complaining witness’s face, arms, and legs in the 2006 abuse incident, while that evidence might have been similar to the punch in the instant case, it was also not needed, as the State already had been allowed to present efficacious, alternative proof of the same physical capabilities (i.e., evidence of the 2007 assault). And again, evidence that Razanas punched a woman in the face, arms, and legs could have potentially roused the jury to overmastering hostility against Razanas. Therefore, the circuit court abused its discretion in weighing the probative value versus potential prejudicial effect of the 2006 punching bad act evidence.
Consequently, the ICA erred when it held that it could not conclude that the circuit court abused its discretion in performing the HRE Rule 403 balancing test. We cannot say that this error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. This case turned on the credibility of the State’s versus Razanas’s witnesses. See Fetelee,
V. Conclusion
Razanas was subjected to interrogation when Officer Avilla asked him about his Halloween. Article I, Section 10 of the Hawai'i Constitution therefore required Officer Avilla to have advised Razanas of his Miranda rights prior to engaging him in the conversation. Further, as his right against self-incrimination was not safeguarded during the conversation with Officer Avilla, Razanas’s statement should have been suppressed. Therefore, the ICA majority erred in holding that Razanas’s statement was voluntary and therefore admissible at tidal. With respect to the 2006 incident, the ICA also erred in concluding that it could not be said that the circuit court abused its discretion in performing its HRE Rule 403 balancing in admitting evidence of Razanas’ prior bad acts. The ICA’s Judgment on Appeal and the circuit court’s Judgment of Conviction of Probation Sentence are vacated, and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Notes
. The Honorable Rom A. Trader presided.
. HRS § 708-820(1)(a) provides, as it did at the time of the alleged offense, "A person commits the offense of criminal property damage in the first degree if by means other than fire ... [t]he person intentionally or knowingly damages property and thereby recklessly places another person in danger of death or bodily injury....”
. HRS § 708-836.5(1) provides, as it did at the time of the alleged offense, "A person commits the offense of unauthorized entry into motor vehicle in the first degree if the person intentionally or knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in a motor vehicle, without being invited, licensed, or otherwise authorized to enter or remain within the vehicle, with the intent to commit a crime against a person or against property rights.”
. The Dissent acknowledges that it relies on only what it sees as an "implicit" application of a "totality of the circumstances” interrogation test in Innis and Ikaika in supporting Ketchum's statement. Dissent at 38,
. Further, the Dissent maintains that we "denounce" the totality of the circumstances test in evaluating whether interrogation has occurred. Dissent at 44, 46,
. The Dissent argues that Joseph and Eli are distinguishable from this case, inter alia, because the pre-interviews in those cases "occurred at the police station in an interview setting,” and "Officer Avilla asked Kazanas general questions about his Halloween while they were waiting at the hospital.” Dissent at 48,
. In Eli, we explained the difference between the Miranda inquiry and the voluntariness inquiry as follows:
It must be emphasized that the Miranda requirement, based on article 1, section 10 of the Hawai'i Constitution, requires warnings to be given prior to questioning in a custodial setting, while constitutional due process, based on article 1, section 5 of the Hawai'i Constitution, requires a statement to be “voluntary” in order to be admissible. "Put differently, if a defendant’s Miranda rights against self-incrimination have been violated, then any resulting statement will be inadmissible at trial as a per se matter, obviating the need for any [voluntary] due process inquiry into whether the defendant’s confession has been coerced[.]’’ "Correlatively, having been properly Miran-dized, if a defendant who is subjected to custodial interrogation makes a statement, then, depending on the circumstances, an inquiry into whether the defendant's right to due process of law has been violated via coercion, may be warranted.”
Eli,
. The Dissent defends the ICA majority’s view that Kazanas’s statement was voluntary, asserting
This case does not involve long periods of isolation or interrogation, an atmosphere of intimidation, or purposeful subjugation of the defendant to the will of the police officer. Furthermore, this case does not involve the “dangers of false confessions” that accompany an intimidating interrogation atmosphere. If anything, the majority’s holding in this case undermines the truth seeking function of the judicial system by suppressing statements that were made without the influence of an interrogation atmosphere. See State v. Flores,131 Hawai'i 43 , 56,314 P.3d 120 , 133 (2013) ("Our courts are ... forums for the discovery of truth.”); see also Miranda,384 U.S. at 478 ,86 S.Ct. 1602 ("Any statement given freely and voluntarily without any compelling influences is, of course, admissible in evidence.”)
Dissent at 49,
Second, the Flores case cited by the Dissent does not stand for the proposition that suppressing statements hinders the truth-seeking function of trial. Rather, Flores held that a jury should be instructed of the option of convicting a defendant of a lesser included offense in order to ascertain the truth and render an accurate verdict.
Lastly, we respectfully believe the Dissent takes the Miranda proposition about voluntary statements out of context. The Miranda quotation goes on to state, "There is no requirement that police stop a person who enters a police station and states &at he wishes to confess a crime, or a person who calls the police to offer a confession or any other statement he desires to make."
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion by
in which RECKTENWALD, C.J., Joins.
Because I believe that a totality of the circumstances review is a necessary element in evaluating whether an interrogation has occurred, and because such a review evidences that Officer Avilla did not subject Kazanas to interrogation, I disagree with the Majority’s holding that Kazanas’s statements should be suppressed. For these reasons, I respectfully dissent from Section IV.A of the Majority’s opinion.
DISCUSSION
I. The Totality of the Circumstances Review is an Appropriate Consideration When Determining Whether an Interrogation Occurred.
“Under Miranda, warnings must be provided when a defendant is (1) in custody, and (2) under interrogation.” State v. Eli,
Hawaii law explicitly provides that the totality of the circumstances should be considered when assessing whether an interrogation has occurred: “[Wjhether a police officer has subjected a person to Interrogation’ is determined by objectively assessing the ‘totality of the circumstances.’ “ State v. Ketchum,
Despite the clear state of Hawaii law on this topic, the Majority concludes that the totality of the circumstances should no longer be considered and that the only question that a court may use in evaluating whether an interrogation took place is whether the police officer should have known that his or her words or actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the person in custody. While I agree that the Majority’s test is the “ultimate question” when determining whether an interrogation has occurred, I believe that the totality of the circumstances must be evaluated in order to answer that question. The Majority’s conclusion not only circumvents this court’s explicit decision in Ketchum, which has been the law in Hawaii for the past fifteen years, but it also finds no basis in case law or practical application.
A. Case Law Supports Using a Totality of the Circumstances Review When Determining Whether an Interrogation Has Occurred.
The Majority correctly notes that the test for whether an interrogation has occurred originated in the United States Supreme Court case Rhode Island v. Innis,
First, the Court expressly noted that “[a]ny knowledge the police may have had concerning the unusual susceptibility of a defendant to a particular form of persuasion might be an important factor in determining whether the police should have known that their words or actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.” Id. at 302 n. 8,
Second, the Court considered the length and content of the conversation between the officers and the suspect in making a determination on whether an interrogation occurred. The Court noted that only a “brief conversation” consisting of “no more than a few off hand remarks” occurred and that this was “not a case where the police carried on a lengthy harangue in the presence of the suspect.” Id. at 303,
Similarly, before Ketchum established that the totality of the circumstances should be considered when evaluating whether an interrogation occurred under Hawai'i law, this court implicitly conducted a totality of the circumstances review in State v. Ikaika,
[T]he Defendant had had previous encounters with law enforcement. He had been arrested, booked and processed for prior offenses and had been advised of his constitutional rights at least twice before. The Defendant had been jailed on an unrelated misdemeanor in April 1981. At that time, he was advised of his Miranda rights by his attorney who specifically informed him that “loose lips sink ships” referring to the inadvisability of speaking to police without an attorney present.
Id. Additionally, this court considered the nature of the officer’s comment, concluding that it was “merely ... a greeting” and noting that the officer had “asked no further questions and made no other remarks.” Id.
Thus, this court’s articulation of the totality of the circumstances review in Ketchum finds a strong basis in the case law of Hawaii and the Supreme Court.
B. It is Impractical to Determine Whether an Interrogation Occurred Without Considering the Totality of the Circumstances Surrounding the Alleged Interrogation.
As the examination of pertinent case law above exhibits, it is impractical, if not impossible, to determine whether an interrogation occurred without considering the totality of the circumstances surrounding the alleged interrogation. I agree with the Majority’s statement that the “touchstone in analyzing whether ‘interrogation’ has taken place is whether the police officer ‘should have known that his [or her] words and actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the defendant.’ “ However, such a question cannot be answered without a totality of the circumstances review. An officer’s words or actions do not occur in a vacuum. The time, place, length of interrogation, nature of questions asked, conduct of the police, behavior of the suspect, and other relevant factors are necessary tools when determining whether the police should have known that their words or actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.
Furthermore, despite their avid and explicit denouncement of the totality of the circumstances review, the Majority implicitly conducts a totality of the circumstances review in this ease before concluding that Officer Avilla subjected Kazanas to an interrogation. For instance, the Majority considers the location of the interrogation, nature of the questions asked by and conduct of Officer Avilla, and the timing of the interrogation when noting the following: “Officer Avilla took Ka-zanas alone to HPD’s private room in the hospital”; “[although [Officer Avilla] did not expressly ask Kazanas about punching Ross and smashing the car’s rear windshield, she did ask him how his Halloween went”; “Officer Avilla knew how Kazanas’s Halloween went, as she encountered him at the tail end of his night at the field show-up identification, and she was directed to transport him to Queen’s Medical Center after his UEMV arrest, which had occurred about an hour earlier,” The Majority’s own analysis of the facts of this case show that it is impractical to determine whether an interrogation has occurred without considering the totality of the circumstances.
In sum, I do not dispute that the “ultimate question” in determining whether the police have interrogated a defendant is whether the officer should have known that his or her words or actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect; however, in order to answer that question, the totality of the circumstances must be evaluated. In this case, the totality of the circumstances shows that Officer Avilla acted appropriately given the situation, and that her words and actions were not reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from Kazanas.
II. Kazanas Was Not Subjected to Interrogation.
Kazanas was arrested for actions arising out of events that occurred on Halloween night, 2011. In the early morning hours of November 1, 2011, Officer Avilla took Kaza-nas to Queen’s Medical Center to get treatment for his hand. Officer Avilla testified that, while waiting to be seen by the doctor, Kazanas “was being rude and saying things that were verbally offensive to other people in the area[.]” Officer Avilla moved Kazanas to the Honolulu Police Department (HPD) patient room so that he would not bother other patients and, in an effort to “take his mind off of what he was saying[,]” Officer Avilla started talking to Kazanas, asking him “how was his Halloween, did he enjoy the costumes, things along that matter, but never about the investigation.”
Officer Avilla further testified that, after she had moved Kazanas to the private room, he, “out of the blue,” said “[i]f people didn’t upset me, I wouldn’t have to punch them.” At that point, Officer Avilla told Kazanas that “his ease was stUl under investigation and to stop what he was saying, because it could be
Given the totality of the circumstances, it is unreasonable to conclude that Officer Avil-la should have known that her interaction with Kazanas was reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from him. The conversation at issue occurred in the hospital while they were waiting for Kazanas to receive treatment for his injury. Although Officer Avilla and Kazanas were in a private HPD room within the hospital when the statements were made, evidence presented at trial indicates that Officer Avilla moved Kazanas to this room because he was “making comments that were rude and other patients could hear it” and that Kazanas’s "demeanor made it seem that he was under the influence of something[.]” There is no evidence that Officer Avilla acted in an intimidating or coercive manner during this encounter; additionally, the conversation itself was brief. See Innis,
Further, Officer Avilla testified that the questions she asked Kazanas were made in an attempt to calm Kazanas down, and were nothing more than small talk that did not have to do with the investigation. According to Officer Avilla, Kazanas’s comments were not in response to her questions, but were delayed and “out of the blue.” In fact, Kaza-nas did not testify that his comments were in response to Officer Avilla’s questions, but instead testified that he was merely “speculating” as to why he was under arrest.
The Majority argues that considering Officer Avilla’s intent in this circumstance “goes against Innis ⅛ express holding” because evaluating an officer’s words and actions under Innis “would generally not include evidence of police intent” except where “ ‘a police practice is designed to elicit an incriminating response from the accused[.]’ “
I believe that the Majority mischaracter-izes the rule Innis established regarding the role of police intent in determining whether an interrogation has occurred. The Supreme Court explained that the definition of interrogation “focuses primarily upon the perceptions of the suspect, rather than the intent of the police.” Innis,
As such, Razanas’s comments are more accurately characterized as unsolicited and spontaneous statements made during small talk or casual conversation rather than a confession resulting from interrogation. See Miranda v. Arizona,
The Majority believes that Razanas’s situation is analogous to that in State v. Joseph,
Similarly, in Eli, a detective asked the defendant in a police station interview room if the defendant wanted to give a statement and tell “his side of the story.”
Both Joseph and Eli are distinguishable in important ways from the current case. In Joseph and Eli the police asked the defendants pointed questions relating to their respective investigations. These questions occurred at the police station in an interview setting. See Joseph,
As the Majority notes, this month marks the fiftieth anniversary of the landmark case, Miranda v. Arizona,
In Miranda, the Court established a procedural safeguard to secure the privilege against self-incrimination because it was concerned that law enforcement was behaving improperly in order to obtain confessions and that the veracity of such confessions was often compromised.
Of particular concern to the Court was the “interrogation atmosphere and the evils it can bring.” Miranda,
In No. 769, Miranda v. Arizona, the police arrested the defendant and took him to a special interrogation room where they secured a confession. In No. 760, Vignera v. New York, the defendant made oral admissions to the police after interrogation in the afternoon, and then signed an inculpatory statement upon being questioned by an assistant district attorney later the same evening. In No. 761, Westover v. United States, the defendant was handed over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation by local authorities after they had detained and interrogated him for a lengthy period, both at night and the following morning. After some two hours of questioning, the federal officers had obtained signed statements from the defendant. Lastly, in No. 584, California v. Stewart, the local police held the defendant five days in the station and interrogated him on nine separate occasions before they secured his inculpatory statement.
Id. at 456-57,
The circumstances in the current case are much different than the circumstances described above. This case does not involve long periods of isolation or interrogation, an atmosphere of intimidation, or purposeful subjugation of the defendant to the will of the police officer. Furthermore, this ease does not involve the “dangers of false confessions” that accompany an intimidating interrogation atmosphere. If anything, the Majority’s holding in this case undermines the truth seeking function of the judicial system by suppressing statements that were made without the influence of an interrogation atmosphere. See State v. Flores,
CONCLUSION
Because I believe that Officer Avilla did not subject Razanas to interrogation and that his statements were admissible at trial, I would affirm the judgment of the ICA.
. The Majority argues that the cases Ketchum relied upon when it articulated the totality of the circumstances test for interrogation do not stand for that proposition, but instead stand for the proposition that the totality of the circumstances review should be used only when determining whether a defendant is in custody. While it is true that these cases utilized a totality of the circumstances review when determining whether a defendant's statements were made in a custodial context, the Majority fails to explain why it would be proper to consider the totality of the circumstances in the custodial context but improper to do the same when determining whether a defendant had been subjected to interrogation. After all, the same factors (timing, location, and length of the interrogation, conduct of the officer and/or suspect, nature of the questions asked, etc.) are relevant when determining whether a defendant is in custody and/or whether a defendant is subjected to interrogation.