34 Conn. App. 807 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1994
The defendant appeals from the trial court’s judgment of conviction, rendered after a trial to the court, of assault in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-59 (a) (3), and risk of injury to a child in violation of General Statutes § 53-21.
The trial court reasonably could have found the following facts. On June 10,1990, the defendant was living with Eloise Frett and their six month old son, S, and Frett’s two year old child.
Upon his admission to the hospital, S was unresponsive and could not be awakened; he was comatose. The medical staff at Saint Francis found that S suffered seizures approximately every forty minutes, his eye cavities were filled with blood from brain hemorrhaging, and the retina of one eye was detached. A staff physician who examined S believed that his condition would deteriorate and he would be incapable of sustaining life without respirator support. He arranged for S to be transferred to Hartford Hospital for that purpose.
An examination of S at Hartford Hospital revealed that his injuries had been sustained within the previous twenty-four hours and resembled injuries commonly caused by severe shaking and a sudden impact with a hard surface. S’s condition was diagnosed as severe cerebral injury known as “shaken baby syndrome.”
Additional facts pertaining to individual issues are given as necessary to address the defendant’s claims.
The defendant’s first claim is that there was no evidence from which the trial court reasonably could have inferred that the defendant’s conduct created a risk of death to S. The defendant contends that expert testimony was lacking as to the creation of a risk of death.
“ ‘When reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we first examine the evidence in the light most favorable to upholding the jury’s verdict. State v. Avis, 209 Conn. 290, 309, 551 A.2d 26 (1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1097, 109 S. Ct. 1570, 103 L. Ed. 2d 937 (1989); State v. Rice, 25 Conn. App. 646, 650, 595 A.2d 947 (1991). We then determine on the basis of the facts established and the inferences that reasonably could be drawn from those facts whether the jury reasonably could have concluded that the cumulative effect of the evidence established the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Famiglietti, 219 Conn. 605, 609, 595 A.2d 306 (1991); State v. Hopes, 26 Conn. App. 367, 376, 602 A.2d 23, cert. denied, 221 Conn. 915, 603 A.2d 405 (1992). We note that the probative force of the evidence is not diminished because it consists, in whole or in part, of circumstantial evidence rather than direct evidence. State v. Robinson, 213 Conn. 243, 254, 567 A.2d 1173 (1989).’ State v. Lago, 28 Conn. App. 9, 30, 611 A.2d 866, cert. denied, 223 Conn. 919, 614 A.2d 826 (1992). Our inquiry into whether the evidence in the record would support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt does not require us to ask if we believe that the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but rather if ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ (Emphasis in original.) State v. Boykin, 27 Conn. App. 558, 563-64, 609 A.2d 242, cert. denied, 223 Conn. 905, 610 A.2d 179 (1992). Once a defendant has been found guilty of the crime charged, we conduct our judicial review of all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. Id., 564.” State v. Hamilton, 30 Conn. App. 68, 71-72, 618 A.2d 1372 (1993), aff'd, 228 Conn. 234, 636 A.2d 760 (1994).
The extent of the infant’s injuries also indicates a conscious disregard of a substantial risk of death. For about one hour, the time between Frett’s departure from the apartment when S was seemingly uninjured and her return and finding him injured, the defendant did not call an ambulance or seek help for S. S arrived at Saint Francis Hospital in a coma, and he was suffering from recurring seizures every thirty to forty minutes. The examining physician found it medically necessary to
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly admitted his statement made after his requests for the assistance of counsel in violation of his constitutional rights under the fifth and fourteenth amendments to the United States constitution.
Additional facts are necessary for the resolution of this issue. On July 26,1990, Detective Ernest Scott of the youth services division of the Hartford police department went to the defendant’s apartment, and asked him and Frett if they would be willing to go to the police station to give voluntary statements concerning the events of the evening of S’s injuries. They both agreed. Scott then transported the couple to the police station. Scott interviewed Frett first, then the defendant. Before the interview began, Scott advised the defendant of his Miranda rights,
The defendant now argues that the trial court violated his constitutional rights in admitting the statement. The trial court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress the statement because it found that the defendant’s testimony that his request for an attorney was denied the day he gave his statement to the police was less credible than Scott’s testimony.
In a trial to the court, the trial court sits as the trier of fact; Knock v. Knock, 224 Conn. 776, 793, 621 A.2d 267 (1993); and the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses. In this capacity, “the trial court ... is uniquely competent to determine the credibility and weight to be accorded to evidence, the scope of our review of the trial court’s decision to accept or reject the defendant’s . . . testimony is limited. After considering the totality of the record in the light most favorable to sustaining the trial court’s factual conclusions, we will disturb the trial court’s findings only if we determine that they are clearly erroneous.” Bieluch v. Bieluch, 199 Conn. 550, 556, 509 A.2d 8 (1986). The trial court was in the best position to observe the witnesses, to determine their motivations for testifying, and to pass on the credibility of each witness. Scott’s version of the events was supported by the evidence; we cannot con-
Finally, the defendant challenges the admission of the statement on the ground that his mental deficiency rendered the statement inadmissible as not knowingly and intelligently made. The state argues that the defendant’s claim is not reviewable because the defendant failed to preserve the claim in the trial court, and did not appropriately provide an Evans-Golding analysis establishing his right to such review.
The defendant did not raise this claim before the trial court, and first addressed its reviewability in his reply brief. This claim has not been properly preserved for our review.
It is well established that generally this court will not review claims that were not distinctly raised in the trial court. State v. Tillman, 220 Conn. 487, 504, 600 A.2d 738 (1991), cert. denied, U.S. , 112 S. Ct. 3000, 120 L. Ed. 2d 876 (1992). A defendant may prevail on a claim of constitutional error not preserved at trial, however, if all the conditions of Evans-Golding are satisfied. State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-240, 567 A.2d 823 (1989); State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61, 327 A.2d 576 (1973). Here, the unpreserved claim was not claimed under an Evans-Golding analysis in the defendant’s brief, but argued in his reply brief as a result of the state’s anticipatory argument. The reply brief is not the proper vehicle in which to provide this court with the basis for our review under an Evans-Golding analysis. We, accordingly, decline to review the defendant’s claim. Practice Book §§ 4183 and 4185; see State v. Nelson, 17 Conn. App. 556, 576, 555 A.2d 426 (1989) (refusing to review party’s claim because party failed
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
General Statutes § 53a-59 (a) provides in pertinent part: “A person is guilty of assault in the first degree when ... (3) under circumstances evincing an extreme indifference to human life he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a risk of death to another person, and thereby causes serious physical injury to another person . . . .”
General Statutes § 53-21 provides: “Any person who wilfully or unlawfully causes or permits any child under the age of sixteen years to be placed in such a situation that its life or limb is endangered, or its health is likely
In accordance with General Statutes § 46b-142 (b) and Practice Book § 4166B.2, the name of the minor child in this appeal is not disclosed. The records and papers of this case shall be open for inspection only to persons having a proper interest therein and upon order of the Appellate Court.
See State v. McClary, 207 Conn. 233, 246, 541 A.2d 96 (1988) (finding that shaken baby syndrome is diagnosis generally accepted in medical field).
The defendant urges this court to reexamine our holding in State v. Rumore, supra, 28 Conn. App. 413. We decline to do so.
In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 479, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966), the United States Supreme Court ruled that an individual who has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom in any significant way “must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires.”
“If the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. At that time, the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning.” Id., 474.
The trial court ruled from the bench on whether the defendant’s statement was admissible: “I find that as a matter of credibility [Scott’s] statement was more credible for purposes of this motion, and that the state has proved — established it by at least a preponderance of the evidence. . . . I find for the state on this motion, and I find that the state has established by a preponderance of the evidence necessary elements, including the fact that [the defendant] did not request an attorney.”