STATE of Louisiana v. Patrick JOHNSON.
No. 98 KA 1407.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit.
April 1, 1999.
734 So. 2d 800
Before: CARTER, C.J., SHORTESS and WHIPPLE, JJ.
Katherine Franks, Baton Rouge, for defendant/appellant Patrick
WHIPPLE, J.
The defendant, Patrick Johnson, was charged by grand jury indictment with second degree murder, in violation of
1. The evidence was insufficient to support the verdict of guilty of second degree murder.
2. The trial judge failed to correctly and fully define the offense of manslaughter.
3. The denial of the appellant‘s Motion for New Trial constituted an abuse of discretion.
4. Trial counsel was ineffective.
5. Patent error.
FACTS
On August 6, 1992, defendant, Patrick Johnson, was at the Kwikdraw Lounge near Kentwood, Louisiana. The victim, who was defendant‘s cousin, Robert Carter, was in the parking lot, attempting to repair a go-kart belonging to the victim‘s brother. The defendant approached the victim, seeking to borrow money. The defendant and the victim exchanged heated words. Testimony at trial revealed that the victim drove away shortly thereafter, but returned to the parking lot. A second argument ensued between the two, concerning an alleged drug transaction between the defendant and the victim‘s brother. Eyewitnesses testified that the defendant apрroached the victim from behind and struck him in the head with a hammer. The victim was taken to the hospital and pronounced dead on arrival.
The defendant left the scene after the incident. Later he went to the Kentwood police department and gave a taped statement, admitting striking the victim, but claiming he was threatened by the victim brandishing a screwdriver.
Three witnesses who saw the crime occur testified on behalf of the State. All three witnesses testified that an аltercation developed between the defendant and the victim, and that the defendant walked away and later returned to where the victim was standing. All three witnesses saw the defendant hit the victim, and not one of them saw a screwdriver in the victim‘s hands. One of the witnesses owned the hammer in question and turned it in to the Sheriff‘s office after the crime.
Photographs were taken of the crime scene, the car used to transport the victim to the hospital, and the victim aftеr his death. The pathologist who performed the autopsy on the victim testified that the cause of death was a blow to the head with a blunt instrument and that death occurred within thirty minutes from the time the victim was struck.
The defendant testified at trial that the victim threatened him with a screwdriver and that, in response, he picked up a hammer from the toolbox and hit the victim with it. The defendant further testified that he did not mean to hit, or kill, the victim. One defense witness testified that he saw a screwdriver in the victim‘s hand, although he did not actually see the victim get hit. Several character witnesses also testified on the defendant‘s behalf. Defendant was found guilty, as charged.
Thereafter, a hearing was held on the defendant‘s Motion for New Trial, during which two additional witnesses testified for the defense. One witness was at the scene of the crime and testified that he saw the victim holding a screwdriver, threatening, and swinging it at the defendant. An additional witness testified that the victim had made threatеning statements about the defendant during the week prior to the incident. The defense
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1: SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In this assignment of error, the defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction.
The standard of review for the sufficiency of the evidence to uрhold a conviction is whether or not, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could conclude that the State proved the essential elements of the crime and the defendant‘s identity as the perpetrator of that crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See
In his brief, the defendant argues that the State failed to prove the requisite specific intent for a finding of guilt of second degree murder and that he acted under provocation, thereby warranting a conviction for manslaughter. The defendant argues in the alternative that he acted in self-defense.
Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:30.1(A)(1) provides, in pertinent part:
A. Second degree murder is the killing of a human being:
(1) When the offender has a specific intent to kill or to inflict great bodily harm[.]
Louisiana Revised Statute 14:31 provides:
A. Manslaughter is:
(1) A hоmicide which would be murder under either Article 30 (first degree murder) or Article 30.1 (second degree murder), but the offense is committed in sudden passion or heat of blood immediately caused by provocation sufficient to deprive an average person of his self-control and cool reflection. Provocation shall not reduce a homicide to manslaughter if the jury finds that the offender‘s blood had actually cooled, or that an average person‘s blоod would have cooled, at the time the offense was committed[.]
The existence of “sudden passion” or “heat of blood” are not elements of the offense but, rather, are factors in the nature of mitigating circumstances which may reduce the grade of homicide. Provocation is a question of fact to be determined by the trier of fact. State v. Smith, 490 So.2d 365, 370 (La.App. 1st Cir.), writ denied, 494 So.2d 324 (La.1986). The state does not bear the burden of proving the absence of these mitigating factors beyond a reаsonable doubt. Consequently, the issue is whether or not any rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, could have found that the mitigating factors were not established by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Lombard, 486 So.2d 106, 111 (La.1986).
In the instant case, there was ample testimony to support the jury‘s finding that the State proved the elements of the crime of second degree murder and that the mitigating factors were not estаblished by a preponderance of the evidence. The verdict also indicates that the jury accepted the testimony of the State‘s witnesses and rejected the defense theory of self-defense.
All of the State‘s witnesses testified that the attack was not provoked. All of the State‘s witnesses confirmed that the defendant and the victim had argued prior to the attack, but that the defendant walked away and returned to the scene later. Clearly, the jury аccepted this testimony over that of the defendant and his witnesses.
On appeal, the defendant presents an alternative argument, asserting that the circumstances suggest that this case should be examined in the context of justifiable homicide, in that he was acting under the “right of imperfect self-defense.” The defendant argues that although his conduct may not have met the criteria of the justifiable homicide statute, it nonetheless fell short of the crime of murder, therеby justifying a verdict of manslaughter.
Justifiable homicide is defined in
A homicide is justifiable:
(1) When committed in self-defense by one who reasonably believes that he is in imminent danger of losing his life or receiving great bodily harm and that the killing is necessary to save himself from that danger.
When self-defense is raised, the issue is whether or not a rational fact finder, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not kill the victim in self-defense. State v. Spears, 504 So.2d 974, 978 (La.App. 1st Cir.), writ denied, 507 So.2d 225 (La.1987).
Here, the defеndant was unsuccessful in convincing the jury that he reasonably believed that he was in imminent danger of his life or that the killing was necessary to prevent it. He contends, however, that he felt sufficiently threatened by the victim to strike him with a deadly weapon and that even though deadly force may not have been necessary to end the altercation, he had an imperfect right of self-defense, calling for a manslaughter verdict.
In support of this novel argument, he relies оn the dictum enunciated in State v. Dill, 461 So.2d 1130, 1135 (La.App. 5th Cir.1984), writ denied, 475 So.2d 1106 (La. 1985), which referred to the concept of the “imperfect right of self-defense” as described in LaFave, Scott, “Handbook on Criminal Law,” Section 77, p. 583. This theory acknowledges that there are homicides which fall short of self-defense, but should not constitute murder, where the defendant is responsible in some measure for bringing on the difficulty, or where the defendant‘s honest but erroneous belief of imminent harm is less than reasonable. State v. Dill, 461 So.2d at 1135-1136.
In Dill, the Fifth Circuit used Professor LaFave‘s theory as illustrative in determining the sufficiency question in a case where the defendant was charged with second degree murder, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty of manslaughter, rejecting the defense of justifiable homicide. State v. Dill, 461 So.2d at 1135-1136. In that case, as in the case at bar, the defendant possessed an ability to retreat from the situation and deadly force was not mandated by the situation. State v. Dill, 461 So.2d at 1138. There, unlike the instant case, the court found present mitigatory factors of provocation plus passion, thereby concluding that a verdict of manslaughter was appropriate. State v. Dill, 461 So.2d at 1138. However, those facts are not present in this case.
Louisiana law does not provide for any mitigating circumstance resembling the theory of “imperfect self-defense.” We must therefore reject any assertion by the defendant that we should craft jurisprudentially any such mitigating circumstance to the murder statutes. Instead, we view this as a matter to be addressed by the Legislature.
This assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2: JURY INSTRUCTIONS
The defendant complains thаt the trial court erred by not including the entire manslaughter statute in the jury instructions. The trial court issued jury instructions setting forth the elements of second degree murder, the responsive verdicts of manslaughter and not guilty, and the elements of the crime of manslaughter contained in
Under Louisiana law, an accused is statutorily entitled to have the trial court instruct the jury as to the law on the charged offense and the elements of the offenses which constitute responsive verdicts.
In the instant case, the defendant was charged with second degree murder. Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 814 provides an exclusive list of responsive verdicts to that charge. The only responsive verdicts to second degree murder are guilty, guilty of manslaughter and not guilty. The trial court was required to instruct the jury on those three responsive verdicts. Although the trial court enumerated the responsive verdicts and portions of the definition of manslaughter to the jury, the defendant alleges error in the trial court‘s failure to present the entire manslaughter statute to the jury.
The record does not contain any contemporaneous objection to the charges made. Nor does the record indicate that any special instructions were requested. Under these circumstances, the defendant is precluded from raising such an alleged error for appellate review.
In the instant case, the alleged erroneous instruction related only to an element of a responsive verdict, rather than to the definition of the offense charged. In such a сase, it is not apparent that the erroneous instruction fundamentally affected the fairness of the proceedings and accuracy of the factfinding process. See State v. Mart, 419 So.2d at 1218.
Where the defendant fails to comply with the contemporaneous objection rule, even in the case of a fundamentally erroneous instruction on the elements of an offense, he must carry the burden of satisfying this court that such failure was excusable and was not the result of trial stratеgy. State v. Tipton, 95-2483, p. 7 (La.App. 1st Cir.12/19/97); 705 So.2d 1142, 1147.
In the case at bar, the defendant acknowledges the absence of a contemporaneous objection, without meeting such burden.
Accordingly, this assignment of error also is meritless.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3: DENIAL OF MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL
The defendant filed a Motion for New Trial, arguing that the verdict was contrary to the law and evidence, based on newly discovered evidence.
Two witnesses testifiеd at the hearing on behalf of the defendant. One was Johnny Brumfield, who claimed that he sold drugs with the victim. One week prior to his death, the victim allegedly made the cryptic remark, that “if he ever caught [the defendant] slipping that he was going to put something on him.” Mr. Brumfield claimed he understood this to mean if the defendant ever tried to “cross [the victim] out” of the drug trade, the victim would harm the defendant or try to kill him.
The second witness to testify was Terry Gatlin, an alleged eyewitness to the killing who wаs incarcerated in Mississippi at the time of trial. Mr. Gatlin‘s version of the incident was that the victim swung at the defendant with a screwdriver before the defendant hit him with a hammer.
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure article 851 provides in pertinent part:
The court, on motion of the defendant, shall grant a new trial whenever:
(1) The verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence;
* * * * * *
(3) New and material evidence that, notwithstanding the exercise of reasonable diligence by the defendant, was not discovered before or during the triаl, is available, and if the evidence had been introduced at the trial it would probably have changed the verdict or judgment of guilty....
In order to obtain a new trial based on newly discovered evidence, the defendant has the burden of showing: (1) the new evidence was discovered after trial; (2) the failure to discover the evidence at the time of trial was not caused by lack of diligence; (3) the evidence is material to the issues at trial, and (4) the evidence is of such a nature that it would probably have produced a different verdict. State v. Hammons, 597 So.2d 990, 994 (La.1992); State v. Prudholm, 446 So.2d 729, 735 (La.1984).
On review, the trial court‘s discretion will be given great weight. However, when the exercise of discretion is arbitrary and the judgment is unjust, it will be set aside. The trial judge‘s duty is not to weigh the new evidence as though he were a jury determining guilt or innocence, but to determine whether there is new material fit for a new jury‘s judgment. State v. Smith, 96-0961, p. 7 (La.App. 1st Cir.6/20/97); 697 So.2d 39, 43.
In the instant case, both witnesses’ testimony was alleged to have constituted newly discovered evidence, since neither witness was available to testify for trial. Terry Gatlin, who was incarcerated at the time of trial, had been subpoenaed, but the proper procedures for producing him allegedly had not been followed. Johnny Brumfield had not been subpoenaed, because the defense was not aware that he had been in contact with the victim and had a conversation with him just days prior to the incident. However, it cannot be said that the defense, through рroper diligence, could not have discovered the whereabouts of Mr. Gatlin and properly produced him. Nor can it be said that with diligent investigation, the existence of Mr. Brumfield and the nature of his testimony could not have been discovered.
The remaining questions of whether or not this testimony was material to the issues at trial and whether or not it was of such a nature to have likely produced a different result are directly connected to the fact that the nеw testimony challenges the credibility of witnesses who did, in fact, testify.
Newly discovered evidence affecting only a witness’ credibility “ordinarily will not support a motion for a new trial, because new evidence which is ‘merely cumulative or impeaching’ is not, according to the often-repeated statement of the courts, an adequate basis for the grant of a new trial.” Mesarosh v. United States, 352 U.S. 1, 9, 77 S.Ct. 1, 5, 1 L.Ed.2d 1 (1956); State v. Cavalier, 96-3052, p. 3 (La.10/31/97); 701 So.2d 949, 951.
In the instant case, the testimony of both new witnesses was discoverable with due diligence and is not of such a nature that it would produce an acquittal in the event of retrial.
This assignment of error is likewise without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4: INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
In this assignment of error, the defendant alleges ineffective assistance of counsel, specifically complaining of the following:
1. Alleged failure to obtain presence of a witness, failure to obtain a recess and failure to demonstrate error.
2. Failure to file a Motion for Post Verdict Judgment of Acquittal.
3. Failure to object to alleged erroneous and incompletе jury instructions.
At the outset, we note that a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel is more properly raised by an application for post-conviction relief in district court, where a full evidentiary hearing may be conducted. Where the record discloses evidence needed to decide the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel and that issue is raised by assignment of error on appeal, the issue may be addressed in the intеrest of judicial economy. State v. Williams, 632 So.2d 351, 361 (La.App. 1st Cir.1993), writ denied, 94-1009 (La.9/2/94); 643 So.2d 139.
The allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel raised in defendant‘s brief cannot be sufficiently considered from an inspection of the record alone. Essentially, defendant suggests that trial counsel was generally not prepared to go to trial. See State v. Albert, 96-1991, p. 11 (La.App. 1st Cir.6/20/97); 697 So.2d 1355, 1363. While defendant alleges that an
Furthermore, a decision not to object to a particular jury instruction could have involved matters of trial preparation and/or strategy. See State v. Albert, 96-1991 at p. 11; 697 So.2d at 1363. Decisions relating to investigation, preparation and strategy cannot possibly be reviewed on appeal. State v. Eames, 97-0767, p. 8 (La.App. 1st Cir.5/15/98); 714 So.2d 210, 216, writ denied,; State v. Albert, 96-1991 at p. 11; 697 So.2d at 1363-1364. Only in an evidentiary hearing in the district court, where defendant could present evidence beyond that contained in the record, could these allegations be sufficiently considered. Accordingly, these allegations are not subject to appellate review. See State v. Eames, 97-0767 at p. 8; 714 So.2d at 216, writ denied, 98-1640 (La.11/6/98); 726 So.2d 922; State v. Albert, 96-1991 at p. 11; 697 So.2d at 1364.
This assignment of error lacks merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5: CREDIT FOR TIME SERVED AND NOTICE FOR POST-CONVICTION RELIEF
The defendant complains that the trial court did not state for the record that the defendant would be given credit for time served at the time of sentencing. He also assigns as error the failure of the trial court to inform him of the prescriptive period for post-conviction relief.
The defendant was sentenced on December 15, 1993, prior to the amendment of
The court, when it imposes sentence, shall give a defendant credit toward service of his sentence for time spent in actual custody prior to the imposition of sentence.
The appellate courts, when confronted with a sentence lacking the phrase, “with credit for time served,” customarily would remand the cases for re-sentencing in accordance with article 880 if credit for time served was not articulated in the sentence.
However, Acts 1997, No. 788, § 1 amended
In an аdditional argument under this assignment of error, the defendant correctly contends that the trial court erred in failing to advise him of the three year time limitation contained in
CONVICTION AND SENTENCE AFFIRMED. REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.