State v. Joseph
75 P.3d 1273
Mont.
2003
Check Treatment
CHIEF JUSTICE GRAY

delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Yvonne Nancy Joseph (Joseph) appeals from the judgment entered by the Twentieth Judicial District Court, Lake County, on her conviction and sentence for felony driving under the influence (DUI). We affirm.

¶2 The issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred in denying Joseph’s motion to dismiss.

BACKGROUND

¶3 In April of 2002, the State of Montana (State) charged Joseph by information with the offense of DUI. Because Joseph had been convicted of DUI on three prior occasions, the State charged the offense as a felony pursuant to § 61-8-731, MCA. Joseph subsequently moved to dismiss the information, arguing that one of her prior convictions was constitutionally infirm because, when she waived her right to an attorney and pleaded guilty in that case, the Poison City Court (City Court) failed to advise her of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation. Consequently, according to Joseph, that conviction in City Court could not be used to enhance her current offense to a felony. The District Court deified the motion. Joseph then pleaded guilty to felony DUI pursuant to a plea agreement in which she reserved her right to appeal the District Court’s denial of her motion to dismiss. The District Court accepted Joseph’s guilty plea, sentenced her and entered judgment on the conviction and sentence. Joseph appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶4 A district court’s grant or denial of a motion to dismiss in a criminal case is a question of law which we review de novo. State v. Beanblossom, 2002 MT 351, ¶ 9, 313 Mont. 394, ¶ 9, 61 P.3d 165, ¶ 9 (citation omitted).

*188 DISCUSSION

¶5 Did the District Court err in denying Joseph’s motion to dismiss?

¶6 Joseph contends that one of her prior DUI convictions is constitutionally infirm under both the United States and Montana Constitutions because the City Court failed to advise her of the dangers and disadvantages of proceeding without counsel prior to her waiving her right to counsel and pleading guilty to that offense. As a result, according to Joseph, that prior conviction cannot be used to enhance the offense at issue here to a felony, and the information charging her with a felony should be dismissed.

¶7 A criminal defendant is guaranteed the right to assistance of counsel by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 24, of the Montana Constitution. State v. Howard, 2002 MT 276, ¶ 11, 312 Mont. 359, ¶ 11, 59 P.3d 1075, ¶ 11. A defendant may waive the right to assistance of counsel as long as that waiver is made knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently. Howard, ¶ 12.

¶8 It is well-established in Montana that the State may not use constitutionally infirm prior convictions-such as where the defendant did not knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently waive his or her right to counsel-to enhance a subsequent charged offense. See Howard, ¶ 11 (citations omitted). However, a rebuttable presumption of regularity attaches to prior convictions. Howard, ¶ 10. In other words, a prior conviction is presumed to be valid absent evidence to the contrary. A defendant may overcome the presumption that a prior conviction is valid by producing direct evidence of irregularity. Howard, ¶ 10. If the defendant produces such evidence, the burden then shifts to the State to establish by direct evidence that the prior conviction was not obtained in violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights. Howard, ¶10.

¶9 Here, Joseph attempted to overcome the presumption that her prior DUI conviction in City Court was valid by offering her affidavit stating that the City Court failed to advise her specifically of the dangers and disadvantages of proceeding without representation prior to waiving her right to counsel and pleading guilty. She contends that, because she was not advised of the dangers and disadvantages of proceeding without representation, her waiver of the right to counsel was not knowing, voluntary and intelligent and, therefore, that conviction is constitutionally invalid. The State responds that Joseph’s affidavit is insufficient to overcome the presumption of regularity because there is no requirement that a court advise a defendant specifically of the dangers and disadvantages of proceeding without *189 representation.

¶10 Joseph relies on State v. Colt (1992), 255 Mont. 399, 843 P.2d 747, State v. Langford (1994), 267 Mont. 95, 882 P.2d 490, and United States v. Akins (9th Cir. 2001), 276 F.3d 1141, in support of her argument that a court must advise a criminal defendant of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation prior to allowing a defendant to waive the right to counsel. We recently addressed identical arguments under similar facts in State v. Markuson, 2003 MT 206, 317 Mont. 43, 75 P.3d 298. There, we concluded that Akins did not support Markuson’s arguments because the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit expressly limited application of Akins to cases in which the defendant is charged with violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9), and Markuson was not charged with that offense. Markuson, ¶ 16. Similarly, Joseph has not been charged with violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9), and Akins is inapplicable here.

¶11 We also determined in Markuson that neither Colt nor Langford requires a court to advise a defendant specifically of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation as long as the court makes inquiry of the defendant to the extent necessary to ensure the defendant’s waiver of counsel is voluntary, knowing and intelligent. Markuson, ¶ 13. Here, as in Markuson, Joseph’s affidavit in support of her motion to dismiss does not state that the City Court failed to make any inquiry or that the court’s inquiry was insufficient to ensure her waiver of counsel was voluntary, knowing and intelligent.

¶12 We conclude that Joseph’s affidavit in support of her motion to dismiss does not establish that her waiver of counsel in her prior DUI conviction was not voluntary, knowing and intelligent. As a result, we further conclude that her affidavit is insufficient to rebut the presumption of regularity attached to that earlier conviction. We hold, therefore, that the District Court did not err in denying Joseph’s motion to dismiss.

¶13 Affirmed.

JUSTICES REGNIER, LEAPHART, COTTER and RICE concur.