120 So. 620 | La. | 1929
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *988 The defendants, Willie Johnson, Willie Jackson, Clarence Jackson, and Harry *989 Scott, were jointly indicted for breaking and entering a store in the nighttime with intent to steal.
Willie Johnson pleaded guilty. Later on he was used by the state as a witness against his codefendants, who were placed on trial together. All of the codefendants were convicted, and each was sentenced to the state penitentiary for a term of three years. The appeal prosecuted by the defendants presents for review seven bills of exceptions.
The district attorney then asked the witness the question: "Had you ever been with these men prior to the time you made the agreement?" To this question counsel for defendants objected on the grounds that the evidence sought to be introduced was irrelevant and immaterial, and was an attempt upon the part of an accomplice to testify on mere suspicious circumstances, and not on the material facts of the case. This objection was overruled, and properly so, in our opinion.
It is a familiar doctrine that evidence of preparation is always admissible for the prosecution, and that evidence to explain it away is always admissible for the defense. Under this head fall cases where the evidence shows a repairing to the spot destined to be the scene of crime, and acts done with the view of paving the way to the guilty enterprise. Wharton Crim. Ev. (10th Ed.) § 753, pp. 1499, 1500.
The question of the district attorney was proper in order to show, if he could, the presence of Willie Johnson with the other codefendants at or near the store a short time before *990 the burglary was committed. This was a fact or circumstance to be considered by the jury in connection with the other facts of the case.
The rule applied under bill No. 1 is equally applicable under these bills. We find no error in the ruling made by the trial judge under the bills in question.
When Harry Scott, one of the codefendants, was on the stand as a witness in his own behalf, he was asked on cross-examination by the district attorney: "Was it not a fact that after Willie Johnson got shot you were very solicitous or anxious about his condition?"
This question was objected to on the grounds that it was immaterial and irrelevant, and that it was new matter about which the defendant Harry Scott had not testified, nor had the state introduced any evidence along this line in its examination in chief.
It appears, from the per curiam to this bill, that the question asked the witness on cross-examination was intended to discredit the statement, made by him on direct examination, that ill feeling existed between him and Willie Johnson, who had testified on the trial against his codefendants.
The general rule is that the state has no right to cross-examine a witness of the accused on matters not connected with or germane *991
to the examination in chief. However, this rule is not extended so as to include questions to test the credibility of the witness, for such questions relate to a matter germane to the examination in chief, since the answers to them may affect the weight to be attached to the evidence of the witness. State v. Dunn,
In permitting the question to be asked on cross-examination of the accused by the district attorney, the trial judge ruled correctly.
A motion in arrest of judgment was filed by the defendants on the ground that the indictment was fatally defective in two particulars:
First. Because the intent to steal was not qualified by the words "burglariously or feloniously."
Second. Because the words "then and there" were not used in the indictment between the words "intent" and "to steal," to show time and place in connection with the intent charged.
The indictment, taken as a whole, sufficiently connects the intent to steal with the time and place of the breaking and entering, since but a single specific act of breaking and entering is charged against defendants on the night of June 7, 1928, in the parish of Iberville.
In State v. Fontenot,
In the Fontenot Case, we reaffirmed State v. Flint, on rehearing, 33 La. Ann. 1292, in which it is stated: "It seems to be no longer an open question in the jurisprudence of this State, that in an indictment under a statute providing a penalty for the commission of a common-law offense, it is insufficient to charge the offense in the statutory terms alone, but all essential averments in an indictment at common law for the same offense will be deemed necessary here. State v. Thomas, 29 La. Ann. 601; State v. Curtis, 30 La. Ann. 814; State v. Cook, 20 La. Ann. 145; State v. Durbin, 20 La. Ann. 408; State v. Kennedy, 8 Rob. 590; State v. Egan, 10 La. Ann. 698; State v. Stiles, 5 La. Ann. 324."
Counsel for defendants have attempted to apply this rule to the indictment in the present case, which is framed under section 852 of the Revised Statutes, as amended by Act 72 of 1926, and which denounces the crime of breaking and entering a store, etc., in the nighttime, "with intent to rob, steal, commit a rape, or any other crime."
In State v. Newton et al., 30 La. Ann. 1253, the defendants were indicted under R.S. 1870, § 852, for "feloniously" breaking and entering in the nighttime a dwelling house "with intent to kill."
It is stated by Justice Spencer in the opinion in the Newton Case: "It is urged that it is not sufficient to charge that the act was `feloniously' done; that the charge should also be that it was `burglariously' done; and we are referred to the authorities showing that at common law such an averment is necessary in an indictment for burglary. As we have seen, the crime of burglary at common law is not known to us by name, as are `murder,' `manslaughter,' `rape,' `robbery,' etc. Our statute itself defines what would at common law be the crime of burglary, and thereby withdraws it from the common-law definitions. It issufficient to charge in the language of the statute, and that theoffense has *993 been committed `feloniously,' since it is now well settled that it is necessary to charge the commission of all felonies, whether common-law or statutory, as `feloniously' done. See Whart. Crim. Law, § 399; State v. Thomas, 29 La. Ann. 602." (Italics ours.)
State v. Newton, 30 La. Ann. 1253, is expressly approved by this court in State v. Jordan, 39 La. Ann. 340, 1 So. 655, and in State v. Frank, 41 La. Ann. 596, 7 So. 131; State v. Gulizo,
In State v. Curtis, 30 La. Ann. 814, the court committed the error of holding that, in charging burglary under our statutes, the pleader must conform to the requirements of the common law, and allege that the accused "feloniously" or "burglariously" broke and entered with the "felonious" or "burglarious" intent to steal, etc.
The Curtis Case is not mentioned in the case of State v. Newton, 30 La. Ann. 1253, in which it is held that it is sufficient to charge the act of breaking and entering as feloniously done, and the intent in the language of the statute.
In State v. Noel,
In State v. Ward,
In State v. Garon,
In State v. Méche, 42 La. Ann. 273, 7 So. 573, cited by defendants, the indictment charges the accused with breaking and entering "with the intent to kill." The validity of the indictment is not assailed in that case.
The best-considered decisions of this court, to which we adhere, hold that, as burglary is a statutory offense, it is not necessary to qualify the intent in the statutes on the subject as "felonious" or "burglarious," since such words are not used in the statutes themselves. The latest amendment to section 852, R.S. 1870, is Act 72 of 1926, which declares that: "Whoever, with intent to rob, steal, commit a rape, or any other crime, shall in the nighttime, break and enter into any shop, store," etc., "on conviction, shall suffer imprisonment at hard labor not exceeding ten years."
The motion in arrest was therefore properly overruled.
The further complaint that the jury ignored the alibi of defendants, although established by the testimony of credible witnesses, involves also a question of fact, to be determined by the jury alone.
The conviction and sentence of each of the defendants are affirmed. *995